TED2009
Louise Fresco: We need to feed the whole world
Louise Fresco despre hranirea intregii lumi
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Louise Fresco ne arata de ce ar trebui sa celebram productia in masa, in stil supermarket a painii albe. Louise spune ca productia in masa pe principii ecologice va asigura hrana lumii intregi, dar in acelasi timp va lasa loc si pentru micile brutarii si pentru metodele traditionale.
Louise Fresco - Food and agriculture expert
A powerful thinker and globe-trotting advisor on sustainability, Louise Fresco says it's time to think of food as a topic of social and economic importance on par with oil -- that responsible agriculture and food consumption are crucial to world stability. Full bio
A powerful thinker and globe-trotting advisor on sustainability, Louise Fresco says it's time to think of food as a topic of social and economic importance on par with oil -- that responsible agriculture and food consumption are crucial to world stability. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I'm not at all a cook.
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Nu sunt bucatar.
00:14
So don't fear, this is not going to be a cooking demonstration.
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Asa ca nu va temeti, aceasta nu va fi o demonstratie de gatit.
00:17
But I do want to talk to you about something
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Dar vreau sa va vorbesc despre ceva
00:19
that I think is dear to all of us.
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ce cred ca ne este drag tuturor.
00:22
And that is bread -- something which is as simple
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Vreau sa va vorbesc despre paine - simpla
00:25
as our basic, most fundamental human staple.
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noastra mancare de baza.
00:29
And I think few of us spend the day
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Si cred ca putini dintre noi lasam sa treaca o zi
00:32
without eating bread in some form.
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fara sa mancam paine intr-o forma sau alta.
00:35
Unless you're on one of these Californian low-carb diets,
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Daca nu esti la o dieta californiana bazata pe consum redus de carbohidrati,
00:39
bread is standard.
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painea e standard.
00:41
Bread is not only standard in the Western diet.
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Painea nu este de baza numai in dieta vestica.
00:43
As I will show to you, it is actually
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Asa cum o sa va arat, este de fapt
00:45
the mainstay of modern life.
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baza vietii moderne.
00:48
So I'm going to bake bread for you.
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Am sa coc paine pentru voi.
00:50
In the meantime I'm also talking to you,
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In acelasi timp o sa va vorbesc.
00:53
so my life is going to complicated. Bear with me.
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Deci am o misiune complicata. Aveti radbare!
00:56
First of all, a little bit of audience participation.
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In primul rand, am nevoie de putina participare din partea audientei.
01:00
I have two loaves of bread here.
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Am aici doua paini.
01:03
One is a supermarket standard:
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Una este painea standard de la supermarket,
01:06
white bread, pre-packaged,
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paine alba, pre-ambalata,
01:08
which I'm told is called a Wonderbread.
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care mi se spune ca se numeste "Painea Minune".
01:11
(Laughter)
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(Rasete)
01:12
I didn't know this word until I arrived.
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Nu stiam acest cuvant pana am veni aici.
01:14
And this is more or less,
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Si aceasta este mai mult sau mai putin
01:17
a whole-meal, handmade,
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o paine integrala, de casa,
01:19
small-bakery loaf of bread.
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sau de mica brutarie.
01:21
Here we go. I want to see a show of hands.
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Asa. Vreau sa ridicati mainile.
01:24
Who prefers the whole-meal bread?
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Cine prefera painea integrala?
01:29
Okay let me do this differently. Is anybody preferring the Wonderbread at all?
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Ei bine, sa facem in alt fel. E cineva care prefera "Painea Minune"?
01:33
(Laughter)
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(Rasete)
01:34
I have two tentative male hands.
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Vad ca doua maini de barbati incearca sa se ridice.
01:38
(Laughter)
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(Rasete)
01:41
Okay, now the question is really,
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Ei bine, acum intrebarea este,
01:44
why is this so?
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de ce avem acest rezultat?
01:46
And I think it is because
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Cred ca este deoarece
01:48
we feel that this kind of bread
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credem ca acest tip de paine
01:51
really is about authenticity.
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reprezinta autenticitatea.
01:54
It's about a traditional way of living.
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Ca reprezinta un mod traditional de a trai.
01:57
A way that is perhaps more real, more honest.
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Un mod de viata care este mai real, mai onest.
02:01
This is an image from Tuscany, where we feel
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Aceasta este o imagine din Toscana, care ne face sa credem ca agricultura
02:04
agriculture is still about beauty.
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inca inseamna frumusete.
02:06
And life is really, too.
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Ca si viata in sine.
02:08
And this is about good taste, good traditions.
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Asta inseamna bun gust si traditii frumoase.
02:12
Why do we have this image?
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De ce avem aceasta imagine?
02:14
Why do we feel that this is more true than this?
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De ce credem ca aceasta imagine e mai reala decat cealalta?
02:19
Well I think it has a lot to do with our history.
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Ei bine, cred ca raspunsul tine in mare parte de istoria noastra.
