TED2004
Michael Merzenich: Growing evidence of brain plasticity
Michael Merzenich谈重塑大脑
Filmed:
Readability: 4.8
1,483,469 views
神经学家Michael Merzenich谈论大脑的神秘而强大的功能之一：大脑主动重塑自身的能力。他正在研究利用大脑的可塑性来增强我们的技能以及恢复缺失的功能。
Michael Merzenich - Neuroscientist
Michael Merzenich studies neuroplasticity -- the brain's powerful ability to change itself and adapt -- and ways we might make use of that plasticity to heal injured brains and enhance the skills in healthy ones. Full bio
Michael Merzenich studies neuroplasticity -- the brain's powerful ability to change itself and adapt -- and ways we might make use of that plasticity to heal injured brains and enhance the skills in healthy ones. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
This machine, which we all have residing in our skulls,
0
0
3000
我们每个人脑袋中的这台机器，
00:15
reminds me of an aphorism, of a
1
3000
3000
让我想起
00:18
comment of Woody Allen
2
6000
2000
Woody Allen的一句名言，
00:20
to ask about what is the very best thing to have within your skull.
3
8000
2000
就是问你脑袋里最好的东西是什么。
00:22
And it's this machine.
4
10000
2000
答案就是这台机器。
00:24
And it's constructed for change. It's all about change.
5
12000
3000
它是为改变而构建的。一切均与改变有关。
00:27
It confers on us the ability to do things tomorrow that we can't do today,
6
15000
3000
它可以让我们明天做今天无法做到之事，
00:30
things today that we couldn't do yesterday.
7
18000
2000
今天做昨天无法做到之事。
00:32
And of course it's born stupid.
8
20000
2000
当然，它刚出生的时候是愚蠢的。
00:34
The last time you were in the presence of a baby --
9
22000
2000
上次你见到婴儿的时候——
00:36
this happens to be my granddaughter, Mitra.
10
24000
3000
刚好这是我的孙女Mitra。
00:39
Isn't she fabulous?
11
27000
2000
她很棒吧？
00:41
(Laughter)
12
29000
1000
（笑声）
00:42
But nonetheless when she popped out
13
30000
2000
不管怎样，当她出生的时候，
00:44
despite the fact that her brain had actually been progressing
14
32000
2000
尽管事实上她的大脑已经
00:46
in its development for several months before
15
34000
2000
在子宫内
00:48
on the basis of her experiences in the womb --
16
36000
2000
发育了好几个月。
00:50
nonetheless she had very limited abilities,
17
38000
2000
但是跟任何一个
00:52
as does every infant
18
40000
2000
自然出生的婴儿一样，
00:54
at the time of normal, natural full-term birth.
19
42000
3000
她的能力非常有限。
00:57
If we were to assay her perceptual abilities, they would be crude.
20
45000
4000
如果我们测试她的感知能力，我们会发现这些能力是非常原始的。
01:01
There is no real indication that there is any real thinking going on.
21
49000
3000
而且没有确切的迹象表明她有真正的思考能力。
01:04
In fact there is little evidence that there is any
22
52000
3000
实际上，几乎没有证据表明
01:07
cognitive ability in a very young infant.
23
55000
3000
一个刚出生的婴儿有任何认知能力。
01:10
Infants don't respond to much.
24
58000
2000
婴儿没有什么反应。
01:12
There is not really much of an indication in fact that there is a person on board.
25
60000
3000
没有什么迹象表明大脑里有个人在掌控。
01:15
(Laughter)
26
63000
3000
（笑声）
01:18
And they can only in a very primitive way, and in a very limited way
27
66000
3000
而且他们只能以一种非常原始的，非常有限的方式
01:21
control their movements.
28
69000
1000
来控制他们的动作。
01:22
It would be several months before this infant
29
70000
2000
几个月后，这个婴儿
01:24
could do something as simple as reach out and grasp
30
72000
2000
才能在随意控制下做一些简单的动作
01:26
under voluntary control an object and retrieve it,
31
74000
2000
比如伸手抓握东西并拿回来，
01:28
usually to the mouth.
32
76000
2000
通常送到嘴巴里。
01:30
And it will be some months beforeward,
33
78000
2000
还得再过几个月，
01:32
and we see a long steady progression
34
80000
3000
经过漫长稳定的发展，
01:35
of the evolution from the first wiggles,
35
83000
2000
才能一步步从晃动身体，
01:37
to rolling over, and sitting up, and crawling,
36
85000
2000
到翻身，到坐起，到爬行，
01:39
standing, walking,
37
87000
2000
站立，走路，
01:41
before we get to that magical point
38
89000
2000
然后我们才能到达到这个神奇的时刻，
01:43
in which we can motate in the world.
39
91000
2000
可以在世界上自由行动。
01:45
And yet, when we look forward in the brain
40
93000
2000
然而，当我们研究大脑时，
01:47
we see really remarkable advance.
41
95000
3000
我们发现非常显著的进化。
01:50
By this age the brain can actually store.
42
98000
2000
到这个年龄时大脑实际上能够储存东西了。
01:52
It has stored, recorded,
43
100000
2000
它已经可以储存，记录，
01:54
can fastly retrieve
44
102000
2000
并且很快的检索出
01:56
the meanings of thousands,
45
104000
2000
成千上万个物体，行为，
01:58
tens of thousands of objects,
46
106000
2000
以及它们在这个世界上
02:00
actions, and their relationships in the world.
47
108000
2000
的各种关系的意义。
02:02
And those relationships can in fact be constructed in hundreds of thousands,
48
110000
3000
而且这些关系其实能够以成千上万
02:05
potentially millions of ways.
49
113000
2000
甚至上百万种方式来组建。
02:07
By this age the brain controls very refined perceptual abilities.
50
115000
5000
到这个年龄时，大脑拥有非常精细的知觉能力。
02:12
And it actually has a growing repertoire of cognitive skills.
51
120000
3000
并且其认知技巧也在不断发展。
02:15
This brain is very much a thinking machine.
52
123000
3000
大脑基本上已经是一个思考的机器。
02:18
And by this age there is absolutely no question
53
126000
3000
到这个年龄时，毫无疑问的是，
02:21
that this brain, it has a person on board.
54
129000
4000
大脑里已经有一个“人”来掌控了。
02:25
And in fact at this age it is substantially controlling its own self-development.
55
133000
4000
事实上，在这个年龄，大脑在很大程度上控制着自身的发展。
02:29
And by this age we see a remarkable evolution
56
137000
2000
在这个年龄，我们可以发现
02:31
in its capacity to control movement.
57
139000
3000
它在控制动作的能力上有显著的进化。
02:34
Now movement has advanced to the point
58
142000
2000
现在，其控制动作的能力进化到
02:36
where it can actually control movement simultaneously,
59
144000
3000
它可以以复杂的方式同步控制
02:39
in a complex sequence, in complex ways
60
147000
2000
一些复杂组合的动作，
02:41
as would be required for example
61
149000
2000
比如像踢足球，
02:43
for playing a complicated game,
62
151000
2000
这类复杂的运动
02:45
like soccer.
