TEDxAmsterdamWomen
Marjan van Aubel: The beautiful future of solar power
玛里安·凡·奥贝尔: 太阳能的美好未来
Filmed:
Readability: 3.9
767,738 views
太阳每个小时传递到地球的能量比全部人类一年所用的还要多。如何能让每个地方的每个人都能利用这种能量？太阳能设计师玛里安·凡·奥贝尔向我们展示了她如何将桌面、彩色玻璃窗等日常用品变成美观的太阳能电池——并且跟我们分享了她想将每一个表面都变成发电站的美好愿景。
Marjan van Aubel - Solar designer
Marjan van Aubel promotes extreme energy efficiency through intelligent design. Full bio
Marjan van Aubel promotes extreme energy efficiency through intelligent design. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Last summer, I was hiking
through the Austrian mountains.
through the Austrian mountains.
0
1917
3934
去年夏天，我在奥地利的山上远足。
00:17
And there, on top, I saw
this beautiful, stone, remote hut,
this beautiful, stone, remote hut,
1
5875
4684
在山顶上，我看到了
远处漂亮的石头小屋，
远处漂亮的石头小屋，
00:22
and it had solar panels on it.
2
10583
2185
上面还有太阳能面板。
00:24
And every time I see solar panels,
I get very enthusiastic.
I get very enthusiastic.
3
12792
3809
每当我看到太阳能面板
就会十分兴奋。
就会十分兴奋。
00:28
It's this technology that takes sunlight,
which is free and available,
which is free and available,
4
16625
3976
那是一种将免费又易得的太阳光
00:32
and turns that into electricity.
5
20625
1875
转变成电能的技术。
00:35
So this hut, in the middle of nowhere,
on a beautiful location,
on a beautiful location,
6
23333
4310
因此这个位于偏远美景处的小屋
00:39
was self-sufficient.
7
27667
1250
是能源自给自足的。
00:42
But why do solar panels
always have to be so ugly?
always have to be so ugly?
8
30208
3268
但为什么太阳能面板总是非得这么丑？
00:45
(Laughter)
9
33500
2184
（笑声）
00:47
My name is Marjan Van Aubel
and I'm a solar designer.
and I'm a solar designer.
10
35708
2976
我叫玛里安·凡·奥贝尔，
是一个太阳能设计师。
是一个太阳能设计师。
00:50
I work in the triangle of design,
sustainability and technology.
sustainability and technology.
11
38708
4643
我从设计、可持续性和技术
三个方面展开工作，
三个方面展开工作，
00:55
I strive for extreme efficiency,
12
43375
3351
我努力提高效率，
00:58
meaning that I develop materials
that expand in size
that expand in size
13
46750
3059
这意味着我要研发能拓展尺寸的材料，
01:01
or work with solar cells
that use the properties of colors
that use the properties of colors
14
49833
3851
或研发利用不同色彩的
光线的性能来发电的
光线的性能来发电的
01:05
to generate electricity.
15
53708
1250
太阳能电池。
01:08
My work is in museums
all over the world, such as MoMA.
all over the world, such as MoMA.
16
56167
3184
我在世界各地的博物馆工作，
如纽约现代艺术博物馆。
如纽约现代艺术博物馆。
01:11
And, I mean, it all went quite well,
17
59375
3476
一切进展都很顺利，
01:14
but it always felt
that something was missing.
that something was missing.
18
62875
2583
但我总觉得缺少点什么。
01:18
And it was, until I read the book
called the "Solar Revolution,"
called the "Solar Revolution,"
19
66583
4268
直到我读了《太阳能革命》这本书，
01:22
where it says that within one hour
we receive enough sunlight
we receive enough sunlight
20
70875
4518
书上说，地球上一小时所接收的太阳光
01:27
to provide the world
with enough electricity
with enough electricity
21
75417
2267
全部用来发电的话，就可以供全世界
01:29
for an entire year.
22
77708
1459
用上一年。
01:32
One hour.
23
80167
1892
仅仅一个小时。
01:34
And since then, I realized
I just want to focus on solar.
I just want to focus on solar.
24
82083
4268
从此以后，我意识到
我只想专注于太阳能。
我只想专注于太阳能。
01:38
Scientists all over the world
25
86375
1476
全世界的科学家都
01:39
have been focusing on making
solar panels more efficient and cheaper.
solar panels more efficient and cheaper.
26
87875
4726
致力于把太阳能面板
变得更高效，更廉价。
变得更高效，更廉价。
01:44
So the price of solar
has dropped enormously.
has dropped enormously.
27
92625
2851
太阳能的价格已经大幅下降。
01:47
And this is because China
started producing them on a large scale.
started producing them on a large scale.
