Serious Play 2008
Stuart Brown: Play is more than just fun
斯图尔特布朗阐述玩不仅仅有乐趣 -- 玩也是重要的
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斯图尔特布朗，一位研究玩耍的先锋，说到，幽默，游戏，调情和幻想不仅仅是有趣。孩提时代的玩耍让成年人更加高兴和聪明 -- 保持这种状态可以让我们永远与聪明相伴。
Stuart Brown - Play researcher, psychiatrist
Stuart Brown's research shows play is not just joyful and energizing -- it's deeply involved with human development and intelligence. Through the National Institute for Play, he's working to better understand its significance. Full bio
Stuart Brown's research shows play is not just joyful and energizing -- it's deeply involved with human development and intelligence. Through the National Institute for Play, he's working to better understand its significance. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
So, here we go: a flyby of play.
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那么，我们开始了：一系列玩耍。
00:19
It's got to be serious if the New York Times
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如果纽约时报在2月17号星期天的
00:23
puts a cover story of their February 17th Sunday magazine about play.
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报纸上用封面故事报道玩耍，那一定是很严肃了。
00:29
At the bottom of this, it says, "It's deeper than gender.
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在这个底部，写到："这比性别还要深。
00:34
Seriously, but dangerously fun.
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真的，但是危险的乐趣。
00:38
And a sandbox for new ideas about evolution."
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而且一大堆关于进化的想法。“
00:43
Not bad, except if you look at that cover, what's missing?
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不错，除了你是在看封面，什么被遗漏了？
00:47
You see any adults?
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你看到任何成年人了吗？
00:50
Well, lets go back to the 15th century.
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好吧，让我们回到15世纪。
00:54
This is a courtyard in Europe,
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这是一个在欧洲的院子，
00:57
and a mixture of 124 different kinds of play.
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共有124种不同的游戏。
01:01
All ages, solo play, body play, games, taunting.
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老少皆宜，单独玩的，和身体有关的，游戏，玩耍。
01:07
And there it is. And I think this is a typical picture
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好了，这里就是，我想这是描绘院子是怎么样的
01:12
of what it was like in a courtyard then.
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一幅典型图片。
01:16
I think we may have lost something in our culture.
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我想我们在我们的文化里漏掉了什么东西。
01:20
So I'm gonna take you through
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我要跟你们讲讲，
01:23
what I think is a remarkable sequence.
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什么是一个我认为有影响的事情。
01:27
North of Churchill, Manitoba, in October and November,
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丘吉尔北部，马尼托巴省，在10月和11月，
01:30
there's no ice on Hudson Bay.
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在哈得逊湾没有冰雪。
01:32
And this polar bear that you see, this 1200-pound male,
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你看到的这只1200磅的雄性北极熊
01:35
he's wild and fairly hungry.
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是野生的而且十分饥饿。
01:39
And Norbert Rosing, a German photographer,
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诺贝特乐斯，一个德国摄影家，
01:42
is there on scene, making a series of photos of these huskies, who are tethered.
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在拍摄一系列这些被栓住的哈士奇。
01:49
And from out of stage left comes this wild, male polar bear,
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而走进这个画面的是一个雄性北极熊，
01:53
with a predatory gaze.
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带有掠食者的眼神。
01:56
Any of you who've been to Africa or had a junkyard dog come after you,
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任何去过非洲，或被一个恶狗追过的人，
02:01
there is a fixed kind of predatory gaze
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都知道当你遇上这种眼神时，
02:04
that you know you're in trouble.
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你就有麻烦了。
02:06
But on the other side of that predatory gaze
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但是就在这种掠食者的眼神旁边，
02:08
is a female husky in a play bow, wagging her tail.
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这是的一个雌性哈士奇，做出了一个玩耍的姿势，摇着它的尾巴。
02:13
And something very unusual happens.
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然后一些不平常的事情发生了。
02:17
That fixed behavior -- which is rigid and stereotyped
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一些定向的行为 -- 一些是被遥控的，注定的
02:20
and ends up with a meal -- changes.
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以晚餐完结的事情 -- 变了。
02:24
And this polar bear
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然后这个北极熊
02:26
stands over the husky,
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站在哈士奇旁边。
02:29
no claws extended, no fangs taking a look.
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没有伸爪，没有露出獠牙。
02:33
And they begin an incredible ballet.
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然后他们开始了一个惊人的芭蕾。
02:40
A play ballet.
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一个玩耍的芭蕾。
02:41
This is in nature: it overrides a carnivorous nature
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这是在自然里：一个食肉性的自然里
02:45
and what otherwise would have been a short fight to the death.
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一个会斗的你死我活的自然里。
02:49
And if you'll begin to look closely at the husky that's bearing her throat to the polar bear,
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假如你仔细观察哈士奇是这样靠近北极熊的，
02:55
and look a little more closely, they're in an altered state.
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看的再仔细一点，它们变换了状态。
02:59
They're in a state of play.
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它们是在一个玩耍的状态里。
03:02
And it's that state
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而那个状态
03:05
that allows these two creatures to explore the possible.
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就允许了这两个生物去探索的可能。
03:09
They are beginning to do something that neither would have done
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他们开始做了一些他们平常不会做的事情
03:12
without the play signals.
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拜玩耍的信号所赐。
03:16
And it is a marvelous example
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这就是一个了不起的例子
03:19
of how a differential in power
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关于存在于我们之间
03:22
can be overridden by a process of nature that's within all of us.
