TED2009
Louise Fresco: We need to feed the whole world
路易斯弗朗斯科讲解喂养全世界的含义
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路易斯弗朗斯科像我们展示我们为什么应该去庆祝大规模，超市化的白面包。她说到，从环境需要上来讲，大规模的生产会解决粮食问题，但同时我们也应该给小规模作坊和传统方法留给它们自己的位置。
Louise Fresco - Food and agriculture expert
A powerful thinker and globe-trotting advisor on sustainability, Louise Fresco says it's time to think of food as a topic of social and economic importance on par with oil -- that responsible agriculture and food consumption are crucial to world stability. Full bio
A powerful thinker and globe-trotting advisor on sustainability, Louise Fresco says it's time to think of food as a topic of social and economic importance on par with oil -- that responsible agriculture and food consumption are crucial to world stability. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I'm not at all a cook.
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我完全不是一个厨师。
00:14
So don't fear, this is not going to be a cooking demonstration.
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所以用不着害怕，这不会变成一个饮食示范栏目。
00:17
But I do want to talk to you about something
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但是我的确会谈谈一个
00:19
that I think is dear to all of us.
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让我们都感到惊讶的事情。
00:22
And that is bread -- something which is as simple
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那就是面包 -- 一个简单的就像
00:25
as our basic, most fundamental human staple.
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人类最基本最根本的主食。
00:29
And I think few of us spend the day
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我想我们中只有很少数人在今天
00:32
without eating bread in some form.
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没有吃以面包为形式的食物。
00:35
Unless you're on one of these Californian low-carb diets,
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除非你是那些加州低碳水化合物饮食者之一，
00:39
bread is standard.
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面包是标准的。
00:41
Bread is not only standard in the Western diet.
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面包不仅仅在西方的饮食中是一个标准。
00:43
As I will show to you, it is actually
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就像我要给你们展示的，它实际上
00:45
the mainstay of modern life.
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是现代生活的一个基石。
00:48
So I'm going to bake bread for you.
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所以我要为你们烤一份面包。
00:50
In the meantime I'm also talking to you,
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同时呢，我也会跟你们聊聊天。
00:53
so my life is going to complicated. Bear with me.
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所以我的生活将变得复杂了。忍着点吧。
00:56
First of all, a little bit of audience participation.
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第一，一点点观众参与节目。
01:00
I have two loaves of bread here.
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我这有两条面包。
01:03
One is a supermarket standard:
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一个是超市标准，
01:06
white bread, pre-packaged,
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白面包，包装好的，
01:08
which I'm told is called a Wonderbread.
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我被告知这叫做神奇面包。
01:11
(Laughter)
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（笑）
01:12
I didn't know this word until I arrived.
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在我来之前我还不知道这个名词。
01:14
And this is more or less,
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然后这个就是，
01:17
a whole-meal, handmade,
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一个全麦，手工制作，
01:19
small-bakery loaf of bread.
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小面包房里的一条面包。
01:21
Here we go. I want to see a show of hands.
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开始吧，我想看一场手上的表演。
01:24
Who prefers the whole-meal bread?
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谁更喜欢全麦面包？
01:29
Okay let me do this differently. Is anybody preferring the Wonderbread at all?
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好吧，让我换个方式说。有人喜欢神奇面包吗？
01:33
(Laughter)
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（笑）
01:34
I have two tentative male hands.
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我得到了两个精明的男士的手。
01:38
(Laughter)
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（笑）
01:41
Okay, now the question is really,
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好吧，现在真正的问题是，
01:44
why is this so?
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为什么会这样？
01:46
And I think it is because
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我认为这是因为
01:48
we feel that this kind of bread
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我们认为这一类面包（全麦）
01:51
really is about authenticity.
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多多少少真实一点。
01:54
It's about a traditional way of living.
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这就是传统的生活方式。
01:57
A way that is perhaps more real, more honest.
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一种大约更真实，更诚恳的方法。
02:01
This is an image from Tuscany, where we feel
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这是一副托斯卡纳的图片，一个让我们
02:04
agriculture is still about beauty.
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感觉农业仍然是美丽的地方。
02:06
And life is really, too.