02:22
In the 10,000 years since agriculture evolved,
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De zici de mii de ani de evolutie a agriculturii,
02:25
most of our ancestors have actually been agriculturalists
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majoritatea stramosilor nostri au fost agricultori
02:29
or they were closely related to food production.
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sau erau foarte apropiati de producerea hranei.
02:32
And we have this mythical image
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Si avem in minte aceasta imagine mitica
02:34
of how life was in rural areas in the past.
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a cum era viata in mediul rural in trecut.
02:38
Art has helped us to maintain that kind of image.
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Arta ne-a ajutat sa conservam acest tip de imagine.
02:41
It was a mythical past.
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A fost un trecut mitic.
02:44
Of course, the reality is quite different.
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Bineinteles, realitatea este oarecum diferita.
02:46
These poor farmers
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Acesti fermieri saraci
02:48
working the land by hand or with their animals,
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care lucrau pamantul cu mainile sau cu ajutorul animalelor,
02:50
had yield levels that are comparable
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au avut un randament comparabil
02:53
to the poorest farmers today in West Africa.
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cu cel al celor mai saraci fermieri care traiesc azi in vestul Africii.
02:56
But we have, somehow,
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Dar, intr-un fel,
02:58
in the course of the last few centuries, or even decades,
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in decursul ultimelor secole, sau chiar decade,
03:02
started to cultivate an image of
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am inceput sa cultivam o imagine a
03:04
a mythical, rural agricultural past.
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unui trecut agricultural mitic, rural.
03:08
It was only 200 years ago
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Au trecut numai 200 de ani
03:10
that we had the advent of the Industrial Revolution.
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de cand s-a produs Revolutia Industriala.
03:13
And while I'm starting to make some bread for you here,
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Si in timp ce incep sa fac niste paine pentru voi aici,
03:16
it's very important to understand
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este foarte important sa intelegem
03:18
what that revolution did to us.
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impactul pe care l-a avut aceasta revolutie industriala asupra noastra.
03:21
It brought us power. It brought us mechanization, fertilizers.
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Ne-a dat putere. Ne-a adus mecanizare, fertilizanti.
03:27
And it actually drove up our yields.
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Si ne-a ridicat randamentul.
03:29
And even sort of horrible things, like picking beans by hand,
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Si chiar si activitatile neplacute, ca adunatul boabelor de fasole cu mana,
03:33
can now be done automatically.
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pot fi facute automat acum.
03:36
All that is a real, great improvement, as we shall see.
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Toate acestea reprezinta o imbunatatire reala si mareata, asa cum vom vedea.
03:41
Of course we also, particularly in the last decade,
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Bineinteles ca, in special in ultima decada,
03:45
managed to envelop the world
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am reusit sa invaluim lumea
03:47
in a dense chain of supermarkets,
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intr-o retea densa de supermarketuri,
03:50
in a chain of global trade.
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intr-o retea a comertului mondial.
03:53
And it means that you now eat products,
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Si asta inseamna ca acum putem manca produse
03:55
which can come from all around the world.
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de peste tot din lume.
03:58
That is the reality of our modern life.
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Aceasta e realitatea vietii noastre moderne.
04:01
Now you may prefer this loaf of bread.
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Acum puteti alege aceasta paine.
04:05
Excuse my hands but this is how it is.
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Scuzati felul cum imi arata mainile, dar asta este.
04:08
But actually the real relevant bread,
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Dar de fapt adevarata paine,
04:11
historically, is this white Wonder loaf.
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istoric vorbind, este painea alba "Minune".
04:15
And don't despise the white bread
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Si nu respingeti painea alba
04:18
because it really, I think,
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pentru ca, zic eu,
04:21
symbolizes the fact that bread and food
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simbolizeaza faptul ca painea si mancarea
04:24
have become plentiful and affordable to all.
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au devenit abundente si accesibile tuturor.
04:28
And that is a feat that we
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Si acesta e un fapt de care
04:30
are not really conscious of that much.
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nu suntem constienti asa de mult.
04:33
But it has changed the world.
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Dar asta a schimbat lumea.
04:35
This tiny bread that is tasteless in some ways
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Aceasta painica fara gust in anumite privinte
04:38
and has a lot of problems
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si care are o multime de probleme
04:40
has changed the world.
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a schimbat lumea.
04:43
So what is happening?
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Deci ce se intampla?
04:45
Well the best way to look at that is to do a tiny bit of simplistic statistics.
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Cel mai bun mod de a vedea ce se intampla e de a crea niste statistici simple.
04:49
With the advent of the Industrial Revolution
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Odată cu apariţia revoluţiei industriale,
04:52
with modernization of agriculture
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cu modernizarea agriculturii
04:54
in the last few decades, since the 1960s,
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in ultimele decade, incepand cu anii '60,
04:58
food availability, per head, in this world,
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disponibilitatea produselor alimentare, pe cap de locuitor, în lume,
05:01
has increased by 25 percent.
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a crescut cu 25 la sută.
05:04
And the world population in the meantime has doubled.
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Si in acest timp, populatia lumii s-a dublat.