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一个自然力量可以被改写的例子。
03:26
Now how did I get involved in this?
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现在讲讲我是这么参与进来的？
03:29
John mentioned that I've done some work with murderers, and I have.
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乔提到我曾做过一些关于杀人犯的事情，是的，我做过。
03:32
The Texas Tower murderer opened my eyes,
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德州塔凶手开阔了我的眼界 --
03:35
in retrospect, when we studied his tragic mass murder,
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回想起来，当我们在学习他的悲剧屠杀案例中 --
03:40
to the importance of play,
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玩耍的重要性，
03:42
in that that individual, by deep study,
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在这个个体中，通过深入的学习，
03:45
was found to have severe play deprivation.
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发现他的玩耍被严重的剥夺了。
03:47
Charles Whitman was his name.
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查尔斯惠特曼是他的名字
03:49
And our committee, which consisted of a lot of hard scientists,
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在我们的委员会中，有很多科学家，
03:52
did feel at the end of that study
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确实感觉到在调查的最后
03:54
that the absence of play and a progressive suppression of developmentally normal play
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发现玩耍的缺乏和对正常发育的压抑
04:00
led him to be more vulnerable to the tragedy that he perpetrated.
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导致了他比他造成的悲剧更加易受伤害。
04:05
And that finding has stood the test of time --
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而且这个结论是通过了一段时间的考验 --
04:09
unfortunately even into more recent times, at Virginia Tech.
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十分遗憾的，甚至通过了弗吉尼亚理工大学的考验。
04:13
And other studies of populations at risk
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而且其他一些关于人口危机的学习
04:16
sensitized me to the importance of play,
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让我感受到了玩耍的重要性，
04:20
but I didn't really understand what it was.
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但是我不曾了解玩耍到底是什么。
04:22
And it was many years in taking play histories of individuals
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而且是在多年来研究了那么多历史上玩耍的例子后
04:27
before I really began to recognize that I didn't really have a full understanding of it.
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我开始了解到，我对玩耍没有一个全面的认识。
04:33
And I don't think any of us has a full understanding of it, by any means.
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而且我不认为我们所有人都对玩耍有一个全面的认识，任何层面上。
04:37
But there are ways of looking at it
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但是，我想这的确有一些看待它的方法
04:39
that I think can give you -- give us all a taxonomy, a way of thinking about it.
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让你们可以看到它的所有的类别，一种思考它的方法。
04:44
And this image is, for humans, the beginning point of play.
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这个图像是，对人类来说，是玩耍的开始。
04:49
When that mother and infant lock eyes,
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当母亲和婴儿闭上眼睛，
04:52
and the infant's old enough to have a social smile,
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而且当婴儿大的能够做出笑脸时，
04:55
what happens -- spontaneously -- is the eruption of joy on the part of the mother.
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所发生的 -- 很自然的 -- 就是母亲乐趣的爆发。
04:59
And she begins to babble and coo and smile, and so does the baby.
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然后她开始向小孩说话，逗它和微笑，小孩也做同样的事情。
05:03
If we've got them wired up with an electroencephalogram,
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如果我们对他们进行电脑图测试，
05:07
the right brain of each of them becomes attuned,
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他们的右脑会开始适应这些，
05:12
so that the joyful emergence of this earliest of play scenes
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所以乐趣开始出现在早期的玩耍场景中
05:17
and the physiology of that is something we're beginning to get a handle on.
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而且精神上我们开始对此开始有所了解。
05:22
And I'd like you to think that every bit of more complex play
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我想让你们开始想象所有基于人类
05:26
builds on this base for us humans.
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上的每一点复杂的玩耍。
05:30
And so now I'm going to take you through sort of a way of looking at play,
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现在我要带你们去了解看待玩耍的一种方式，
05:34
but it's never just singularly one thing.
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但它从来就不仅仅是奇异一件事。
05:38
We're going to look at body play,
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我们来看看身体玩耍，
05:41
which is a spontaneous desire to get ourselves out of gravity.
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是一个让我们摆脱重力的自然欲望。
05:47
This is a mountain goat.
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这是一只山羊。
05:49
If you're having a bad day, try this:
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如果你这一天不怎么样，试试这个：
05:51
jump up and down, wiggle around -- you're going to feel better.
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跳上跳下，到处动一下 -- 你会感觉好很多。
05:54
And you may feel like this character,
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而且你可能会感觉像这个角色，
05:56
who is also just doing it for its own sake.
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它就是这样做的。
05:59
It doesn't have a particular purpose, and that's what's great about play.
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它没有什么特别的目的，而且那就是关于玩耍的伟大。
06:02
If its purpose is more important
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如果目的比做那个动作要重要
06:05
than the act of doing it, it's probably not play.
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那就可能不是玩耍。
06:08
And there's a whole other type of play, which is object play.
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然后这里是完全另外一种玩耍，是关于物体的玩耍。
06:12
And this Japanese macaque has made a snowball,
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这只日本猴做好了一个雪球，
06:15
and he or she's going to roll down a hill.
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然后这里她将把雪球从山上滚下去。
06:18
And -- they don't throw it at each other, but this is a fundamental part of being playful.
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不过 -- 他们不会互相丢，但是这个基础的部分是有玩耍意思在里面的。
06:22
The human hand, in manipulation of objects,
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人类的手，是可以操控物体的，
06:26
is the hand in search of a brain;
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是一双寻找大脑的手。
06:29
the brain is in search of a hand;
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大脑同时也在寻找手，
06:31
and play is the medium by which those two are linked in the best way.