63
153000
2000
所需的复杂组合动作。
02:47
Now this boy can bounce a soccer ball on his head.
64
155000
3000
这个男孩可以用头顶颠球。
02:50
And where this boy comes from, Sao Paulo, Brazil,
65
158000
2000
他来自巴西的圣保罗，
02:52
about 40 percent of boys of his age have this ability.
66
160000
4000
当地这么大的男孩有大约百分之40的拥有这个能力。
02:56
You could go out into the community in Monterey,
67
164000
4000
但你若去蒙特雷的社区，
03:00
and you'd have difficulty finding a boy that has this ability.
68
168000
3000
找到一个拥有这种能力的男孩是困难的。
03:03
And if you did he'd probably be from Sao Paulo.
69
171000
3000
如果你找到一个，说不定还是从圣保罗来的。
03:06
(Laughter)
70
174000
1000
（笑声）
03:07
That's all another way of saying
71
175000
2000
这说明了
03:09
that our individual skills and abilities
72
177000
2000
我们个人的技巧和能力
03:11
are very much shaped by our environments.
73
179000
2000
基本是由环境塑造的。
03:13
That environment extends into our contemporary culture,
74
181000
3000
这个环境可扩大至我们的当代文化，
03:16
the thing our brain is challenged with.
75
184000
2000
其为我们的大脑提供挑战。
03:18
Because what we've done in our personal evolutions
76
186000
2000
因为我们每个人在个人进化中所做的，
03:20
is build up a large repertoire of specific skills and abilities
77
188000
4000
是建立一套巨大的特定的
03:24
that are specific to our own individual histories.
78
192000
2000
受我们个人经历影响的技能与能力。
03:26
And in fact they result in a wonderful
79
194000
2000
实际上，人类奇妙的差异性
03:28
differentiation in humankind,
80
196000
3000
就是这样造成的。
03:31
in the way that, in fact, no two of us
81
199000
2000
也就是说，我们每个人都是
03:33
are quite alike.
82
201000
2000
独一无二的。
03:35
Every one of us has a different set of acquired skills and abilities
83
203000
3000
我们每个人都拥有一套与众不同的技巧和能力，
03:38
that all derive out of the plasticity,
84
206000
2000
而这些技巧和能力全部都是由
03:40
the adaptability of this really remarkable adaptive machine.
85
208000
5000
大脑这个具有非凡适应性机器的可塑性和适应性发展而来。
03:45
In an adult brain of course we've built up
86
213000
3000
对于一个成人的大脑，当然我们已经掌握了
03:48
a large repertoire of mastered skills and abilities
87
216000
2000
一套数量巨大的技能和能力，
03:50
that we can perform more or less automatically from memory,
88
218000
3000
我们或多或少地能够根据记忆自动行动，
03:53
and that define us as acting, moving, thinking creatures.
89
221000
5000
这也让我们成为行动的，移动的，思考的生物。
03:58
Now we study this,
90
226000
2000
我们作为大学实验室的科学家，
04:00
as the nerdy, laboratory, university-based scientists that we are,
91
228000
3000
书呆子，正研究这方面的问题，
04:03
by engaging the brains
92
231000
2000
我们研究动物的大脑，
04:05
of animals like rats, or monkeys,
93
233000
3000
如老鼠，猴子的，
04:08
or of this particularly curious creature --
94
236000
3000
还有这个奇妙的生物的，
04:11
one of the more bizarre forms of life on earth --
95
239000
3000
这个地球上很奇怪的生物形态，
04:14
to engage them in learning new skills and abilities.
96
242000
3000
我们研究这些大脑是如何学习新技能和能力的。
04:17
And we try to track the changes that occur
97
245000
2000
并且我们试图记录在获得新技能或能力的同时，
04:19
as the new skill or ability is acquired.
98
247000
2000
大脑发生了怎样的变化。
04:21
In fact we do this in individuals
99
249000
3000
实际上我们在这些不同物种
04:24
of any age, in these different species --
100
252000
2000
的所有年龄阶段都做研究。
04:26
that is to say from infancies,
101
254000
2000
也就是说，从婴儿期，
04:28
infancy up to adulthood and old age.
102
256000
4000
幼儿期，一直到成年期和老年期。
04:32
So we might engage a rat, for example,
103
260000
2000
举例来说，我们可能研究一只
04:34
to acquire a new skill or ability
104
262000
2000
老鼠是如何获得新技能或能力的，
04:36
that might involve the rat using its paw
105
264000
3000
这技能可能是用它的爪子
04:39
to master particular manual grasp behaviors
106
267000
2000
掌握一个特定的抓握行动，
04:41
just like we might examine a child
107
269000
3000
与此类同的是，我们可能会研究一个孩子
04:44
and their ability to acquire the sub-skills,
108
272000
2000
研究他们如何获得
04:46
or the general overall skill of accomplishing something
109
274000
2000
像掌握阅读的整体技能
04:48
like mastering the ability to read.
110
276000
3000
或其中的次级技能。
04:51
Or you might look in an older individual
111
279000
2000
或者我们可能研究一个更年长的个体
04:53
who has mastered a complex set of abilities
112
281000
2000
其所掌握的一套复杂的能力
04:55
that might relate to reading musical notation
113
283000
2000
跟其阅读音乐符号的能力之间的关联，
04:57
or performing the mechanical acts of performance
114
285000
3000
或其执行机械行为的能力
05:00
that apply to musical performance.
115
288000
3000
如何应用到演奏乐器方面。
05:03
From these studies we defined two great epochs
116
291000
3000
通过这些研究，我们确定了大脑塑造期
05:06
of the plastic history of the brain.
117
294000
3000
的两个重要时期。
05:09
The first great epoch is commonly called the "Critical Period."
118
297000
3000
第一个重要时期是通常所谓的“关键时期”。
05:12
And that is the period in which the brain is setting up
119
300000
2000
在这个时期，大脑形成其最初的形态，
05:14
in its initial form its basic processing machinery.
120
302000
3000
其基本的运行设置。
05:17
This is actually a period of dramatic change
121
305000
3000
这个时期大脑会发生巨大的变化，
05:20
in which it doesn't take learning, per se, to drive
122
308000
3000
但本质上而言，它并不需要通过学习
05:23
the initial differentiation of the machinery of the brain.
123
311000
3000
来启动大脑最初的不同设置。
05:26
All it takes for example in the sound domain,
124
314000
3000
举例来说，在声音方面，
05:29
is exposure to sound.
125
317000
2000
只需要周围有声音即可。
05:31
And the brain actually is at the mercy
126
319000
2000
而大脑其实完全受制于
05:33
of the sound environment in which it is reared.