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事实上，也是一样的。
02:08
And this is about good taste, good traditions.
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而且这是好吃的，好的传统。
02:12
Why do we have this image?
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我们为什么会这么想？
02:14
Why do we feel that this is more true than this?
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我们为什么会认为这比另外一个更真实一点呢？
02:19
Well I think it has a lot to do with our history.
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我认为这和我们的历史有很大的关系。
02:22
In the 10,000 years since agriculture evolved,
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在农业发展的1万年里，
02:25
most of our ancestors have actually been agriculturalists
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大多数我们的祖先实际上都是农业生产者
02:29
or they were closely related to food production.
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或者和食物生产有着紧密的联系。
02:32
And we have this mythical image
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然后我们有着这个神话般的印象
02:34
of how life was in rural areas in the past.
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关于过去田园般的生活是怎么样的。
02:38
Art has helped us to maintain that kind of image.
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艺术帮助我们维持了这样的一种印象。
02:41
It was a mythical past.
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这是一个神话般的过去。
02:44
Of course, the reality is quite different.
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当然了，现实是十分不一样的。
02:46
These poor farmers
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这些可怜的农民们
02:48
working the land by hand or with their animals,
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在用自己的双手或靠动物在土地上耕耘，
02:50
had yield levels that are comparable
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他们的收入水平可以和
02:53
to the poorest farmers today in West Africa.
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今年西非最贫困的地方相提并论。
02:56
But we have, somehow,
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但是，我们，不知道怎么样的，
02:58
in the course of the last few centuries, or even decades,
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在过去的几十上百年里
03:02
started to cultivate an image of
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开始刻画出一幅
03:04
a mythical, rural agricultural past.
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神话般的，田园般的农业历史印象。
03:08
It was only 200 years ago
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大约在两百年前
03:10
that we had the advent of the Industrial Revolution.
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我们才有了工业革命的开端。
03:13
And while I'm starting to make some bread for you here,
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而且就在我要开始给你们做些面包的时候，
03:16
it's very important to understand
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了解这个革命对我们有什么影响
03:18
what that revolution did to us.
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是十分重要的。
03:21
It brought us power. It brought us mechanization, fertilizers.
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它给我们带来了力量。它给我们带来了机械化，化肥。
03:27
And it actually drove up our yields.
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而且它实际上提高了我们的产出。
03:29
And even sort of horrible things, like picking beans by hand,
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而且像某些可怕的工作，如用手来剥豆子，
03:33
can now be done automatically.
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可以用自动化来代替。
03:36
All that is a real, great improvement, as we shall see.
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所有的一切真的都是伟大的提高，我们也应该这样来看待。
03:41
Of course we also, particularly in the last decade,
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当然我们也，特别是在前几十年里，
03:45
managed to envelop the world
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让我们的世界包裹在
03:47
in a dense chain of supermarkets,
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一个超市链里，
03:50
in a chain of global trade.
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一个全球贸易里。
03:53
And it means that you now eat products,
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而且它意味着，你们现在所吃的产品，
03:55
which can come from all around the world.
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可以是来自世界各地。
03:58
That is the reality of our modern life.
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这就是我们现代生活的现实。
04:01
Now you may prefer this loaf of bread.
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现在也许你更喜欢这条面包。
04:05
Excuse my hands but this is how it is.
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请原谅我的手，但是现在它只能这样。
04:08
But actually the real relevant bread,
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但是一个真正贴切的面包，
04:11
historically, is this white Wonder loaf.
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从历史上发展角度讲，应该是这个白色的神奇面包。
04:15
And don't despise the white bread
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而且不要瞧不起这个白面包
04:18
because it really, I think,
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因为真的，我想，
04:21
symbolizes the fact that bread and food
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它是象征着面包以及食物
04:24
have become plentiful and affordable to all.
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已经是丰富的，而且大家都可以承受的。
04:28
And that is a feat that we
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而且这是我们大家
04:30
are not really conscious of that much.
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都没有察觉到的一个功绩。
04:33
But it has changed the world.
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但是它已经改变了世界。
04:35
This tiny bread that is tasteless in some ways
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这个吃起来有点无味，
04:38
and has a lot of problems
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并且有很多问题的面包
04:40
has changed the world.