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而玩耍是最能结合两者的媒体。
06:36
JPL we heard this morning -- JPL is an incredible place.
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JPL我们今天早上听到的 -- JPL是一个不可思议的地方。
06:42
They have located two consultants,
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他们找到了两个顾问，
06:45
Frank Wilson and Nate Johnson,
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弗兰克威尔森和内特乔森。
06:48
who are -- Frank Wilson is a neurologist, Nate Johnson is a mechanic.
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弗兰克威尔逊是一个神经学家，内特约乔森是一名机械师。
06:52
He taught mechanics in a high school in Long Beach,
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他在一个长滩高中里教机械，
06:55
and found that his students were no longer able to solve problems.
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发现了他的学生再也不能解决问题了。
07:01
And he tried to figure out why. And he came to the conclusion, quite on his own,
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他尝试的去找出为什么。然后他得出一个结论，十分独特的结论，
07:04
that the students who could no longer solve problems, such as fixing cars,
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就是那些不能解决问题的学生，比如说修车，
07:08
hadn't worked with their hands.
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没有用他们的手去工作过。
07:10
Frank Wilson had written a book called "The Hand."
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弗兰克威尔逊写过一本“双手”的书。
07:13
They got together -- JPL hired them.
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他们走到一起 -- JPL雇佣了他们。
07:16
Now JPL, NASA and Boeing,
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现在JPL,国家航天中心和波音，
07:19
before they will hire a research and development problem solver --
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当他们去雇佣一个研究院或问题解决者之前 --
07:22
even if they're summa cum laude from Harvard or Cal Tech --
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即使他们是哈佛或加利福尼亚技术学院最好的学生 --
07:26
if they haven't fixed cars, haven't done stuff with their hands early in life,
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如果他们没有修过车，在他们的早年没有做任何手工，
07:29
played with their hands, they can't problem-solve as well.
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和他们的手玩耍过，他们就不能解决问题。
07:32
So play is practical, and it's very important.
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所以玩耍是实用的，而且是十分重要的。
07:36
Now one of the things about play is that it is born by curiosity and exploration. (Laughter)
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现在关于玩耍的一个关键是带这好奇和探索出生。 （笑）
07:42
But it has to be safe exploration.
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但是这必须是安全的探索。
07:45
This happens to be OK -- he's an anatomically interested little boy
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这正好可以 -- 他是一个有解剖学兴趣的小男孩
07:48
and that's his mom. Other situations wouldn't be quite so good.
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这是他的母亲，其他的一些情况不会像这么好。
07:52
But curiosity, exploration, are part of the play scene.
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但是好奇，探索，是玩耍的一部分。
07:55
If you want to belong, you need social play.
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如果你想有归宿，你需要社会性的玩耍。
07:58
And social play is part of what we're about here today,
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社会性的玩耍就是我们今天为什么会在这的原因之一，
08:01
and is a byproduct of the play scene.
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而且这就是玩耍的副产品。
08:05
Rough and tumble play.
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粗糙和滚动的玩耍。
08:07
These lionesses, seen from a distance, looked like they were fighting.
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这些狮子，从远处看，好像在争斗。
08:10
But if you look closely, they're kind of like the polar bear and husky:
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但是如果你仔细的看，他们就像北极熊和哈士奇一样：
08:13
no claws, flat fur, soft eyes,
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没有爪子，平滑的毛发，平和的眼神，
08:17
open mouth with no fangs, balletic movements,
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没有利齿的嘴巴，芭蕾般的动作，
08:20
curvilinear movements -- all specific to play.
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曲线的运动 -- 都是有关玩耍的表现。
08:23
And rough-and-tumble play is a great learning medium for all of us.
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而且这项粗糙-滚动的玩耍是我们学习的伟大媒体。
08:27
Preschool kids, for example, should be allowed to dive, hit, whistle,
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学前班小孩，打个比方，应该允许去潜水，打闹，吹口哨，
08:31
scream, be chaotic, and develop through that a lot of emotional regulation
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叫喊，混乱的，会开发很多正常的情感
08:38
and a lot of the other social byproducts -- cognitive, emotional and physical --
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以及很多社会副产品 -- 认知，情感和身体 --
08:43
that come as a part of rough and tumble play.
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这就都是粗糙和滚动玩耍的一部分。
08:46
Spectator play, ritual play -- we're involved in some of that.
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观众的玩耍，和仪式上玩耍 -- 我们会参与这样一些玩耍。
08:50
Those of you who are from Boston know that this was the moment -- rare --
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那些从波士顿来的人知道有这样一个时候 -- 极少数 --
08:54
where the Red Sox won the World Series.
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红袜对赢得了冠军。
08:58
But take a look at the face and the body language of everybody
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但是看看这个有趣的照片上的脸和肢体语言
09:01
in this fuzzy picture, and you can get a sense that they're all at play.
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你就会感觉到他们都是在玩耍。
09:05
Imaginative play.
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想象的玩耍。
09:06
I love this picture because my daughter, who's now almost 40, is in this picture,
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我喜欢这张照片是因为我女儿，现在都快40了，在这个照片里，
09:11
but it reminds me of her storytelling and her imagination,
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但是这让我回想起了她的故事和她的想象；
09:15
her ability to spin yarns at this age -- preschool.
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她在这个年龄转纱的能力 -- 学前班。
09:20
A really important part of being a player
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做到一个玩耍者的重要一点是
09:23
is imaginative solo play.