127
321000
4000
其生长环境的声音。
05:37
So for example I can rear an animal
128
325000
2000
举例来说，我可以在一个
05:39
in an environment in which there is meaningless dumb sound,
129
327000
4000
充满无意义声音的环境里饲养一只动物。
05:43
a repertoire of sound that I make up,
130
331000
3000
这些声音是我制造出来的。
05:46
that I make, just by exposure, artificially important
131
334000
2000
我通过将它置于该环境下，这些声音人为的
05:48
to the animal and its young brain.
132
336000
3000
对这个动物及其幼小的大脑产生重要影响。
05:51
And what I see is that the animal's brain sets up
133
339000
2000
我所发现的是，这个动物的大脑
05:53
its initial processing of that sound
134
341000
2000
设置了针对这个声音的初始运行，
05:55
in a form that's idealized, within the limits of its processing achievements
135
343000
4000
在其运行能力限制之下，大脑将声音
05:59
to represent it in an organized and orderly way.
136
347000
4000
加工成一种有组织有秩序的理想形态。
06:03
The sound doesn't have to be valuable to the animal:
137
351000
3000
这个声音不必对这个动物有价值。
06:06
I could raise the animal in something that could be hypothetically valuable,
138
354000
3000
我可以让这个动物生长在一个假设有价值的声音环境里，
06:09
like the sounds that simulate
139
357000
2000
比如把声音背景设置成模仿
06:11
the sounds of a native language of a child.
140
359000
3000
一个小孩母语的声音。
06:14
And I see the brain actually develop a processor that is specialized --
141
362000
3000
我可以观察到大脑实际上也会发展出一个专门的处理器。
06:17
specialized for that complex array, a repertoire of sounds.
142
365000
3000
专门针对这一套复杂的序列的声音的。
06:20
It actually exaggerates their separateness of representation,
143
368000
3000
它实际上在多维神经表征项上，
06:23
in multi-dimensional neuronal representational terms.
144
371000
4000
夸大了它们表征的差异性。
06:27
Or I can expose the animal to a completely meaningless and destructive sound.
145
375000
5000
或者我可以将这个动物置于一个完全无意义且具有破坏性的声音环境之下。
06:32
I can raise an animal under conditions
146
380000
2000
我可以把动物放在一个
06:34
that would be equivalent to raising a baby
147
382000
2000
发出持续噪音的环境里饲养，
06:36
under a moderately loud ceiling fan,
148
384000
2000
这样等同于把一个婴儿放在
06:38
in the presence of continuous noise.
149
386000
2000
有中等强度声音的吊扇的环境里养育。
06:40
And when I do that I actually specialize the brain
150
388000
3000
当这么做的时候，我实际上是让大脑
06:43
to be a master processor for that meaningless sound.
151
391000
4000
成为一个专门针对这些无意义的声音的主处理器。
06:47
And I frustrate its ability
152
395000
2000
结果是，我破坏了
06:49
to represent any meaningful sound as a consequence.
153
397000
3000
大脑表征任何有意义的声音的能力。
06:52
Such things in the early history of babies
154
400000
2000
这种情况发生在真实的婴儿身上，
06:54
occur in real babies.
155
402000
2000
在他们的早期阶段。
06:56
And they account for, for example
156
404000
3000
这些可以说明，举例来说，
06:59
the beautiful evolution of a language-specific processor
157
407000
3000
在每一个正常发育的婴儿身上，
07:02
in every normally developing baby.
158
410000
3000
语言特定处理器的精彩进化。
07:05
And so they also account for
159
413000
2000
这些也可以解释
07:07
development of defective processing
160
415000
2000
有相当数量的儿童
07:09
in a substantial population of children
161
417000
3000
发展出有问题的运行能力，
07:12
who are more limited, as a consequence,
162
420000
2000
结果在他们更年长的时候，
07:14
in their language abilities at an older age.
163
422000
4000
在语言能力上会有缺陷。
07:18
Now in this early period of plasticity
164
426000
3000
在大脑塑造的早期，
07:21
the brain actually changes outside of a learning context.
165
429000
3000
大脑的改变与学习无关。
07:24
I don't have to be paying attention to what I hear.
166
432000
3000
我不必专注于我听到了什么。
07:27
The input doesn't really have to be meaningful.
167
435000
3000
输入的信息不一定非得有意义。
07:30
I don't have to be in a behavioral context.
168
438000
3000
我不需要在一个行为环境中。
07:33
This is required so the brain sets up it's processing
169
441000
3000
而大脑需要如此来设置运行，
07:36
so that it can act differentially,
170
444000
2000
以便于作出不同的行动，
07:38
so that it can act selectively,
171
446000
2000
以便于作出有选择的行动，
07:40
so that the creature that wears it, that carries it,
172
448000
4000
以便于这个特定的动物
07:44
can begin to operate on it in a selective way.
173
452000
3000
可以用一种有选择的方式来运行大脑。
07:47
In the next great epoch of life, which applies for most of life,
174
455000
4000
在下一个生命的重要时期，也就是生命的大部分时间，
07:51
the brain is actually refining its machinery
175
459000
3000
大脑实际上在学习掌握广泛的技能和能力的同时，
07:54
as it masters a wide repertoire of skills and abilities.
176
462000
2000
使它的运行设置更加完善。
07:56
And in this epoch,
177
464000
2000
在这个阶段，
07:58
which extends from late in the first year of life to death;
178
466000
4000
从生命第一年的晚些时候一直到死亡。
08:02
it's actually doing this under behavioral control.
179
470000
2000
实际上大脑在这个过程中是处于行为控制的。
08:04
And that's another way of saying
180
472000
2000
也就是说，
08:06
the brain has strategies that define
181
474000
3000
大脑有策略地定义
08:09
the significance of the input to the brain.
182
477000
2000
输入大脑信号的重要性。
08:11
And it's focusing on skill after skill,
183
479000
2000
它专注于一个又一个技能，
08:13
or ability after ability,
184
481000
4000
一个接一个的能力，
08:17
under specific attentional control.
185
485000
2000
这些都需要特定的注意力控制才行。
08:19
It's a function of whether a goal in a behavior is achieved
186
487000
3000
这个功能在于行为是否完成，
08:22
or whether the individual is rewarded in the behavior.
187
490000
5000
或个体在这个行为中是否得到奖励。
08:27
This is actually very powerful.
188
495000
3000
这功能其实是非常强大的。
08:30
This lifelong capacity for plasticity, for brain change,
189
498000
2000
这个持续终生的大脑塑造能力，改变能力
08:32
is powerfully expressed.
190
500000
2000
非常强烈的表现出来。
08:34
It is the basis of our real differentiation,
191
502000
2000
这也是我们每个人
08:36
one individual from another.
192
504000
2000
真正与众不同的基础。
08:38
You can look down in the brain of an animal
193
506000
2000
我们可以检测一个学习特定技巧
08:40
that's engaged in a specific skill,
194
508000
2000
的动物的大脑，
08:42
and you can witness or document this change on a variety of levels.
195
510000
3000
我们可以在不同的水平上观测或记录这个改变。
08:45
So here is a very simple experiment.