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已经改变了世界。
04:43
So what is happening?
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所以，发生了什么？
04:45
Well the best way to look at that is to do a tiny bit of simplistic statistics.
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解释这个的最好办法是做一点点的简单数据处理。
04:49
With the advent of the Industrial Revolution
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在工业革命的开端，
04:52
with modernization of agriculture
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在农业的现代化
04:54
in the last few decades, since the 1960s,
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在过去几十年里，自从1960年来，
04:58
food availability, per head, in this world,
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食品供应，每人，在这个世界里
05:01
has increased by 25 percent.
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已经上升了25%。
05:04
And the world population in the meantime has doubled.
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同时世界的人口数也升了一倍。
05:08
That means that we have now more food available
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这意味这我们的食物供应
05:11
than ever before in human history.
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比以前人类历史还要多。
05:13
And that is the result, directly,
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而结果是，直接的
05:15
of being so successful
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让提升我们产品的规模和数量
05:17
at increasing the scale and volume of our production.
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是十分成功的。
05:21
And this is true, as you can see, for all countries,
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而且这是真的，就像你所看到的，这是对所有的国家而言，
05:24
including the so-called developing countries.
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包括那些所谓的发展中国家。
05:26
What happened to our bread in the meantime?
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那同时我们的面包又怎么样了呢？
05:29
As food became plentiful here,
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当这里的食物变的十分丰富的时候，
05:31
it also meant that we were able to decrease
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这也意味着我们可以降低
05:33
the number of people working in agriculture
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从事与农业有关的人员数量，
05:37
to something like, on average, in the high income countries,
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平均算下来，在高收入国家，
05:41
five percent or less of the population.
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只占人口的5%或更少。
05:45
In the U.S. only one percent of the people are actually farmers.
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在美国，只有1%的人算的上是农民。
05:49
And it frees us all up to do other things --
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而这解放了我们去做其他的事情 --
05:52
to sit at TED meetings and not to worry about our food.
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比如来TED开会而不用去担心我们的食物。
05:55
That is, historically, a really unique situation.
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这是，历史性的，一个十分独特的情况。
05:59
Never before has the responsibility to feed the world
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喂养全世界的责任从未
06:03
been in the hands of so few people.
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掌握在如此少数人的手中。
06:05
And never before have so many people
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而且从来没有这么多人
06:08
been oblivious of that fact.
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忘记了这个事实。
06:11
So as food became more plentiful, bread became cheaper.
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所以当食物变的丰富的时候，面包变的更便宜了。
06:15
And as it became cheaper, bread manufacturers decided to add in all kinds of things.
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当面包变的便宜了，面包制造商决定加入各种各样的食物。
06:19
We added in more sugar.
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我们加入更多的糖。
06:21
We add in raisins and oil and milk
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我们加入葡萄干，油和牛奶，
06:27
and all kinds of things to make bread,
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以及所有的东西去做面包，
06:29
from a simple food into kind of a support for calories.
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从一个简单的食物到一种卡路里的补给品。
06:34
And today, bread now is associated with obesity,
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现在今天，面包则代表着肥胖，
06:38
which is very strange.
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这很奇怪。
06:40
It is the basic, most fundamental food
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这是基础，最基础的食物，
06:42
that we've had in the last ten thousand years.
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我们在上一万年前都在食用它。
06:45
Wheat is the most important crop -- the first crop we domesticated
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面粉是最重要的作物 -- 第一种我们培育的作物，
06:49
and the most important crop we still grow today.
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以及我们现在仍然在种植的重要植物。
06:51
But this is now this strange concoction
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现在却奇怪的变成了
06:54
of high calories.
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卡路里炮制品。
06:56
And that's not only true in this country,
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这不仅仅是在这个国家，
06:59
it is true all over the world.
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而是存在于全世界。
07:01
Bread has migrated to tropical countries,
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面包已经被移植热带国家
07:03
where the middle classes now eat French rolls and hamburgers
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那里的中产阶层现在食用着法棍和汉堡包
07:07
and where the commuters
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那里的上班族
07:10
find bread much more handy to use
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发现面包比米和木薯
07:12
than rice or cassava.