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一个想象丰富的单独玩耍。
09:26
And I love this one, because it's also what we're about.
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而且我喜欢这个，因为这是我们所做的。
09:30
We all have an internal narrative that's our own inner story.
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我们都有一个内部的叙述，是我们自己内心的故事。
09:34
The unit of intelligibility of most of our brains is the story.
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对我们的大脑最清晰的单位是故事。
09:39
I'm telling you a story today about play.
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我今天来跟你们讲一个关于玩耍的故事。
09:42
Well, this bushman, I think, is talking about the fish that got away that was that long,
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好了，这个，我想讲的是那个逃跑的鱼，那可真长，
09:47
but it's a fundamental part of the play scene.
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但是这好似玩耍的一个基础部分。
09:51
So what does play do for the brain?
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所以玩耍对大脑有什么影响？
09:54
Well, a lot.
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恩，很多。
09:57
We don't know a whole lot about what it does for the human brain,
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我们不太了解它对大脑有什么影响，
10:01
because funding has not been exactly heavy for research on play.
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因为对研究玩耍上的基金不是很多。
10:08
I walked into the Carnegie asking for a grant.
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我进入卡内基要求补助金。
10:10
They'd given me a large grant when I was an academician
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当我还是学习酒后驾车的重罪的学者时，
10:13
for the study of felony drunken drivers, and I thought I had a pretty good track record,
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他们给我了一份很大的资金，我想我有一个不错的记录。
10:18
and by the time I had spent half an hour talking about play,
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就当我用半小时在谈论玩耍的时候，
10:23
it was obvious that they were not -- did not feel that play was serious.
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很明显可以感觉到，他们感觉玩耍不是很严肃。
10:27
I think that -- that's a few years back -- I think that wave is past,
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我想那是 -- 在几年前 -- 那已经过去了，
10:31
and the play wave is cresting,
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但是玩耍还是在继续，
10:33
because there is some good science.
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因为这里有一些很好的科学。
10:35
Nothing lights up the brain like play.
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没有什么比玩耍更能启迪大脑。
10:38
Three-dimensional play fires up the cerebellum,
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三维的玩耍启迪小脑，
10:41
puts a lot of impulses into the frontal lobe --
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给前额叶很多脉冲 --
10:44
the executive portion -- helps contextual memory be developed,
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行政部分-帮助上下文记忆发展，
10:48
and -- and, and, and.
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以及，等等， 等等。
10:50
So it's -- for me, its been an extremely nourishing scholarly adventure
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所以这--对我来说，是一个十分具有营养的学术冒险，
10:56
to look at the neuroscience that's associated with play, and to bring together people
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去看看神经是这样和玩耍互动的，是怎样将人联合起来
11:01
who in their individual disciplines hadn't really thought of it that way.
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那些没有共同纪律的人联合起来。
11:06
And that's part of what the National Institute for Play is all about.
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那就是国家玩耍学院所研究的一部分。
11:09
And this is one of the ways you can study play --
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而这就是我们可以这样研究玩耍的其中一个方法 --
11:11
is to get a 256-lead electroencephalogram.
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就是拿一个256制的脑电图。
11:15
I'm sorry I don't have a playful-looking subject, but it allows mobility,
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对不起，我没有一个有趣的前瞻性问题，但是这允许了移动性，
11:20
which has limited the actual study of play.
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那也就制约了对玩耍的学习。
11:22
And we've got a mother-infant play scenario
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我们在场景里也有了母婴间的玩耍
11:26
that we're hoping to complete underway at the moment.
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我们希望现在我们可以完成这个过程。
11:29
The reason I put this here is also to queue up
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我把这放在这里的原因是去整理
11:32
my thoughts about objectifying what play does.
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我对有关玩耍起了什么作用的想法。
11:36
The animal world has objectified it.
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动物的世界已经客观的反映了这个。
11:40
In the animal world, if you take rats,
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在动物的时间，如果你拿老鼠
11:43
who are hardwired to play at a certain period of their juvenile years
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一些在青少年时期玩耍的老鼠
11:49
and you suppress play -- they squeak, they wrestle,
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然后你压制玩耍 -- 他们互相挤压，他们互相搏斗，
11:52
they pin each other, that's part of their play.
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他们把对方放到，那就是他们玩耍的一部分。
11:55
If you stop that behavior on one group that you're experimenting with,
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如果你把你实验对象的一组停下来，
12:00
and you allow it in another group that you're experimenting with,
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允许你实验对象的另一组，
12:03
and then you present those rats
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然后你给这些老鼠展示
12:05
with a cat odor-saturated collar,
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带有猫气味的领子，
12:08
they're hardwired to flee and hide.
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他们本能的反应是逃窜和躲避。
12:11
Pretty smart -- they don't want to get killed by a cat.
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十分聪明 -- 它们可不想被猫抓到。
12:14
So what happens?
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所以，发生了什么？
12:16
They both hide out.
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他们都躲了起来。
12:19
The non-players never come out --
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那些非玩耍者再也不出来了 --
12:22
they die.
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他们就死了。
12:23
The players slowly explore the environment,
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那些玩耍着慢慢的探索这个环境，
12:27
and begin again to test things out.
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搞清楚了发生了什么。
12:30
That says to me, at least in rats --
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这对我来说，最起码在老鼠里 --
12:33
and I think they have the same neurotransmitters that we do
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我想他们有着跟我们一样的神经传递系统
12:36
and a similar cortical architecture --
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以及一个相似的皮质结构 --
12:38
that play may be pretty important for our survival.