28
95500
4667
这是因为中国开始大规模生产它们。
01:53
And also their efficiency
has increased a lot.
has increased a lot.
29
101667
2351
同时它们的效率也提升了很多，
01:56
They now even have an efficiency
of 44.5 percent.
of 44.5 percent.
30
104042
3833
现在的转化率甚至能达到44.5%。
02:01
But if you think
about the image of solar cells,
about the image of solar cells,
31
109292
3267
但如果你想一想太阳能电池的样子，
02:04
it's kind of stayed the same
for the last 60 years.
for the last 60 years.
32
112583
3375
它在过去的60年里都没怎么变过，
02:09
It's still this technology
just stacked onto something.
just stacked onto something.
33
117333
3209
仍然只是堆放在别的东西上的科技。
02:13
And solar cells need to be much better
integrated into our environment.
integrated into our environment.
34
121708
3792
太阳能电池需要更好地
融入到我们的环境中。
融入到我们的环境中。
02:19
Climate change is the biggest
problem of our time.
problem of our time.
35
127292
3476
气候变化是我们这个时代最大的问题。
02:22
And we can't rely on the others --
the government, the engineers --
the government, the engineers --
36
130792
3184
并且我们不能依赖其他人——
政府、工程师
政府、工程师
02:26
to make positive changes.
37
134000
1351
来带来积极的改变。
02:27
We all can contribute towards change.
38
135375
2500
我们每个人都能推动这个改变。
02:31
Like I said, I'm a designer
39
139000
1518
就像我说的，我是设计师，
02:32
and I would like to change
things through design.
things through design.
40
140542
2500
我喜欢通过设计改变一些东西。
02:36
Let me give you some examples of my work.
41
144458
2726
这是我工作的一些案例。
02:39
I'm collaborating with Swarovski,
the crystal company.
the crystal company.
42
147208
3435
我正在和水晶公司施华洛世奇合作。
02:42
And if you cut crystals in a certain way,
43
150667
2351
如果你以某种方式切割水晶，
02:45
you are able to bend and direct the light
onto a certain place.
onto a certain place.
44
153042
4226
就可以使光线折射并指向某个地方。
02:49
So I use these crystals
to focus the light onto a solar panel,
to focus the light onto a solar panel,
45
157292
3976
我就用这些水晶来把光线
聚焦到太阳能面板上。
聚焦到太阳能面板上。
02:53
making them more efficient,
but using aesthetics.
but using aesthetics.
46
161292
2791
只是运用了一点美学，
就使它们更有效率。
就使它们更有效率。
02:57
So you take the solar crystal
with you in the light,
with you in the light,
47
165125
2476
当你在太阳光下
拿着这个太阳能水晶，
拿着这个太阳能水晶，
02:59
there's a battery in the solar cell,
48
167625
2101
太阳能电池中有块电池，
03:01
you put it in a docking station
49
169750
1726
你把它放在一个扩展坞，
03:03
and you are able to power
these chandeliers.
these chandeliers.
50
171500
2393
就可以为这些枝形吊灯供电。
03:05
So you're literally
bringing the light indoors.
bringing the light indoors.
51
173917
2416
事实上你将光线带到了室内。
03:10
I got completely hooked on solar
when I came across this technology
when I came across this technology
52
178500
3518
让我对太阳能着迷的是这样一种技术，
03:14
called dye-sensitized solar cells,
53
182042
3226
它叫做染料敏化太阳能电池，
03:17
colored solar cells,
54
185292
1267
彩色的太阳能电池，
03:18
and they are based
on photosynthesis in plants.
on photosynthesis in plants.
55
186583
3125
它们是摸拟了植物的光合作用。
03:22
Where the green chlorophyl
converts light into sugar for plants,
converts light into sugar for plants,
56
190667
3392
就像植物利用叶绿素
将太阳光转化成糖，
将太阳光转化成糖，
03:26
these cells convert light
into electricity.
into electricity.
57
194083
2584
这些电池能将太阳能转化成电。
03:31
The best thing is, they even work indoors.
58
199042
2791
最棒的是，它们甚至能在室内工作。
03:34
So different colors
have different efficiency,
have different efficiency,
59
202792
2184
不同颜色的电池效能是不一样的，
03:37
depending on their place
on the color spectrum.
on the color spectrum.
60
205000
2191
完全取决于它们在光谱中的位置。
03:39
So, for example,
red is more efficient than blue.
red is more efficient than blue.