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要更方便。
07:14
So bread has become from a main staple,
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所以面包已经从主要的主食，
07:18
a source of calories
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一种卡路里的食物
07:20
associated with obesity
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变成肥胖的代名词，
07:22
and also a source of modernity,
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也变成现代生活的
07:24
of modern life.
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一种现代资源。
07:26
And the whiter the bread, in many countries, the better it is.
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而且在很多国家，面包越白越好。
07:29
So this is the story of bread as we know it now.
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所以现在我们知道了面包的故事。
07:32
But of course the price of mass production
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但是当然，大规模生产的代价是
07:36
has been that we moved large-scale.
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我们改变的都很大。
07:39
And large-scale has meant destruction of many of our landscapes,
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做大意味这我们的很多土地都被破坏了，
07:43
destruction of biodiversity --
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对生物多样化的破坏 --
07:45
still a lonely emu here
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在巴西的cerrado（巴西一个区域）大豆田里
07:47
in the Brazilian cerrado soybean fields.
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仍然只有一种鸸鹋。
07:50
The costs have been tremendous --
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代价是巨大的 --
07:52
water pollution, all the things you know about, destruction of our habitats.
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水污染了，你所知道的所有事情都破坏了我们的居住地。
07:56
What we need to do is to go back to understanding what our food is about.
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我们所需要做的事情是，退回去了解我们的食物是什么。
08:01
And this is where I have to query all of you.
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这就是我要来考考你们所有的人。
08:03
How many of you can actually tell wheat apart from other cereals?
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你们其中有多少人可以分辨小麦和其他的谷物？
08:07
How many of you actually can make a bread
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你们其中有多少人可以不用开启面包机
08:10
in this way, without starting with a bread machine
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不用其他的添加剂，
08:13
or just some kind of packaged flavor?
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手工制作一个面包
08:17
Can you actually bake bread? Do you know how much a loaf of bread actually costs?
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你们可以烤面包吗？你们知道一条面包到底要花多少钱吗？
08:21
We have become very removed
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我们离面包真正是什么
08:23
from what our bread really is,
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越来越远了，
08:25
which, again, evolutionarily speaking,
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这再一次的，就进化来说，
08:27
is very strange.
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是十分奇怪的。
08:29
In fact not many of you know that
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事实上，我们其中很多人不知道
08:31
our bread, of course, was not a European invention.
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我们的面包，显然的，不是来自欧洲。
08:33
It was invented by farmers in Iraq
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它是被伊拉克的农民所发明的
08:35
and Syria in particular.
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特别是在叙利亚。
08:37
The tiny spike on the left to the center
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在中间靠左的小尖尖
08:40
is actually the forefather of wheat.
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其实是小麦的祖先。
08:43
This is where it all comes from,
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这是所有的开端。
08:45
and where these farmers who actually, ten thousand years ago,
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这也是1万年前那些农民
08:48
put us on the road of bread.
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带领我们走上面包之路的时候。
08:51
Now it is not surprising
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现在这毫不惊奇的，
08:53
that with this massification and large-scale production,
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在大规模大产量的生产下，
08:56
there is a counter-movement that emerged --
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这里掀起了一种反运动 --
08:58
very much also here in California.
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很多，加利福尼亚也有。
09:00
The counter-movement says, "Let's go back to this.
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反运动说道，“让我们回到过去。
09:03
Let's go back to traditional farming.
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让我们回到传统的农业。
09:05
Let's go back to small-scale, to farmers' markets,
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让我们回到小规模，农业市场，
09:09
small bakeries and all that." Wonderful.
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小面包房和所有的一切。真奇妙。
09:12
Don't we all agree? I certainly agree.
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我们都不同意吗？我当然同意。
09:14
I would love to go back to Tuscany
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我愿意回到托斯卡纳
09:16
to this kind of traditional setting,
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回到这种传统的设置，
09:18
gastronomy, good food.
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美食，和好食物。
09:20
But this is a fallacy.
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但是这是一个谬论。
09:22
And the fallacy comes from idealizing
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这个谬论来自于理想化一个
09:25
a past that we have forgotten about.