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那说明了玩耍对我们的生存十分重要。
12:41
And, and, and -- there are a lot more animal studies that I could talk about.
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等等，等等 -- 这里我还可以谈上很多动物实验。
12:46
Now, this is a consequence of play deprivation. (Laughter)
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现在，这是一个把玩耍剥夺的后果。（笑）
12:50
This took a long time --
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这个花了很长时间 --
12:52
I had to get Homer down and put him through the fMRI and the SPECT
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我不得不把荷马拿下来，通过磁共振成像和断层扫描，
12:57
and multiple EEGs, but as a couch potato, his brain has shrunk.
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和和多脑电图，对他测试，但是就这样的宅男，他的脑子缩水了。
13:01
And we do know that in domestic animals
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我们都知道，在被驯化的动物里
13:04
and others, when they're play deprived,
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当他们的玩耍被剥夺时，
13:06
they don't -- and rats also -- they don't develop a brain that is normal.
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他们 -- 老鼠也一样 -- 他们不会去正常的开发大脑。
13:11
Now, the program says that the opposite of play is not work,
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现在，项目表明玩耍的对立面不是工作，
13:16
it's depression.
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是忧郁。
13:18
And I think if you think about life without play --
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我想，如果你们想象一下没有玩耍的生活 --
13:22
no humor, no flirtation, no movies,
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没有幽默，没有调戏，没有电影，
13:25
no games, no fantasy and, and, and.
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没有游戏，没有幻想 -- 等等，等等。
13:30
Try and imagine a culture or a life, adult or otherwise
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同时想想没有玩耍的文化，生命
13:35
without play.
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或成人，或者小孩。
13:37
And the thing that's so unique about our species
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我们之所以是这么独特的物种，
13:40
is that we're really designed to play through our whole lifetime.
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是因为我们就是被设计成活到老玩到老。
13:45
And we all have capacity to play signal.
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我们都有玩耍的能力。
13:48
Nobody misses that dog I took a picture of on a Carmel beach a couple of weeks ago.
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没有人会去怀念我在几个星期前卡梅尔海滩照的那只狗的照片。
13:53
What's going to follow from that behavior
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接下来会发生的行为是
13:56
is play.
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玩耍。
13:57
And you can trust it.
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而且你可以信任它。
13:58
The basis of human trust is established through play signals.
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人类信任的基础是建立在玩耍的信号上的。
14:02
And we begin to lose those signals, culturally and otherwise, as adults.
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不过我们开始丢掉这些信号了，文化上，等等，就像成年人一样。
14:07
That's a shame.
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那真丢人。
14:09
I think we've got a lot of learning to do.
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我想我们还要学习很多。
14:12
Now, Jane Goodall has here a play face along with one of her favorite chimps.
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现在，简古德尔和他最喜爱的一个猩猩做了鬼脸。
14:16
So part of the signaling system of play
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所以玩耍信号的一个部分
14:19
has to do with vocal, facial, body, gestural.
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肯定和声音，表情，身体，动作有关。
14:23
You know, you can tell -- and I think when we're getting into collective play,
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你知道，你可一知道 -- 而且我想当我们在集体玩耍是，
14:28
its really important for groups to gain a sense of safety
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在一个小组内获得安全感是十分重要的，
14:32
through their own sharing of play signals.
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通过他们对玩耍信号的动同分享。
14:36
You may not know this word,
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你也许不知道这个词。
14:38
but it should be your biological first name and last name.
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但是它应该是你生物上的姓和名。
14:43
Because neoteny means the retention of immature qualities into adulthood.
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因为幼态持续指不成熟的素质保持到成年。
14:47
And we are, by physical anthropologists,
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而且，我们是的，根据物理人类学家，
14:50
by many, many studies, the most neotenous,
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通过很多很多的学习，大部分是神经上的，
14:53
the most youthful, the most flexible, the most plastic of all creatures.
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大部分是年轻的，大部分是灵活的，所有生物的共性。
14:58
And therefore, the most playful.
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所以，是最具玩耍性的。
15:01
And this gives us a leg up on adaptability.
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这个让我们也踏入了讨论适应性的范围。
15:05
Now, there is a way of looking at play
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现在，这里有一个看待玩耍的方法
15:08
that I also want to emphasize here,
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也是我想在这强调的，
15:11
which is the play history.
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在玩耍的历史上。
15:14
Your own personal play history is unique,
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你个人的玩耍历史是独特的，
15:17
and often is not something we think about particularly.
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通常是我们想象不到的一些事。
15:21
This is a book written by a consummate player
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这是一本由十分优秀的玩耍者写的书，
15:24
by the name of Kevin Carroll.
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他叫凯文卡罗尔。
15:26
Kevin Carroll came from extremely deprived circumstances:
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他叫凯文卡罗尔是一个来自玩耍被十分压制的条件下：
15:31
alcoholic mother, absent father, inner-city Philadelphia,
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酗酒的母亲，父亲的缺席，罪恶都市费城，
15:35
black, had to take care of a younger brother.
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黑人，还必须照顾他的弟弟。
15:38
Found that when he looked at a playground
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发现在他被关起来的窗口里可以看到
15:41
out of a window into which he had been confined,
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一个公园。
15:44
he felt something different.
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他有一些不一样的感觉。
15:46
And so he followed up on it.