61
207215
3917
例如红色就比蓝色的效能要大。
03:44
So if I hear this as a designer:
62
212708
1976
所以如果我作为一个设计师听到说：
03:46
a colored surface,
a glass colored surface,
a glass colored surface,
63
214708
3018
在一个彩色的面，一个彩色的玻璃面上，
03:49
color that's mostly
just used for esthetics,
just used for esthetics,
64
217750
2684
色彩通常只是为了美观，
03:52
now gets an extra function
and is able to harvest electricity,
and is able to harvest electricity,
65
220458
4393
现在要加上一个额外的发电功能，
03:56
I think, where can we apply this, then?
66
224875
3184
我会想，该如何做到这一点呢？
04:00
This is Current Table,
67
228083
1768
这是一张电流桌，
04:01
where the whole tabletop
consists of these colored solar cells.
consists of these colored solar cells.
68
229875
3750
整个桌面都铺满了
彩色的太阳能电池板。
彩色的太阳能电池板。
04:06
There are batteries in the legs
69
234667
1684
桌腿上装有电池，
04:08
where you can charge your phone
through USB ports.
through USB ports.
70
236375
2958
可以通过USB接口给你的手机充电。
04:13
And in my work,
it's always very important,
it's always very important,
71
241000
2059
在我的工作中，一直都很重要的一点，
04:15
the balance between
efficiency and aesthetics.
efficiency and aesthetics.
72
243083
2310
就是效能和美学之间的平衡。
04:17
So that's why the table is orange,
73
245417
1620
这也解释了为什么这张桌子是橙色的，
04:19
because it is a very stable
color for indoors.
color for indoors.
74
247061
2916
因为它在室内是一个很稳定的颜色。
04:24
And this is always
the most asked question I get:
the most asked question I get:
75
252042
2351
而我被问得最多的问题是：
04:26
"OK, great, but how many phones
can I charge from this, then?"
can I charge from this, then?"
76
254417
2916
“我能同时给几部手机充电呢？”
04:30
And before I go to this
complicated answer of like,
complicated answer of like,
77
258500
2434
以前我会给出
一个很复杂的回答，比如
一个很复杂的回答，比如
04:32
"Well, where is the table,
does it have enough light,
does it have enough light,
78
260958
2518
“这得看桌子摆在哪，是否光照充足，
04:35
is it next to a window?"
79
263500
1559
它是在靠窗的位置吗？”
04:37
The table now has sensors
that read the light intensity of the room.
that read the light intensity of the room.
80
265083
3893
但现在桌子上有传感器
能检测室内光线强度。
能检测室内光线强度。
04:41
So through an app we developed
81
269000
1934
因此通过我们开发的一个应用程序，
04:42
you can literally follow
how much light it's getting,
how much light it's getting,
82
270958
2518
你就能看到它获得了多少光照，
04:45
and how full the battery is.
83
273500
1750
以及电池的电量。
04:48
I'm actually proud,
because yesterday we installed a table
because yesterday we installed a table
84
276750
3476
我很自豪，因为昨天
我们在 Stichting Doen 基金会
我们在 Stichting Doen 基金会
04:52
at Stichting Doen's offices in Amsterdam
85
280250
2684
位于阿姆斯特丹的
办公室里装了一张桌子，
办公室里装了一张桌子，
04:54
and, right at this moment,
86
282958
1268
而此时此刻，我们的
04:56
our Queen Maxima is charging
a phone from this table.
a phone from this table.
87
284250
3768
马克西玛王后正在通过
这张桌子给她的手机充电。
这张桌子给她的手机充电。
05:00
It's cool.
88
288042
1309
太酷了。
05:01
(Applause)
89
289375
4893
（掌声）
05:06
So the more surface you have,
the more energy you can harvest.
the more energy you can harvest.
90
294292
4184
所以表面积越大，
就可以收获越多的能量。
就可以收获越多的能量。
05:10
These are Current Windows,
91
298500
1601
这些是电流窗户，
05:12
where we replaced all windows
in a gallery in London, in Soho,
in a gallery in London, in Soho,
92
300125
4851
我们将伦敦苏荷的
一家画廊所有的窗户
一家画廊所有的窗户
05:17
with this modern version of stained glass.
93
305000
3101
都换成了这种现代的彩色玻璃。
05:20
So people from the street
could come and charge their phones
could come and charge their phones
94
308125
2976
因此街上的人们能走进来通过窗台
05:23
through the window ledges.
95
311125
1333
给他们的手机充电。
05:25
So I'm giving extra functions to objects.
96
313833
2226
我正在给物体加上额外的功能。
05:28
A window doesn't have to be
just a window anymore.
just a window anymore.