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我们已经忘记的过去。
09:28
If we do this, if we want to stay with traditional small-scale farming
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如果我们这样做，如果我们停留在传统的小型农业
09:32
we are going, actually, to relegate
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我们会，就会，去贬低
09:35
these poor farmers and their husbands --
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这些农民和她们的老公。
09:38
among whom I have lived for many years,
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他们和我们共同生活了很多年，
09:40
working without electricity and water, to try to improve their food production --
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不用电力和水工作着，尝试提高他们的食物生产。
09:43
we relegate them to poverty.
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我们压制他们到贫穷。
09:46
What they want are implements
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他们所需要的是实现
09:48
to increase their production:
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提高他们的产量 --
09:50
something to fertilize the soil,
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一些肥化他们土壤的东西，
09:52
something to protect their crop and to bring it to a market.
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一些保护他们作物的东西，然后运输他们的产品进入市场。
09:55
We cannot just think that small-scale
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我们不能就去想小作坊
09:57
is the solution to the world food problem.
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是全球食物问题的解决方法。
10:00
It's a luxury solution for us who can afford it,
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那是一个我们不能承受的奢侈解决方案，
10:03
if you want to afford it.
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如果你想去承受它。
10:05
In fact we do not want this poor woman
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事实上我们不想让贫穷的女人
10:07
to work the land like this.
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在这样的土地上工作。
10:09
If we say just small-scale production,
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如果我们就说小作坊生产，
10:11
as is the tendency here,
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就像这里的趋势一样，
10:13
to go back to local food means that a poor man like Hans Rosling
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回到区域食物，意味着这个像汉斯罗素玲的贫穷女人
10:16
cannot even eat oranges anymore
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则不能再吃橙子了
10:18
because in Scandinavia we don't have oranges.
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因为北欧地区我们没有橙子。
10:21
So local food production is out.
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所以区域食物被淘汰了。
10:23
But also we do not want
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但是同时我们也不想
10:25
to relegate to poverty in the rural areas.
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去贬低农村地区的贫困。
10:28
And we do not want to relegate
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而且我们也不想让
10:30
the urban poor to starvation.
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城市内的穷人受饿。
10:33
So we must find other solutions.
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所以我们必须找到另外的解决方法。
10:36
One of our problems is that world food production
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我们其中的一个问题是世界食物产量
10:38
needs to increase very rapidly --
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必须快速增长 --
10:40
doubling by about 2030.
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在2030年要翻倍。
10:43
The main driver of that is actually meat.
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其中主要的推动力是肉类。
10:46
And meat consumption in Southeast Asia and China in particular
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特别是东南亚和中国对肉的消耗
10:49
is what drives the prices of cereals.
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是对谷物价格影响的重要因素
10:54
That need for animal protein is going to continue.
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对动物蛋白的需要会继续
10:58
We can discuss alternatives in another talk, perhaps one day,
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也许在另一天的另一个演讲里我们可以谈谈可选择性。
11:01
but this is our driving force.
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但是这是我们的驱动力。
11:03
So what can we do?
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所以我们能怎么办？
11:05
Can we find a solution to produce more?
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我们可以找到生产更多的解决方法吗？
11:09
Yes. But we need mechanization.
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可以，但是我们需要机械化。
11:13
And I'm making a real plea here.
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所以这里我要认个罪。
11:15
I feel so strongly that you cannot ask a small farmer
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我强烈的感受到，你不能去要求一个农民
11:19
to work the land and bend over to grow a hectare of rice,
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去田地里工作，去不辞劳苦的种一公顷大米，
11:22
150,000 times, just to plant a crop and weed it.
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弯上15万次腰，就是种植一种作物和施肥。
11:26
You cannot ask people to work under these conditions.
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你不能要求这些人们在这样的条件下工作。
11:29
We need clever low-key mechanization
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我们需要智能易操作机械化
11:32
that avoids the problems of the large-scale mechanization that we've had.
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那能避免一些大规模机械化所带来的问题。
11:36
So what can we do?
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所以我们能做什么呢？
11:38
We must feed three billion people in cities.