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所以他就去追求起来。
15:49
And his life -- the transformation of his life
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这样他的生活 -- 他生活的转变
15:52
from deprivation and what one would expect -- potentially prison or death --
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从一个被压制的人，我们也许可以判断到 -- 潜在的监狱或死亡 --
15:57
he become a linguist, a trainer for the 76ers and now is a motivational speaker.
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他成了一个语言学家，一个76人队的训练师，现在是一个煽动气氛的演讲者。
16:03
And he gives play as a transformative force
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而且他赋予了玩耍一种转变他一生
16:08
over his entire life.
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的动力
16:11
Now there's another play history that I think is a work in progress.
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现在还有另外一种玩耍历史，我想是正在进行中。
16:18
Those of you who remember Al Gore,
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你们那些记得戈尔的，
16:21
during the first term and then during his successful
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在第一的时期，然后在他第二个成功的时间里，
16:26
but unelected run for the presidency,
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但是没有竞选总统成功，
16:29
may remember him as being kind of wooden and not entirely his own person,
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也许记得他有点不自然，不像他自己。
16:34
at least in public.
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最少在公众面前是这样。
16:36
And looking at his history, which is common in the press,
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在他的历史看来，这样在压力下很正常。
16:40
it seems to me, at least -- looking at it from a shrink's point of view --
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至少对我来说，从一个心理医生的观点来看
16:46
that a lot of his life was programmed.
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他生命中很大一部分是被安排好的。
16:51
Summers were hard, hard work, in the heat of Tennessee summers.
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夏天是努力，努力工作，在田纳西的高温下。
16:57
He had the expectations of his senatorial father and Washington, D.C.
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他背负者华盛顿和议员父亲对他的期望。
17:03
And although I think he certainly had the capacity for play --
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即使我想他肯定有着玩耍的能力 --
17:06
because I do know something about that --
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因为我的确知道这样一些事情 --
17:08
he wasn't as empowered, I think, as he now is
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我想，他现在也许不是那么有权利
17:12
by paying attention to what is his own passion
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通过做他自己想做的事情
17:16
and his own inner drive,
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通过他自己的内心的渴望，
17:19
which I think has its basis in all of us in our play history.
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我想这这和我们的玩耍历史都有相同的基础。
17:24
So what I would encourage on an individual level to do,
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所以，我能从个人层次上鼓励的是，
17:27
is to explore backwards as far as you can go
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尽量往回探索
17:31
to the most clear, joyful, playful image that you have,
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到一个你有的最清晰，最快乐，最有玩耍的图像。
17:36
whether it's with a toy, on a birthday or on a vacation.
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无论这是个玩具，是生日或是渡假。
17:39
And begin to build to build from the emotion of that
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由此之上在建立情感看看
17:42
into how that connects with your life now.
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是怎样和你现在生活所联系起来。
17:45
And you'll find, you may change jobs --
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然后你会发现，你也许会换工作 --
17:48
which has happened to a number people when I've had them do this --
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也当我让人们去做这个东西是最明显的后果
17:51
in order to be more empowered through their play.
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为此能通过玩耍来变的更强大。
17:54
Or you'll be able to enrich your life by prioritizing it
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或者你会通过优先处理他和在意它
17:58
and paying attention to it.
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从而丰富你的生活
18:00
Most of us work with groups, and I put this up because
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我的绝大多数是小组工作，我这样讲出来是因为
18:03
the d.school, the design school at Stanford,
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斯坦福世界大学大学，
18:06
thanks to David Kelley and a lot of others
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谢谢大卫凯利和其他人
18:09
who have been visionary about its establishment,
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那些有眼光建立这个的人
18:12
has allowed a group of us to get together
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允许我们这组人聚在一起
18:14
and create a course called "From Play to Innovation."
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从而开办了一个课程叫做“从玩耍到创新”
18:18
And you'll see this course is to investigate
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在这个课程里，你会看到对
18:21
the human state of play, which is kind of like the polar bear-husky state
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人类玩耍状态的参与，就像是北极熊对哈士奇的状态
18:25
and its importance to creative thinking:
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以及它对创新思维的重要性。
18:27
"to explore play behavior, its development and its biological basis;
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去探索玩耍的行为，玩耍的发展和其生物学上的基础。
18:30
to apply those principles, through design thinking,
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去通过设计的思维来使用这些原则，
18:33
to promote innovation in the corporate world;
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去在整个世界推动创新。
18:35
and the students will work with real-world partners
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所有的学生都会和真实世界的伙伴合作
18:38
on design projects with widespread application."
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在宽广应用的设计项目上。
18:41
This is our maiden voyage in this.
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这是我们的首航。
18:43
We're about two and a half, three months into it, and it's really been fun.
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我们开始了有2个半到3个月了，而且这真的是很有趣。
18:47
There is our star pupil, this labrador,
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这是我们的得意门生，这个拉布拉多，
18:50
who taught a lot of us what a state of play is,
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它教给了我们很多关于玩耍是什么一个状态，
18:54
and an extremely aged and decrepit professor in charge there.
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这是一个十分十分年老的负责教师。
18:58
And Brendan Boyle, Rich Crandall -- and on the far right is, I think, a person who
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和布兰登博伊勒，理查克莱登 -- 在最右边的是斯图尔特汤姆森--
19:03
will be in cahoots with George Smoot for a Nobel Prize -- Stuart Thompson,
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我想他会和乔治苏木特一起的诺贝尔奖，
19:08
in neuroscience.