97
316083
2518
窗户也不再仅仅是窗户了。
05:30
It can also function
as a little power station.
as a little power station.
98
318625
3000
它能变成一个小小的发电站。
05:35
So, here I am, talking
about how much I love solar,
about how much I love solar,
99
323583
4726
虽然我在这里大谈我对太阳能的喜爱，
05:40
but I don't have solar panels on my roof.
100
328333
2935
但是我家屋顶却并没有安放太阳能板。
05:43
I live in the center of Amsterdam,
101
331292
1726
我住在阿姆斯特丹的市中心，
05:45
I don't own the house and it's a monument,
102
333042
2017
我住的不是自己的房子，
并且它是一座古建，
并且它是一座古建，
05:47
so it's not possible and not allowed.
103
335083
2209
所以不能也不被允许安装太阳能。
05:50
So how can you make solar cells
more accessible and for everyone,
more accessible and for everyone,
104
338542
4142
那么如何才能让每个人
都用上太阳能电池，
都用上太阳能电池，
05:54
and not only for the people
that can afford a sustainable lifestyle?
that can afford a sustainable lifestyle?
105
342708
3375
而不仅仅是那些负担得起
可持续生活方式的人？
可持续生活方式的人？
05:59
We now have the opportunity
106
347708
1476
我们现在有机会
06:01
to integrate solar on the place
where we directly need it.
where we directly need it.
107
349208
3268
将太阳能运用在我们直接需要的地方。
06:04
And there are so many
amazing technologies out there.
amazing technologies out there.
108
352500
3434
并且已经拥有了很多很棒的技术。
06:07
If I look around now,
I see every surface as an opportunity.
I see every surface as an opportunity.
109
355958
3667
我现在放眼望去，
看到每个表面都是机会。
看到每个表面都是机会。
06:13
For example, I was driving
in the train through the Westland,
in the train through the Westland,
110
361167
2934
例如，我正坐火车穿过韦斯特兰，
06:16
the area in the Netherlands
with all the greenhouses.
with all the greenhouses.
111
364125
3309
荷兰的所有温室都位于这一地区。
06:19
There I saw all this glass and thought,
112
367458
2560
我在这里看到这些玻璃然后就在想，
06:22
what if we integrate those
with transparent solar glass?
with transparent solar glass?
113
370042
3684
如果我们将这些都换成
透明的太阳能玻璃会怎样？
透明的太阳能玻璃会怎样？
06:25
What if we integrate traditional farming
114
373750
2809
如果我们将需要很多能量的
06:28
that requires a lot of energy
115
376583
2726
传统农业
06:31
together with high-tech and combine those?
116
379333
3976
与高科技相结合会是怎样？
06:35
With this idea in mind,
I created Power Plant.
I created Power Plant.
117
383333
2625
带着脑海中的这些想法，
我创建了 Power Plant。
我创建了 Power Plant。
06:40
I had a team of architects and engineers,
118
388542
3434
我有一支建筑师和工程师组成的团队，
06:44
but let me first explain how it works.
119
392000
2208
但是让我先介绍一下它是怎么运作的。
06:47
We use transparent solar glass
120
395333
2476
我们利用透明的太阳能玻璃
06:49
to power its indoor climate.
121
397833
2310
来提升室内的温度。
06:52
We use hydroponics
that pumps around nutrified water,
that pumps around nutrified water,
122
400167
2976
我们使用水栽法，
用水泵来提供营养水，
用水泵来提供营养水，
06:55
saving 90 percent of water usage.
123
403167
2583
可以节省 90% 的用水量。
06:58
By stacking up in layers, you are able
to grow more yield per square meter.
to grow more yield per square meter.
124
406750
3542
通过层层堆叠，
每平方米的产量得到了提升。
每平方米的产量得到了提升。
07:03
Extra light, besides sunlight,
coming from these colored LED lights
coming from these colored LED lights
125
411375
4434
除阳光外，这些彩色
LED 灯提供的额外光源，
LED 灯提供的额外光源，
07:07
also enhances plant growth.
126
415833
1792
也能促进植物的生长。
07:11
As more and more people
will live in big cities,
will live in big cities,
127
419542
2642
随着越来越多的人住进大城市，
07:14
by placing Power Plants on the rooftops
128
422208
2560
通过在屋顶安装 Power Plant
07:16
you don't have to fly it in
from the other side of the world,
from the other side of the world,
129
424792
2892
你不必再从地球的另一端
将绿植空运过来，
将绿植空运过来，
07:19
you are able to grow it
on the location itself.
on the location itself.