196
513000
2000
这是一个非常简单的实验。
08:47
It was actually conducted about five years ago
197
515000
2000
这个实验其实是五年前
08:49
in collaboration with scientists from the University of Provence
198
517000
3000
在马赛与普罗旺斯大学的科学家
08:52
in Marseilles.
199
520000
2000
合作完成的。
08:54
It's a very simple experiment where a monkey has been trained
200
522000
2000
这是一个非常简单的实验，就是训练一只猴子
08:56
in a task that involves it manipulating a tool
201
524000
4000
让它学习操作一个工具，
09:00
that's equivalent in its difficulty
202
528000
2000
其难度等同于
09:02
to a child learning to manipulate or handle a spoon.
203
530000
2000
让一个小孩学习使用一只勺子。
09:04
The monkey actually mastered the task
204
532000
2000
这个猴子实际上大约尝试了700次之后
09:06
in about 700 practice tries.
205
534000
3000
完成了这个任务。
09:09
So in the beginning the monkey could not perform this task at all.
206
537000
3000
而起初的时候，这只猴子完全不能执行这个任务。
09:12
It had a success rate of about one in eight tries.
207
540000
3000
它的成功率大约在八分之一。
09:15
Those tries were elaborate.
208
543000
2000
猴子的这些尝试是精心的。
09:17
Each attempt was substantially different from the other.
209
545000
3000
每一次次尝试都与其他尝试有重要的不同。
09:20
But the monkey gradually developed a strategy.
210
548000
3000
但这个猴子渐渐地发展出一个策略。
09:23
And 700 or so tries later
211
551000
2000
大约经过700次尝试之后，
09:25
the monkey is performing it flawlessly -- never fails.
212
553000
3000
这只猴子可以把它执行地完美无缺。
09:28
He's successful in his retrieval of food with this tool every time.
213
556000
3000
他每次都可以成功地用这个工具取回食物。
09:31
At this point the task is being performed
214
559000
2000
到这一步的时候，这个任务
09:33
in a beautifully stereotyped way:
215
561000
3000
是以一种完美的模式化方式执行。
09:36
very beautifully regulated and highly repeated, trial to trial.
216
564000
3000
非常完美的控制，重复与尝试。
09:39
We can look down in the brain of the monkey.
217
567000
2000
我们可以研究这只猴子的大脑内部。
09:41
And we see that it's distorted.
218
569000
2000
我们可以观察到它的变形。
09:43
We can track these changes, and have tracked these changes
219
571000
2000
我们可以记录这些改变，并且随着时间变化，可以记录
09:45
in many such behaviors across time.
220
573000
2000
许多的因类似行为变换引起的变化。
09:47
And here we see the distortion
221
575000
3000
我们可以看到这个变形，
09:50
reflected in the map of the skin surfaces of the hand of the monkey.
222
578000
3000
这个脑图映射的是猴子手掌的皮肤。
09:53
Now this is a map, down in the surface of the brain,
223
581000
3000
这是一个脑成像图，在大脑的表层上，
09:56
in which, in a very elaborate experiment we've reconstructed the responses,
224
584000
3000
我们用一个很精巧的实验，在每个区域
09:59
location by location,
225
587000
2000
都重建了大脑的反应，
10:01
in a highly detailed response mapping of the responses of its neurons.
226
589000
4000
这是对神经元反应所做的非常详细的测绘。
10:05
We see here a reconstruction of how
227
593000
2000
我们在这里看到的是，
10:07
the hand is represented in the brain.
228
595000
2000
大脑如何表征手掌的重建。
10:09
We've actually distorted the map by the exercise.
229
597000
3000
我们实际上通过这个实验使脑图变形。
10:12
And that is indicated in the pink. We have a couple fingertip surfaces that are larger.
230
600000
4000
就在这个粉红色表示的区域。我们可以看到其中两个指尖的表皮增大。
10:16
These are the surfaces the monkey is using to manipulate the tool.
231
604000
4000
这些表皮是猴子用来控制工具的。
10:20
If we look at the selectivity of responses
232
608000
2000
如果我们研究猴子大脑皮层
10:22
in the cortex of the monkey,
233
610000
2000
反应的选择性，
10:24
we see that the monkey has actually changed the filter characteristics
234
612000
3000
我们可以发现其实这只猴子已经改变了
10:27
which represents input from the skin
235
615000
2000
对来自所使用的手指头皮肤
10:29
of the fingertips that are engaged.
236
617000
2000
输入表征的过滤特征。
10:31
In other words there is still a single, simple representation of the fingertips
237
619000
3000
也就是说，在这个最具组织性的，对应身体皮肤表层的
10:34
in this most organized of cortical areas
238
622000
2000
大脑皮层区域，仍然有一个
10:36
of the surface of the skin of the body.
239
624000
2000
单一的，简单的对手指头的表征。
10:38
Monkey has like you have.
240
626000
3000
猴子和我们一样都有。
10:41
And yet now it's represented in substantially finer grain.
241
629000
3000
然而现在其表征区域呈现为更细腻的质地。
10:44
The monkey is getting more detailed information from these surfaces.
242
632000
3000
这只猴子从这些表面获得更详细的信息。
10:47
And that is an unknown -- unsuspected, maybe, by you --
243
635000
3000
而这些伴随获得技能或能力产生的改变，
10:50
part of acquiring the skill or ability.
244
638000
3000
你可能对此一无所知或无所察觉。
10:53
Now actually we've looked in several different cortical areas
245
641000
3000
实际上，在研究猴子学习任务的过程中，
10:56
in the monkey learning this task.
246
644000
2000
我们研究了其大脑皮层几个不同的区域。
10:58
And each one of them changes in ways that are specific
247
646000
2000
每个区域都根据所学技能或能力
11:00
to the skill or ability.
248
648000
2000
作出特定的改变。
11:02
So for example we can look to the cortical area
249
650000
3000
举例来说，我们研究猴子大脑皮层中
11:05
that represents input that's controlling the posture of the monkey.
250
653000
3000
表征输入控制姿势信号的区域。
11:08
We look in cortical areas that control specific movements,
251
656000
2000
我们研究了大脑皮层区域中
11:10
and the sequences of movements
252
658000
2000
控制特定动作及动作序列
11:12
that are required in the behavior, and so forth.
253
660000
2000
等部位，猴子的行为需要这些部位参与。
11:14
They are all remodeled. They all become specialized for the task at hand.
254
662000
4000
它们全部被重建了。它们全部特化于当前的任务。
11:18
There are 15 or 20 cortical areas that are changed specifically
255
666000
3000
当你学一个像这样的简单技巧时，有15或20个
11:21
when you learn a simple skill like this.
256
669000
3000
皮层区域进行了特定的改变。
11:24
And that represents in your brain, really massive change.