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在神经学上。
19:09
So we've had Brendan, who's from IDEO,
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我们已经见多布兰登了，来自IDEO，
19:11
and the rest of us sitting aside and watching these students
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我们其他人就坐在一旁，看这些学生
19:15
as they put play principles into practice in the classroom.
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在教室里把这些玩耍的要领使用到行动上。
19:21
And one of their projects was to
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他们其中的一个项目是
19:25
see what makes meetings boring,
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看是什么导致会议很无聊。
19:28
and to try and do something about it.
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然后去做些什么来改变这个。
19:31
So what will follow is a student-made film
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所以，接下来会有一个关于这个的
19:35
about just that.
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学生短片。
19:38
Narrator: Flow is the mental state of apparition
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旁白：流利是幻影的精神状态
19:42
in which the person is fully immersed in what he or she is doing.
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是那个人完全投入到他所做的事情上。
19:45
Characterized by a feeling of energized focus,
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特点是充满活力的焦点的感觉，
19:48
full involvement and success in the process of the activity.
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全身投入和在这个活动中的成功感。
19:55
An important key insight that we learned about meetings
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一个重要的关键见解，我们对会议的教训是
19:58
is that people pack them in one after another,
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人们一个一个的传下去，
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disruptive to the day.
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直到一天结束。
20:03
Attendees at meetings don't know when they'll get back to the task
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会议者这会议上不知道他们什么时候可以回到
20:06
that they left at their desk.
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他们离开的工作上。
20:08
But it doesn't have to be that way.
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但是不一定是非要这样。
20:11
(Music)
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（音乐）
21:04
Some sage and repeatedly furry monks
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一些来自被称作设计学院的地方，
21:07
at this place called the d.school
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的圣人和毛皮僧侣
21:09
designed a meeting that you can literally step out of when it's over.
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设计了一个会议，当会议结束了你就可以把它脱下。
21:14
Take the meeting off, and have peace of mind that you can come back to me.
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把会议放下，然后你可以回到自己安静的空间里。
21:19
Because when you need it again,
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因为当你再需要的时候，
21:21
the meeting is literally hanging in your closet.
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会议就挂在你的衣柜里。
21:27
The Wearable Meeting.
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可穿着的会议。
21:29
Because when you put it on, you immediately get everything you need
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因为当你穿上它时，你立刻会得到所有
21:33
to have a fun and productive and useful meeting.
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好玩的和有用的有效率的会议的一切。
21:36
But when you take it off --
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但是一旦你脱掉他...
21:39
that's when the real action happens.
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那你就要开始行动。
21:41
(Music)
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（音乐）
21:47
(Laughter) (Applause)
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（笑）（掌声）
21:50
Stuart Brown: So I would encourage you all
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斯图尔特布朗：所以我要鼓励你们所有人
21:56
to engage
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去参与
21:58
not in the work-play differential --
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不仅仅是在你工作需要的时候--
22:01
where you set aside time to play --
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不仅仅是在你玩耍的时候 --
22:04
but where your life becomes infused
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也是当你的的生活被每分每秒
22:07
minute by minute, hour by hour,
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被注入
22:11
with body,
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身体，
22:13
object,
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物品，
22:15
social, fantasy, transformational kinds of play.
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社会，幻想，和各种变革的玩耍。
22:20
And I think you'll have a better and more empowered life.
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我想你会有一个更好的更有力的生活。
22:24
Thank You.
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谢谢。
22:26
(Applause)
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（掌声）
22:33
John Hockenberry: So it sounds to me like what you're saying is that
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约翰胡可巴里：我的理解是你要说的是
22:36
there may be some temptation on the part of people to look at your work
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可能有一部分人诱惑的
22:40
and go --
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看着你的工作
22:42
I think I've heard this, in my kind of pop psychological understanding of play,
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我想我听到过这个，在我对玩耍的流行精神学上的理解是，
22:47
that somehow,
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那就是，
22:49
the way animals and humans deal with play,
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动物和人类对玩耍的，
22:52
is that it's some sort of rehearsal for adult activity.
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是成人活动的一种排练。
22:55
Your work seems to suggest that that is powerfully wrong.
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你的工作似乎说明了这是十分错误的。
22:58
SB: Yeah, I don't think that's accurate,
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SB：对，我想那是不准确的，
23:01
and I think probably because animals have taught us that.
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我想那大概是因为动物已经教了我们这个。
23:04
If you stop a cat from playing --
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如果你不让一只猫玩 --
23:08
which you can do, and we've all seen how cats bat around stuff --
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你可以这样做，我们整天看到猫动来动去 --
23:12
they're just as good predators as they would be if they hadn't played.
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他们就还是像出色捕猎者一样，如果它们不曾玩耍。
23:17
And if you imagine a kid
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但如果你想象下一个小孩
23:19
pretending to be King Kong,
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假装是金刚，
23:22
or a race car driver, or a fireman,
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或是赛车手，或是消防员，
23:25
they don't all become race car drivers or firemen, you know.
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他们不会都成为赛车手或消防员。
23:29
So there's a disconnect between preparation for the future --
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你知道，所以准备和未来有一个断开的地方 --
23:34
which is what most people are comfortable in thinking about play as --
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那也就是大多数人对玩耍很舒服的地方 --
23:37
and thinking of it as a separate biological entity.