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我们必须喂养城市中的30亿人。
11:41
We will not do that through small farmers' markets
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我们不会通过小的农贸市场
11:43
because these people have no small farmers' markets at their disposal.
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因为这些人的处境中没有小农业市场。
11:47
They have low incomes. And they benefit
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他们是低收入。而且他们从
11:50
from cheap, affordable, safe and diverse food.
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便宜的，可承受的，安全和多样化的食物中获利。
11:53
That's what we must aim for in the next 20 to 30 years.
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我们必须在以后20到30年达到那个目标
11:56
But yes there are some solutions.
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但是的确这里有一些解决方法。
11:58
And let me just do one simple conceptual thing:
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让我来做一个简单的概念化的事情：
12:02
if I plot science as a proxy
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如果我假设科学是个常数
12:05
for control of the production process and scale.
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用来控制生产速度和规模。
12:09
What you see is that we've started
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你可以看到的是，
12:11
in the left-hand corner with traditional agriculture,
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在左手边角我们开始了传统的农业，
12:14
which was sort of small-scale and low-control.
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那是一种小规模和低控制度的。
12:17
We've moved towards large-scale and very high control.
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我们已经像大规模和高控制的方向前进。
12:21
What I want us to do is to keep up the science and even get more science in there
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我想让大家做的是，在这里保持这个科学甚至在这里去开阔更多的科学。
12:26
but go to a kind of regional scale --
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但是深入到一种区域范围 --
12:28
not just in terms of the scale of the fields,
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不仅仅只着眼于土地，
12:30
but in terms of the entire food network.
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但是就整个食物关系网而言。
12:33
That's where we should move.
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那才是我们要达到的。
12:35
And the ultimate may be, but it doesn't apply to cereals,
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而且最终也许会，但是不会对谷物有影响，
12:38
that we have entirely closed ecosystems --
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我们有一整个封闭的生态系统 --
12:41
the horticultural systems right at the top left-hand corner.
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在左手上方角里的园艺系统。
12:45
So we need to think differently about agriculture science.
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所以我们必须去用不同的角度来思考科学。
12:49
Agriculture science for most people -- and there are not many farmers
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农业科学对大多数人来说，而且在坐的
12:51
among you here --
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没有太多农民，
12:53
has this name of being bad,
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有了一个不好的名声，
12:56
of being about pollution, about large-scale,
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有了一个污染，大规模化，
12:58
about the destruction of the environment.
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破坏环境的名声。
13:00
That is not necessary.
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那没有必要。
13:02
We need more science and not less. And we need good science.
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我们需要更多科学而不是更少，而且我们需要好的科学。
13:05
So what kind of science can we have?
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所以我们可以有什么样的科学呢？
13:07
Well first of all I think
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好吧，我想第一个是
13:09
we can do much better on the existing technologies.
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我们可以在现存的科技上做的更好。
13:12
Use biotechnology where useful,
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用有用的生物技术，
13:14
particularly in pest and disease resistance.
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特别是在对疾病和害虫的防御上。
13:17
There are also robots, for example,
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这里也有机器人，比如说，
13:19
who can recognize weeds
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那些可以在半尺内
13:21
with a resolution of half an inch.
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辨认种子的机器人。
13:24
We have much cleverer irrigation.
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我们有更聪明的灌溉系统。
13:26
We do not need to spill the water if we don't want to.
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我们如果不想可以不去洒水。
13:30
And we need to think very dispassionately
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我们必须去十分冷静的思考
13:33
about the comparative advantages
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去比较
13:35
of small-scale and large-scale.
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小规模的和大规模的优势。
13:38
We need to think that land is multi-functional.
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我们必须想到土地是多功能的。
13:40
It has different functions.
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土地有不同的功能。
13:42
There are different ways in which we must use it --
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有着我们必须使用的不同的方法 --
13:45
for residential, for nature, for agriculture purposes.
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为居住，为自然，为农业目的。
13:48
And we also need to re-examine livestock.
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我们也必须去重估畜牧业。
13:51
Go regional and go to urban food systems.
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到地区里去，到城市里的食物系统里。
13:54
I want to see fish ponds in parking lots and basements.