257
672000
4000
那代表在你大脑里会发生巨大的改变。
11:28
It represents the change in a reliable way
258
676000
3000
它代表着你大脑中上千万或上亿
11:31
of the responses of tens of millions,
259
679000
2000
的神经元反应
11:33
possibly hundreds of millions of neurons in your brain.
260
681000
3000
以一种稳定的方式发生了改变。
11:36
It represents changes
261
684000
2000
它代表你大脑中
11:38
of hundreds of millions, possibly billions
262
686000
2000
上亿或上十亿的突触
11:40
of synaptic connections in your brain.
263
688000
2000
发生改变。
11:42
This is constructed by physical change.
264
690000
3000
这是以物理方式构建的。
11:45
And the level of construction that occurs is massive.
265
693000
3000
构建发生的数量是巨大的。
11:48
Think about the changes that occur in the brain of a child
266
696000
3000
想一下在儿童获得普通行为能力的过程中，
11:51
through the course of acquiring their movement behavior abilities in general.
267
699000
4000
其大脑中所发生的变化吧。
11:55
Or acquiring their native language abilities.
268
703000
2000
或者是在习得其母语能力的过程中。
11:57
The changes are massive.
269
705000
4000
这些改变是巨量的。
12:01
What it's all about is the selective representations
270
709000
2000
决定对大脑而言什么是重要事物的
12:03
of things that are important to the brain.
271
711000
2000
选择性表征决定了这一切的发生。
12:05
Because in most of the life of the brain
272
713000
3000
因为在大脑生命的绝大部分时间里，
12:08
this is under control of behavioral context.
273
716000
2000
其处于行为环境的控制下。
12:10
It's what you pay attention to.
274
718000
2000
也就是你所注意的东西。
12:12
It's what's rewarding to you.
275
720000
2000
是对你而言有奖励的东西。
12:14
It's what the brain regards, itself,
276
722000
2000
是大脑认为
12:16
as positive and important to you.
277
724000
2000
对你有积极意义或很重要的东西。
12:18
It's all about cortical processing
278
726000
2000
这一切取决于大脑皮层运行
12:20
and forebrain specialization.
279
728000
2000
和前脑特化。
12:22
And that underlies your specialization.
280
730000
2000
而这些造成了你个人的特化。
12:24
That is why you, in your many skills and abilities,
281
732000
2000
这也是为什么你是一个拥有
12:26
are a unique specialist:
282
734000
2000
众多技能和能力的独一无二的特别之人。
12:28
a specialist that's vastly different
283
736000
2000
一个大脑在物理细节上
12:30
in your physical brain in detail
284
738000
2000
与100年前的人相比
12:32
than the brain of an individual 100 years ago;
285
740000
3000
发生了很大变化的特别之人。
12:35
enormously different in the details
286
743000
3000
与1000年前的普通个体的大脑相比，
12:38
from the brain of the average individual 1,000 years ago.
287
746000
4000
这些细节的变化更是巨大的。
12:42
Now, one of the characteristics of this change process
288
750000
4000
那么，这改变过程中的一个特点是，
12:46
is that information is always related
289
754000
3000
信息总是与其他
12:49
to other inputs or information that is occurring
290
757000
2000
同步发生的，时间上前后紧密相连的
12:51
in immediate time, in context.
291
759000
3000
输入或信息相关。
12:54
And that's because the brain is constructing representations of things
292
762000
3000
这是因为大脑构建表征的各个事物，
12:57
that are correlated in little moments of time
293
765000
3000
是同时互相联系的
13:00
and that relate to one another in little moments of successive time.
294
768000
3000
并且在极短的连续时间里也是相互关联的。
13:03
The brain is recording all information
295
771000
2000
大脑记录下所有的信息
13:05
and driving all change
296
773000
2000
并在时间维度上
13:07
in temporal context.
297
775000
2000
驱动所有改变。
13:09
Now overwhelmingly the most powerful context
298
777000
2000
那么，在你的大脑中产生的
13:11
that's occurred in your brain is you.
299
779000
3000
最强大的压倒性的环境，就是你自己。
13:14
Billions of events have occurred in your history
300
782000
4000
在你个人历史上发生了数十亿件事情，
13:18
that are related in time to yourself
301
786000
2000
它们都在时间上与你相关，
13:20
as the receiver,
302
788000
2000
你作为一个接受者，
13:22
or yourself as the actor, yourself as the thinker,
303
790000
2000
或执行者，或思考者，
13:24
yourself as the mover.
304
792000
3000
或行动者。
13:27
Billions of times little pieces of sensation have come in
305
795000
3000
作为一个接收者，你无时无刻不
13:30
from the surface of your body
306
798000
2000
从你的身体表面
13:32
that are always associated with you as the receiver,
307
800000
3000
接收数十亿的感觉的小片段信息，
13:35
and that result in
308
803000
2000
而其结果是让你
13:37
the embodiment of you.
309
805000
3000
感觉到身体的具体存在。
13:40
You are constructed, your self is constructed
310
808000
3000
你自身是通过这数十亿次事件
13:43
from these billions of events.
311
811000
2000
而构建起来的。
13:45
It's constructed. It's created in your brain.
312
813000
3000
你是被构建的，在大脑中构建的。
13:48
And it's created in the brain via physical change.
313
816000
3000
这是在大脑中通过物理变化而创建的。
13:51
This is a marvelously constructed thing
314
819000
3000
这个宏大的被构建的东西
13:54
that results in individual form
315
822000
3000
导致了个体形态的存在，
13:57
because each one of us has vastly different histories,
316
825000
2000
因为我们每个人都有非常不同的历史,
13:59
and vastly different experiences,
317
827000
2000
及非常不同的经历，
14:01
that drive in to us this marvelous differentiation of self,
318
829000
4000
而这将推动我们自我，人格
14:05
of personhood.
319
833000
2000
上的巨大差异。
14:07
Now we've used this research
320
835000
2000
我们使用这个研究
14:09
to try to understand not just how a normal person develops,
321
837000
3000
不止为了尝试理解一个正常人是如何发展的，
14:12
and elaborates their skills and abilities,
322
840000
2000
如何发展他们的技能与能力，
14:14
but also try to understand
323
842000
2000
同时也是为了尝试理解
14:16
the origins of impairment,
324
844000
3000
缺陷发生的起点，
14:19
and the origins of differences or variations
325
847000
3000
变化或变异的起点，
14:22
that might limit the capacities of a child, or an adult.
326
850000
3000
这些可能会限制孩子或成人的能力。
14:25
I'm going to talk about using these strategies
327
853000
3000
我会谈一下利用这些策略
14:28
to actually design brain plasticity-based
328
856000
2000
来实际设计以大脑重塑为基础的方式，
14:30
approach to drive corrections in the machinery of a child
329
858000
5000
来矫正孩子的大脑设置，
14:35
that increases the competence of the child
330
863000
3000
来增加孩子
14:38
as a language receiver and user
331
866000
2000
在语言接收，使用，阅读
14:40
and, thereafter, as a reader.