130
427708
2209
你可以直接种植它们。
07:23
Well, the big dream is
to build these in off-grid places --
to build these in off-grid places --
131
431000
2934
当然我最大的梦想是
将它建在离网的地方，
将它建在离网的地方，
07:25
where there's no access
to water, electricity --
to water, electricity --
132
433958
2643
那里没有水和电，
07:28
as an independent ecosystem.
133
436625
1917
它自成一个独立的生态系统。
07:33
For this year's Design Biennial,
134
441000
2059
为了今年的设计双年展，
07:35
I created the first four-meter high
model of the power plant,
model of the power plant,
135
443083
4060
我建造了首个 4 米高的 Power Plant 模型，
07:39
so you could come in
and experience how plants grow.
and experience how plants grow.
136
447167
3000
你可以过来感受一下
植物是如何生长的。
植物是如何生长的。
07:43
So it's a double harvest of sunlight,
137
451750
2268
它能够双重利用太阳光，
07:46
so both for the solar cells
and for the plants.
and for the plants.
138
454042
3833
既能为太阳能电池，
又能为植物本身捕获能量。
又能为植物本身捕获能量。
07:51
It's like a future botanical garden,
139
459083
3560
这看起来就像是一个未来的植物园。
07:54
where we celebrate
all these modern technologies.
all these modern technologies.
140
462667
3041
我们在这里为所有
这些现代的技术而欢呼。
这些现代的技术而欢呼。
07:59
And the biggest compliment I got was,
"But where are the solar panels?"
"But where are the solar panels?"
141
467000
3500
而我获得的最大称赞
就是“太阳能板在哪？”
就是“太阳能板在哪？”
08:03
And that's when I think
design really works,
design really works,
142
471500
2101
我认为只有当它变得无形，
你注意不到它的存在时，
你注意不到它的存在时，
08:05
when it becomes invisible
and you don't notice it.
and you don't notice it.
143
473625
2458
设计才算是真正发挥作用了。
08:10
I believe in solar democracy:
144
478333
2060
我信仰太阳能民主：
08:12
solar energy for everyone, everywhere.
145
480417
3642
人人可用太阳能，处处能用太阳能。
08:16
My aim is to make all surfaces productive.
146
484083
3310
我的目标是让所有的
表面能被高效利用。
表面能被高效利用。
08:19
I want to build houses
where all the windows, curtains, walls,
where all the windows, curtains, walls,
147
487417
3684
我想建造出所有的窗户、窗帘、墙壁，
08:23
even floors are harvesting electricity.
148
491125
3018
甚至地板都能发电的房子。
08:26
Think about this on a big scale:
149
494167
1559
放眼一下：
08:27
in cities, there are so many surfaces.
150
495750
3333
在城市中，有如此多的表面。
08:32
The sun is still available for everyone.
151
500792
2892
每个人都仍能被太阳光普照。
08:35
And by integrating solar
on the place where we need it,
on the place where we need it,
152
503708
2601
并且通过将太阳能
导到我们需要的地方，
导到我们需要的地方，
08:38
we now have the opportunity to make
solar cells accessible for everyone.
solar cells accessible for everyone.
153
506333
4084
我们现在有机会让每个人
都拥有太阳能电池。
都拥有太阳能电池。
08:43
I want to bring solar
close to the people with you,
close to the people with you,
154
511958
3725
我想将太阳能带到每个人的身边，
08:47
but beautiful and well designed.
155
515707
2625
而且是美观的，精心设计过的。
08:51
Thank you.
156
519250
1167
谢谢。
Translated by chunhua zhang
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Marjan van Aubel - Solar designerMarjan van Aubel promotes extreme energy efficiency through intelligent design.
Why you should listen
Marjan van Aubel is an award-winning solar designer whose innovative practice spans the fields of sustainability, design and technology. In collaboration with scientists, engineers and institutions -- such as Swarovski and ECN.TNO, the Dutch Energy Centre -- van Aubel works to promote extreme energy efficiency through intelligent design. From working with expandable materials to domestically integrating solar cells that mimic the process of photosynthesis in plants, she adds a double function to objects and puts them to work: a table is not just a table, but also a producer of electricity.
Van Aubel strives to redefine our current relationship with solar technology and accelerate its transition to ubiquity. Graduating from the Royal College of Art in 2012 and the Rietveld Academy DesignLAB in 2009, she has since exhibited at world-class institutions, including the V&A (London), the Design Museum (London) and the Stedelijk Museum (Amsterdam). Her work is also part of the permanent collection at the MoMA in New York, the Vitra Design Museum, Boijmans van Beuningen Museum, The Montreal Museum of Art and the National Gallery of Victoria in Australia.
Marjan van Aubel | Speaker | TED.com