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我想看到在停车场和地下室里的鱼塘。
13:58
I want to have horticulture
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我想看到在居住区域顶层的
14:00
and greenhouses on top of residential areas.
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园艺和温室。
14:03
And I want to use the energy that comes from those greenhouses
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而且我想用从温室里和
14:06
and from the fermentation of crops
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作物发酵所产生的能量
14:08
to heat our residential areas.
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来供应居住区域的热能。
14:10
There are all kinds of ways we can do it.
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这里有我们所有可以运用的方法。
14:12
We cannot solve the world food problem
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我们不能用生态农业来
14:14
by using biological agriculture.
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解决世界粮食问题。
14:16
But we can do a lot more.
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但是我们我们做的更多。
14:19
And the main thing that I would really ask all of you
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其中一个主要的事情就是，我真的想让所有的在座的
14:22
as you go back to your countries, or as you stay here:
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当你们回到你们的国家里时，或当你们就在这里时，
14:25
ask your government for an integrated food policy.
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去要求你们政府出台一个综合性的粮食政策。
14:29
Food is as important as energy,
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食物和能量一样重要，
14:32
as security, as the environment.
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和安全一样重要，和环境一样重要。
14:34
Everything is linked together.
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所有的事情都是交融在一起的。
14:36
So we can do that. In fact in a densely populated country
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我们可以做到。实际上在一个密集人口的国家
14:39
like the River Delta, where I live in the Netherlands,
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像我住的荷兰的河流三角流域，
14:42
we have combined these functions.
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我们已经融合了这些功能。
14:44
So this is not science fiction. We can combine things
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所以这不是一个科学幻想。我们可以组合事情
14:47
even in a social sense of making
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甚至在社会上
14:49
the rural areas more accessible to people --
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让田园区域更能接近人民 --
14:51
to house, for example, the chronically sick.
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接近房间，比如，长期病患者。
14:54
There is all kinds of things we can do.
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我们可以做很多种事情。
14:56
But there is something you must do. It's not enough for me to say,
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但是有些事情是你们必须去做的。光说是不够的，
14:59
"Let's get more bold science into agriculture."
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“让我们在农业科学里更大胆一些。”
15:02
You must go back
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你必须回去，
15:04
and think about your own food chain.
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想想你自己的食物链。
15:06
Talk to farmers. When was the last time
317
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和农民谈谈。你们上一次到农民那去
15:08
you went to a farm and talked to a farmer?
318
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和农民聊天是什么时候？
15:10
Talk to people in restaurants.
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和饭店里的人谈谈。
15:12
Understand where you are in the food chain,
320
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了解你在食物链的那个地方，
15:14
where your food comes from.
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你的食物从何而来。
15:16
Understand that you are part
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了解到你是这
15:18
of this enormous chain of events.
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不平凡的链条中的一部分。
15:20
And that frees you up to do other things.
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而那会解放你去做其他的事情。
15:23
And above all, to me, food is about respect.
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综上所述，就我而言，食物就是尊重。
15:27
It's about understanding, when you eat,
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那是有关于理解当你在吃饭时
15:29
that there are also many people who are still in this situation,
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还有很多人民仍然处在这种情况，
15:33
who are still struggling for their daily food.
328
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他们仍然在会他们的每日粮食所挣扎。
15:36
And the kind of simplistic solutions that we sometimes have,
329
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而那些所有我们时常会有的简单解决方式，
15:39
to think that doing everything by hand
330
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想到用手工来做所有的事情
15:41
is going to be the solution,
331
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就是解决问题的方法，
15:43
is really not morally justified.
332
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实际上从道德角度讲是不合理的。
15:46
We need to help to lift them out of poverty.
333
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我们需要帮助他们脱离贫穷。
15:48
We need to make them proud of being a farmer
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我们需要让他们感到为做为一个农民而自豪
15:52
because they allow us to survive.
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因为他们让我们生存。
15:55
Never before, as I said,
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从未，就像我说过的，
15:57
has the responsibility for food
337
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粮食的责任
15:59
been in the hands of so few.