332
868000
2000
上的能力。
14:42
And I'm going to talk about experiments that involve
333
870000
2000
并且我会谈一些实验，
14:44
actually using this brain science,
334
872000
2000
它们确实应用了脑科学。
14:46
first of all to understand how it contributes to the loss of function as we age.
335
874000
3000
首先，要理解在衰老过程中它是如何促使我们失去一些功能的。
14:49
And then, by using it in a targeted approach
336
877000
5000
然后，通过一种有目的的方式，
14:54
we're going to try to differentiate
337
882000
2000
我们会使用它来区分一些大脑设置
14:56
the machinery to recover function in old age.
338
884000
5000
以便恢复因年老造成的功能损失。
15:01
So the first example I'm going to talk about
339
889000
2000
我要谈的第一个例子是与
15:03
relates to children with learning impairments.
340
891000
2000
孩子的学习障碍有关。
15:05
We now have a large body of literature
341
893000
2000
我们有许多资料展示，
15:07
that demonstrates that the fundamental
342
895000
2000
在大多数早期有语言缺陷的孩子，
15:09
problem that occurs in the majority of children
343
897000
2000
他们以后会在学习阅读上
15:11
that have early language impairments,
344
899000
2000
出现问题，
15:13
and that are going to struggle to learn to read,
345
901000
2000
这其中的根本问题在于，
15:15
is that their language processor
346
903000
2000
他们的语言处理器
15:17
is created in a defective form.
347
905000
2000
是以一种有缺陷的形态创建出来的。
15:19
And the reason that it rises in a defective form
348
907000
3000
它之所以是以有缺陷的形式发展的，
15:22
is because early in the baby's brain's life
349
910000
4000
是因为在婴儿大脑的早期，
15:26
the machine process is noisy.
350
914000
2000
大脑机器的运行是嘈杂的。
15:28
It's that simple.
351
916000
2000
就是这么简单。
15:30
It's a signal-to-noise problem. Okay?
352
918000
2000
它是一个噪音信号的问题。好吧？
15:32
And there are a lot of things that contribute to that.
353
920000
2000
而造成这个问题的原因很多。
15:34
There are numerous inherited faults
354
922000
2000
有许多遗传上的缺陷
15:36
that could make the machine process noisier.
355
924000
3000
可能导致大脑运行的噪音更多。
15:39
Now I might say the noise problem could also occur
356
927000
3000
但噪音问题的产生
15:42
on the basis of information provided
357
930000
3000
也可能基于周围环境的信息，
15:45
in the world from the ears.
358
933000
3000
来自于耳朵。
15:48
If any -- those of you who are older in the audience know
359
936000
3000
在座各位年长的朋友知道
15:51
that when I was a child we understood that a child born with a cleft palate
360
939000
4000
当我们还小的时候，我们认为一个天生腭裂的孩子
15:55
was born with what we called mental retardation.
361
943000
3000
是天生白痴。
15:58
We knew that they were going to be slow cognitively;
362
946000
4000
我们知道他们的认知发展会很慢。
16:02
we knew they were going to struggle to learn to develop normal language abilities;
363
950000
3000
我们知道他们学习发展正常语言能力会有困难。
16:05
and we knew that they were going to struggle to learn to read.
364
953000
4000
我们知道他们学习阅读会有困难。
16:09
Most of them would be intellectual and academic failures.
365
957000
4000
他们当中绝大多数在智商与学业上不及格。
16:13
That's disappeared. That no longer applies.
366
961000
3000
但现在这种看法消失了，不适用了。
16:16
That inherited weakness, that inherited condition
367
964000
2000
那些有关遗传的缺点，遗传的状况
16:18
has evaporated.
368
966000
2000
的观点消失了。
16:20
We don't hear about that anymore. Where did it go?
369
968000
3000
我们不再听到这样的观点了。这是如何发生的呢？
16:23
Well, it was understood by a Dutch surgeon,
370
971000
2000
嗯，在35年前，一个荷兰
16:25
about 35 years ago,
371
973000
2000
外科医师发现，
16:27
that if you simply fix the problem early enough,
372
975000
3000
如果你能够足够早的解决问题，
16:30
when the brain is still in this initial plastic period
373
978000
2000
也就是当大脑还在最初塑造时，
16:32
so it can set up this machinery adequately,
374
980000
3000
那么它就可以在关键时期的起始设置期间，
16:35
in this initial set up time in the critical period,
375
983000
2000
把大脑设置的足够好，
16:37
none of that happens.
376
985000
2000
那么那些问题就都不会发生。
16:39
What are you doing by operating on the cleft palate to correct it?
377
987000
3000
那么我们如何通过手术矫正腭裂呢？
16:42
You're basically opening up
378
990000
2000
基本上，我们打开
16:44
the tubes that drain fluid from the middle ears,
379
992000
2000
自中耳排出液体的管子，
16:46
which have had them reliably full.
380
994000
3000
它们充满了液体。
16:49
Every sound the child hears uncorrected is muffled.
381
997000
2000
孩子听到的每一个未经矫正的声音都是模糊的，
16:51
It's degraded.
382
999000
2000
削弱的。
16:53
The child's native language is such a case is not English.
383
1001000
3000
在这种情况下，孩子的母语不是英语，
16:56
It's not Japanese.
384
1004000
2000
不是日语，
16:58
It's muffled English. It's degraded Japanese.
385
1006000
3000
是杂乱的英语，模糊的日语。
17:01
It's crap.
386
1009000
2000
就是垃圾。
17:03
And the brain specializes for it.
387
1011000
2000
而大脑却针对这些进行特化。
17:05
It creates a representation of language crap.
388
1013000
3000
对语言垃圾建立表征。
17:08
And then the child is stuck with it.
389
1016000
2000
然后孩子就无法摆脱它。
17:10
Now the crap doesn't just happen in the ear.
390
1018000
3000
这些垃圾不只会发生在耳朵里，
17:13
It can also happen in the brain.
391
1021000
2000
也会发生在大脑里。
17:15
The brain itself can be noisy. It's commonly noisy.
392
1023000
4000
大脑本身可以是嘈杂的。正常的嘈杂。
17:19
There are many inherited faults that can make it noisier.
393
1027000
3000
但有些遗传的缺陷可以使它更加嘈杂。
17:22
And the native language for a child with such a brain
394
1030000
3000
而在这样的大脑里，这个孩子的母语
17:25
is degraded.
395
1033000
1000
就会被削弱。
17:26
It's not English. It's noisy English.
396
1034000
4000
就会变成不是英语，而是杂乱的英语。
17:30
And that results in defective representations of sounds of words --
397
1038000
4000
这个大脑机器因有异常的空间常数设置，
17:34
not normal -- a different strategy,
398
1042000
3000
就会发展出不正常的，不同的策略，
17:37
by a machine that has different time constants and different space constants.
399
1045000
3000
导致产生对语音表征的缺陷。
17:40
And you can look in the brain of such a child and record those time constants.