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就像一个单独的生物实体。
23:41
And this is where my chasing animals for four, five years
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而这就是我开始追寻这些动物，四到五年
23:46
really changed my perspective from a clinician to what I am now,
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它真的改变了我的观点，从临床医生到现在的我，
23:51
which is that play has a biological place,
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那就是玩耍有一个生物性的地方，
23:55
just like sleep and dreams do.
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就像是睡觉做梦一样。
23:58
And if you look at sleep and dreams biologically,
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如果你从生物的角度上去看睡觉做梦，
24:03
animals sleep and dream,
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动物也睡觉做梦，
24:05
and they rehearse and they do some other things that help memory
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他们排练，他们做一些其他的事情，帮助记忆
24:08
and that are a very important part of sleep and dreams.
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而且那时睡觉和做梦的十分重要的部分。
24:11
The next step of evolution in mammals and
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哺乳动物和那些有多余的神经元
24:14
creatures with divinely superfluous neurons
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的动物的下一个进化
24:18
will be to play.
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就是玩耍。
24:21
And the fact that the polar bear and husky or magpie and a bear
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而事实是北极熊和哈士奇或喜鹊和一只熊
24:24
or you and I and our dogs can crossover and have that experience
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或你和我和我的狗可以交流拥有和其他
24:30
sets play aside as something separate.
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事物一样的玩耍的感觉。
24:33
And its hugely important in learning and crafting the brain.
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而且这学习和训练这样对大脑来说十分重要。
24:37
So it's not just something you do in your spare time.
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所以这不是你就每天空闲时候做的事情。
24:40
JH: How do you keep -- and I know you're part of the scientific research community,
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JH:你怎样才能保持 -- 我知道你是科学研究机构的一部分，
24:43
and you have to justify your existence with grants and proposals like everyone else --
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你也和其他人一样要协调赠款和建议--
24:48
how do you prevent --
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你怎样去防止 --
24:50
and some of the data that you've produced, the good science that you're talking about you've produced, is hot to handle.
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而且你做出的一些数据，这些你谈论的和你做出的好的科学是十分难以处理的
24:56
How do you prevent either the media's interpretation of your work
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你这样防止媒体打断你的工作
25:00
or the scientific community's interpretation of the implications of your work,
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或科学机构打断你工作的影响力，
25:06
kind of like the Mozart metaphor,
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有点像莫扎特的比喻
25:09
where, "Oh, MRIs show
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就像 “哦，MRIs 展示了”
25:12
that play enhances your intelligence.
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玩耍增强了你的智力。
25:15
Well, let's round these kids up, put them in pens
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好的，让我们把小孩放起来，把笔给他们拿开
25:17
and make them play for months at a time; they'll all be geniuses and go to Harvard."
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让他们每次玩上一个星期，他们会变成天才然后去上哈弗。“
25:21
How do you prevent people from taking that sort of action
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你这样防止人们在你研究的数据上
25:24
on the data that you're developing?
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去这样谈论这种行为？
25:26
SB: Well, I think the only way I know to do it
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SB:恩，我想我只知道能这样做，
25:29
is to have accumulated the advisers that I have
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那就是累计我得到的建议：
25:32
who go from practitioners --
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那些从医生 --
25:34
who can establish through improvisational play or clowning or whatever --
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那些可以建立计息玩耍或小丑或其他--
25:38
a state of play.
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一种玩耍的状态。
25:40
So people know that it's there.
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所以人们知道那那在那。
25:42
And then you get an fMRI specialist, and you get Frank Wilson,
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然后你得到一个fMRI的专家，你得到弗兰克威尔森，
25:46
and you get other kinds of hard scientists, including neuroendocrinologists.
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你也得到其他一些十分难懂的科学家，包括精神学家。
25:51
And you get them into a group together focused on play,
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然后你把他们形成一组关注玩耍。
25:57
and it's pretty hard not to take it seriously.
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这样要不严肃对待还很难
26:01
Unfortunately, that hasn't been done sufficiently
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遗憾的是，国家科学基金会，国家心理健康学院
26:04
for the National Science Foundation, National Institute of Mental Health
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或者是任何这样看待它的人 -- 认真的
26:07
or anybody else to really look at it in this way seriously.
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对此做的还够充分。
26:10
I mean you don't hear about anything that's like cancer or heart disease
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我的意思是，你不会听到癌症或心脏病
26:16
associated with play.
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和玩耍在一起合作。
26:18
And yet I see it as something that's just as basic for survival -- long term --
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但是我仍然是把它看作是生存的基础 -- 长期的 --
26:23
as learning some of the basic things about public health.
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也是学习公众健康的基础。
26:27
JH: Stuart Brown, thank you very much.
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JH:斯图尔特布朗，十分感谢你。
26:29
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Stuart Brown - Play researcher, psychiatristStuart Brown's research shows play is not just joyful and energizing -- it's deeply involved with human development and intelligence. Through the National Institute for Play, he's working to better understand its significance.
Why you should listen
Dr. Stuart Brown came to research play through research on murderers -- unlikely as that seems -- after he found a stunning common thread in killers' stories: lack of play in childhood. Since then, he's interviewed thousands of people to catalog their relationships with play, noting a strong correlation between success and playful activity. His book Play describes the impact play can have on one's life.
With the support of the National Geographic Society and Jane Goodall, he has observed animal play in the wild, where he first concieved of play as an evolved behavior important for the well being -- and survival -- of animals, especially those of higher intelligence. Now, through his organization, the National Institute for Play, he hopes to expand the study of human play into a vital science -- and help people everywhere enjoy and participate in play throughout life.
Stuart Brown | Speaker | TED.com