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掌握在如此少数人的手上。
16:01
And never before have we had the luxury
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而且从未，我们对我们奢侈
16:03
of taking it for granted
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的存在如此的不感恩
16:05
because it is now so cheap.
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因为现在它是如此的廉价。
16:08
And I think there is nobody else who has expressed
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我想，这里没有人比我能更好的
16:10
better, to me, the idea that food, in the end,
343
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来表达，粮食的重要性，最后，
16:14
in our own tradition, is something holy.
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在我们的传统里，粮食是神圣的。
16:17
It's not about nutrients and calories.
345
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它不仅仅是营养和卡路里。
16:19
It's about sharing. It's about honesty. It's about identity.
346
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它是一种分享。它是诚恳的。它是代表我们形象的。
16:23
Who said this so beautifully was Mahatma Gandhi,
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圣雄甘地，在75年前在谈面包时
16:26
75 years ago, when he spoke about bread.
348
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说道它是美丽的。
16:29
He did not speak about rice, in India. He said,
349
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他提到的不是大米。在印度它说道，
16:32
"To those who have to go without two meals a day,
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“对于那些每天只吃一餐的人来说，
16:36
God can only appear as bread."
351
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面包就是上帝。”
16:39
And so as I'm finishing my bread here --
352
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所以就当我要在这里完成我的面包时 --
16:43
and I've been baking it, and I'll try not to burn my hands.
353
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同时我也烤好了。现在我要注意不要烫了我的手。
16:47
Let me share
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让我来分享
16:49
with those of you here in the first row.
355
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和你们坐在第一排的人分享。
16:51
Let me share some of the food with you.
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让我和你们一起分享下食物。
16:53
Take some of my bread.
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拿我的一些面包。
16:55
And as you eat it, and as you try it --
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就当你在吃它时，在你品尝它时 --
16:58
please come and stand up.
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请站起来。
17:00
Have some of it.
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尝尝。
17:02
I want you to think that every bite connects you
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我想让你们想象，你们的每一口都联系
17:05
to the past and the future:
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到你的过去和未来，
17:07
to these anonymous farmers,
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联系到那些无名的农民，
17:09
that first bred the first wheat varieties;
364
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联系到那第一个孕育的小麦品种，
17:13
and to the farmers of today,
365
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和联系到今天的农民，
17:15
who've been making this. And you don't even know who they are.
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那些做出这些的农民。而且你甚至不知道他们是谁。
17:18
Every meal you eat
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你吃的每一顿
17:20
contains ingredients from all across the world.
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包含着世界各地的调料。
17:24
Everything makes us so privileged,
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那让我们被感荣幸，
17:27
that we can eat this food, that we don't struggle every day.
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我们今天不用挣扎的生活，而去吃每一粒粮食。
17:30
And that, I think,
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就那，我想到，
17:32
evolutionarily-speaking is unique.
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就进化来说是独特的。
17:34
We've never had that before.
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我们从未如此，
17:36
So enjoy your bread.
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那么享受你们的面包。
17:38
Eat it, and feel privileged.
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尝尝，感受到那份荣誉。
17:40
Thank you very much.
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十分感谢。
17:42
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Louise Fresco - Food and agriculture expertA powerful thinker and globe-trotting advisor on sustainability, Louise Fresco says it's time to think of food as a topic of social and economic importance on par with oil -- that responsible agriculture and food consumption are crucial to world stability.
Why you should listen
As food, climate and water crises loom, Louise Fresco is looking hard at how we cultivate our crops and tend our livestock on a global scale. An expert on agriculture and sustainability, Fresco shows how cities and rural communities will remain tied through food, even as populations and priorities shift among them.
A former UN director, a contributor to think tanks and an advisor to academies in Europe and the United States, Fresco has noted how social unrest is made worse by hunger, poverty, environmental problems -- and modernization. Responsible agriculture "provides the livelihood for every civilization," Fresco says, but adds that mere food aid is not a solution to world hunger. She hopes that smart, local solutions for food production will improve war-torn areas and ease the pressures of regulations on production.
Fresco teaches at the University of Amsterdam, writes on policy and economics for the Dutch paper NRC Handelsblad and is also a popular novelist.
Louise Fresco | Speaker | TED.com