400
1048000
3000
我们可以检查孩子的大脑并记录那些时间常数。
17:43
They are about an order of magnitude longer,
401
1051000
3000
它们的大小比普通孩子高一个等级，
17:46
about 11 times longer in duration on average,
402
1054000
3000
大约平均而言比正常孩子
17:49
than in a normal child.
403
1057000
2000
高11倍。
17:51
Space constants are about three times greater.
404
1059000
3000
空间常数大约是正常孩子的3倍。
17:54
Such a child will have memory and cognitive deficits
405
1062000
2000
这样的孩子在这方面会有
17:56
in this domain.
406
1064000
2000
记忆与认知的缺陷。
17:58
Of course they will. Because as a receiver of language,
407
1066000
3000
他们当然会有问题。因为作为语言的接受者，
18:01
they are receiving it and representing it,
408
1069000
2000
他们会接受并表征语言。
18:03
and in information it's representing crap.
409
1071000
4000
而其表征的信息却是垃圾。
18:07
And they are going to have poor reading skills.
410
1075000
2000
所以他们将会有贫乏的阅读技巧。
18:09
Because reading is dependent upon the translation of word sounds
411
1077000
3000
因为阅读依赖于将词语的声音转换成
18:12
into this orthographic or visual
412
1080000
3000
这种拼写或视觉
18:15
representational form.
413
1083000
2000
表征形态。
18:17
If you don't have a brain representation of word sounds
414
1085000
2000
如果你的大脑不能正确表征语音，
18:19
that translation makes no sense.
415
1087000
3000
那么这种转换就毫无意义。
18:22
And you are going to have corresponding abnormal neurology.
416
1090000
3000
你就会有与此对应不正常的神经问题。
18:25
Then these children increasingly
417
1093000
2000
我们对这些孩子
18:27
in evaluation after evaluation,
418
1095000
2000
在语言能力，阅读能力上逐步
18:29
in their operations in language, and their operations in reading --
419
1097000
2000
进行了一次又一次的评测，
18:31
we document that abnormal neurology.
420
1099000
5000
我们记录了这个不正常的神经问题。
18:36
The point is is that you can train the brain out of this.
421
1104000
2000
关键是我们可以通过训练来摆脱这个问题。
18:38
A way to think about this is you can actually re-refine
422
1106000
2000
你可以把它想象成，你其实可以通过改变
18:40
the processing capacity of the machinery
423
1108000
2000
来重新完善
18:42
by changing it.
424
1110000
2000
大脑的运行能力。
18:44
Changing it in detail. It takes about 30 hours on the average.
425
1112000
3000
从细节来改变。平均要花30个小时。
18:47
And we've accomplished that in about 430,000 kids today.
426
1115000
4000
今天，我们已经在大约43万个孩子身上成功了。
18:51
Actually, probably about 15,000 children are being trained as we speak.
427
1119000
5000
实际上，大约有1万5千个孩子现在正在接受训练。
18:56
And actually when you look at the impacts, the impacts are substantial.
428
1124000
3000
实际上，当你查看其影响时，这是有重大意义的。
18:59
So here we're looking at the normal distribution.
429
1127000
2000
我们看一下正态分布。
19:01
What we're most interested in is these kids on the left side of the distribution.
430
1129000
2000
我们最感兴趣的是这些在分布左侧的孩子。
19:03
This is from about 3,000 children.
431
1131000
2000
这大约是从3000个孩子中出来的。
19:05
You can see that most of the children on the left side of the distribution
432
1133000
3000
你可以发现大多数在分布左侧的孩子
19:08
are moving into the middle or the right.
433
1136000
2000
正在移向中间或右边。
19:10
This is in a broad assessment of their language abilities.
434
1138000
3000
这是一个广泛测量他们语言能力的测试。
19:13
This is like an IQ test for language.
435
1141000
2000
有点像对语言的IQ测试。
19:15
The impact in the distribution, if you trained every child
436
1143000
3000
如果你训练每个美国小孩，那么对这个分布的影响将是，
19:18
in the United States, would be to shift the whole distribution to the right
437
1146000
3000
整个分布向右移，
19:21
and narrow the distribution.
438
1149000
2000
并且分布变窄。
19:23
This is a substantially large impact.
439
1151000
2000
这会产生非常重大的作用。
19:25
Think of a classroom of children in the language arts.
440
1153000
3000
想象一下上语言技能班的孩子。
19:28
Think of the children on the slow side of the class.
441
1156000
3000
想象一下班上较迟钝的孩子。
19:31
We have the potential to move most of those children
442
1159000
2000
我们有可能把大多数那样的孩子
19:33
to the middle or to the right side.
443
1161000
2000
移到中间或右边。
19:35
In addition to accurate language training
444
1163000
2000
除了精确的语言训练，
19:37
it also fixes memory and cognition
445
1165000
2000
它也会改善记忆与认知，
19:39
speech fluency and speech production.
446
1167000
3000
语言流利性与丰富性。
19:42
And an important language dependent skill is enabled by this training --
447
1170000
3000
而该训练也能为学生提供一项重要的语言依赖技巧
19:45
that is to say reading.
448
1173000
1000
——即阅读。
19:46
And to a large extent it fixes the brain.
449
1174000
2000
在很大程度上，可以说该训练是修复大脑的。
19:48
You can look down in the brain of a child
450
1176000
3000
在由斯坦福大学，麻省理工学院，旧金山加利福尼亚大学，
19:51
in a variety of tasks that scientists have at Stanford,
451
1179000
3000
加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校及其他机构进行的不同训练中，
19:54
and MIT, and UCSF, and UCLA, and a number of other institutions.
452
1182000
6000
我们可以看到在孩子的大脑中产生的变化。
20:00
And children operating in various language behaviors,
453
1188000
3000
孩子们在进行不同的语言行为
20:03
or in various reading behaviors,
454
1191000
2000
或不同的阅读行为时，
20:05
you see for the most extent,
455
1193000
2000
在很大程度上，
20:07
for most children, their neuronal responses,
456
1195000
2000
对绝大多数孩子而言，他们的神经元反应
20:09
complexly abnormal before you start,
457
1197000
2000
在训练前复杂异常，
20:11
are normalized by the training.
458
1199000
3000
但经过训练达到正常化。
20:14
Now you can also take the same approach
459
1202000
2000
那么，我们也可以用同样的方式
20:16
to address problems in aging.
460
1204000
3000
来解决衰老的问题。
20:19
Where again the machinery is deteriorating now
461
1207000
2000
在此，大脑机器设置也在恶化，
20:21
from competent machinery, it's going south.
462
1209000
4000
本来是有能力的大脑，随着年龄一路下滑。
20:25
Noise is increasing in the brain.
463
1213000
2000
大脑中的噪音增多。
20:27
And learning modulation and control is deteriorating.
464
1215000
3000
学习和控制的调节装置在恶化。
20:30
And you can actually look down on the brain of such an individual
465
1218000
2000
其实我们可以看到在这样的个体的大脑里，
20:32
and witness a change in the time constants and space constants
466
1220000
3000
其时间常数与空间常数都在改变，
20:35
with which, for example, the brain is representing language again.
467
1223000
3000
举例来说，我们以对语言的表征为例。
20:38
Just as the brain came out of chaos at the beginning,
468
1226000
3000
正如同大脑产生时一片混乱一样，
20:41
it's going back into chaos in the end.
469
1229000
3000
在快结束时大脑也会返回混乱状态。
20:44
This results in declines in memory
470
1232000
2000
造成记忆，认知，
20:46
in cognition, and in postural ability and agility.
471
1234000
4000
控制身体与灵活性都会下滑。
20:50
It turns out you can train the brain of such an individual --
472
1238000
2000
而结果是，我们能够训练这样的个体的大脑，
20:52
this is a small population of such individuals --
473
1240000
3000
这是其中一小部分人，
20:55
train equally intensively for about 30 hours.
474
1243000
2000
用同样的强度训练大约30小时。
20:57
These are 80- to 90-year-olds.
475
1245000
3000
他们是80到90岁的老年人。
21:00
And what you see are substantial improvements of their immediate memory,
476
1248000
3000
我们发现得到改善的包括短时记忆，
21:03
of their ability to remember things after a delay,
477
1251000
2000
延迟一段时间后记住事物的能力，
21:05
of their ability to control their attention,
478
1253000
2000
控制注意力的能力，
21:07
their language abilities and visual-spatial abilities.
479
1255000
2000
语言能力及视觉，空间能力。
21:09
The overall neuropsychological index
480
1257000
2000
这些受训个体的总体
21:11
of these trained individuals in this population
481
1259000
3000
神经心理指数
21:14
is about two standard deviations.
482
1262000
2000
大约是比平均低两个标准差。
21:16
That means that if you sit at the left side of the distribution,
483
1264000
2000
这意味着，如果你处于分布的左侧，
21:18
and I'm looking at your neuropyschological abilities,
484
1266000
3000
我检查你的神经心理能力的话，
21:21
the average person has moved to the middle
485
1269000
2000
正常的人已移动到中间
21:23
or the right side of the distribution.
486
1271000
2000
或分布的右边。
21:25
It means that most people who are at risk for senility,
487
1273000
2000
这意味着，大多数或迟或早
21:27
more or less immediately,
488
1275000
2000
面临衰老威胁的人，
21:29
are now in a protected position.
489
1277000
3000
现在已得到保护。
21:32
My issues are to try to get to rescuing
490
1280000
3000
我的观点是要更加完全的
21:35
older citizens more completely and in larger numbers,
491
1283000
3000
在更大的数量上救助年老的平民。
21:38
because I think this can be done in this arena on a vast scale --
492
1286000
3000
因为我认为这是可行的，对在座各位大部分都可行。
21:41
and the same for kids.
493
1289000
2000
对孩子也是一样。
21:43
My main interest is how to elaborate this science to address other maladies.
494
1291000
3000
我的主要兴趣在于如何使用这项科学解决其他疾病。
21:46
I'm specifically interested in things like autism,
495
1294000
2000
我特别感兴趣于自闭症
21:48
and cerebral palsy, these great childhood catastrophes.
496
1296000
3000
和脑瘫，这些疾病对于儿童来说是灾难。
21:51
And in older age conditions like Parkinsonism,
497
1299000
3000
还有老年问题如帕金森症，
21:54
and in other acquired impairments like schizophrenia.
498
1302000
5000
还有其他后天缺陷如精神分裂症。
21:59
Your issues as it relates to this science,
499
1307000
3000
这个科学中与你相关的是，
22:02
is how to maintain your own high-functioning learning machine.
500
1310000
3000
如何保持你自己高效的学习机器。
22:05
And of course, a well-ordered life
501
1313000
3000
当然，还有有秩序的生活，
22:08
in which learning is a continuous part of it, is key.
502
1316000
2000
而学习是其中持续的，关键的一环。
22:10
But also in your future is brain aerobics.
503
1318000
3000
在你们的未来会有大脑体操。
22:13
Get ready for it. It's going to be a part of every life
504
1321000
2000
准备好吧。它将成为日常生活的一部分，
22:15
not too far in the future,
505
1323000
2000
在不太远的未来。
22:17
just like physical exercise
506
1325000
2000
正如体育锻炼在当今已成为
22:19
is a part of every well organized life in the contemporary period.
507
1327000
4000
每一个正常有条理的生命的一部分一样。
22:23
The other way that we will ultimately come to consider this
508
1331000
4000
我们认为该文献和科学
22:27
literature and the science that is important to you
509
1335000
3000
对诸位产生重要影响的终极方式是，
22:30
is in a consideration of how to nurture yourself.
510
1338000
2000
考虑如何培养自己。
22:32
Now that you know, now that science is telling us
511
1340000
3000
因为现在你知道，科学告诉我们
22:35
that you are in charge,
512
1343000
2000
你是可以掌控自己的，
22:37
that it's under your control,
513
1345000
2000
你是在自己的控制之下，
22:39
that your happiness, your well-being,
514
1347000
2000
你的幸福，福利，
22:41
your abilities, your capacities,
515
1349000
2000
能力，潜力
22:43
are capable of continuous modification,
516
1351000
3000
是可以得到持续的改变，
22:46
continuous improvement,
517
1354000
2000
持续的改善，
22:48
and you're the responsible agent and party.
518
1356000
3000
你是对自己负责的一方。
22:51
Of course a lot of people will ignore this advice.
519
1359000
2000
当然，许多人会忽视这个建议。
22:53
It will be a long time before they really understand it.
520
1361000
2000
要他们真正理解时日尚远。
22:55
(Laughter)
521
1363000
1000
（笑声）
22:56
Now that's another issue and not my fault.
522
1364000
2000
这就是另外一个问题了，不关我的事。
22:58
Okay. Thank you.
523
1366000
2000
好吧。谢谢各位。
23:00
(Applause)
524
1368000
2000
（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Michael Merzenich - NeuroscientistMichael Merzenich studies neuroplasticity -- the brain's powerful ability to change itself and adapt -- and ways we might make use of that plasticity to heal injured brains and enhance the skills in healthy ones.
Why you should listen
One of the foremost researchers of neuroplasticity, Michael Merzenich's work has shown that the brain retains its ability to alter itself well into adulthood -- suggesting that brains with injuries or disease might be able to recover function, even later in life. He has also explored the way the senses are mapped in regions of the brain and the way sensations teach the brain to recognize new patterns.
Merzenich wants to bring the powerful plasticity of the brain into practical use through technologies and methods that harness it to improve learning. He founded Scientific Learning Corporation, which markets and distributes educational software for children based on models of brain plasticity. He is co-founder and Chief Science Officer of Posit Science, which creates "brain training" software also based on his research.
Merzenich is professor emeritus of neuroscience at the University of California, San Francisco.
Michael Merzenich | Speaker | TED.com