05:08
That means that we have now more food available
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Aceasta inseamna ca acum avem mai multe produse alimentare disponibile
05:11
than ever before in human history.
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decat in orice alta perioada din istoria omenirii.
05:13
And that is the result, directly,
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Acesta este in mod direct rezultatul
05:15
of being so successful
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succesului
05:17
at increasing the scale and volume of our production.
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cresterii in amploare şi volum a producţiei.
05:21
And this is true, as you can see, for all countries,
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Si acest lucru este adevarat, dupa cum vedeti, pentru toate tarile,
05:24
including the so-called developing countries.
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inclusiv asa-numitele tari in curs de dezvoltare.
05:26
What happened to our bread in the meantime?
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Ce s-a intamplat cu painea noastra in acest timp?
05:29
As food became plentiful here,
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Cum alimentele au devenit abundente,
05:31
it also meant that we were able to decrease
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inseamna ca putem scadea numarul
05:33
the number of people working in agriculture
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oamenilor care lucreaza in agricultura
05:37
to something like, on average, in the high income countries,
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la ceva ca, daca privim tarile cu venituri ridicate,
05:41
five percent or less of the population.
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5% sau mai putin, din populatie.
05:45
In the U.S. only one percent of the people are actually farmers.
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In Statele Unite numai un procent din populatie sunt fermieri.
05:49
And it frees us all up to do other things --
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Asta ne da mai mult timp pentru a face altceva --
05:52
to sit at TED meetings and not to worry about our food.
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sa participam la intalnirile TED şi sa nu ne facem griji cu privire la alimente.
05:55
That is, historically, a really unique situation.
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Istoric vorbind, aceasta este o situatie unica.
05:59
Never before has the responsibility to feed the world
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Niciodata pana acum responsabilitatea de a hrani lumea
06:03
been in the hands of so few people.
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nu a mai fost in mainile atator de putini oameni.
06:05
And never before have so many people
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Si niciodata pana acum atat de multi oameni
06:08
been oblivious of that fact.
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nu au stiut acest lucru.
06:11
So as food became more plentiful, bread became cheaper.
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Deci, pe masura ce alimentele au devenit mai abundente, painea a devenit mai ieftina.
06:15
And as it became cheaper, bread manufacturers decided to add in all kinds of things.
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Devenind mai ieftina, producatorii de paine au decis sa adauge diferite ingrediente.
06:19
We added in more sugar.
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Au adaugat mai mult zahar.
06:21
We add in raisins and oil and milk
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Au adaugat stafide si ulei si lapte
06:27
and all kinds of things to make bread,
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si alte ingrediente care transforma painea,
06:29
from a simple food into kind of a support for calories.
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de la un aliment simplu intr-un suport pentru calorii.
06:34
And today, bread now is associated with obesity,
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Si asa, azi painea este asociata cu obezitatea,
06:38
which is very strange.
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ceea ce este foarte ciudat.
06:40
It is the basic, most fundamental food
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Este alimentul cel mai simplu si de baza
06:42
that we've had in the last ten thousand years.
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pe care l-am consumat in ultimii zece mii de ani.
06:45
Wheat is the most important crop -- the first crop we domesticated
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Graul este cea mai importanta cultura -- prima cultura domesticita
06:49
and the most important crop we still grow today.
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si inca cea mai importanta cultura de astazi.
06:51
But this is now this strange concoction
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Dar acum a aparut acest legatura ciudata
06:54
of high calories.
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cu caloriile sporite.
06:56
And that's not only true in this country,
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Si acest lucru nu se aplica numai in aceasta tara,
06:59
it is true all over the world.
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ci peste tot in lume.
07:01
Bread has migrated to tropical countries,
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Painea a migrat in tarile tropicale
07:03
where the middle classes now eat French rolls and hamburgers
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unde clasa de mijloc mananca acum franzele si hamburgheri
07:07
and where the commuters
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si unde navetistii
07:10
find bread much more handy to use
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considera painea mult mai la indemana
07:12
than rice or cassava.
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decat orezul sau casava.
07:14
So bread has become from a main staple,
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Deci painea a devenit de la un aliment de baza,
07:18
a source of calories
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o sursa de calorii
07:20
associated with obesity
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asociata cu obezitatea
07:22
and also a source of modernity,
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si in acelasi timp o sursa a
07:24
of modern life.
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vietii moderne.
07:26
And the whiter the bread, in many countries, the better it is.
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Si cu cat o paine este mai alba, cu atat este considerata mai buna, in multe tari.
07:29
So this is the story of bread as we know it now.
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Deci aceasta este povestea painii asa cum o stim noi acum.
07:32
But of course the price of mass production
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Dar bineinteles, pretul productiei in masa
07:36
has been that we moved large-scale.
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este ca am avansat la scara larga.
07:39
And large-scale has meant destruction of many of our landscapes,
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Si productia la scara larga a condus la distrugerea multora din peisaje,
07:43
destruction of biodiversity --
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distrugerea biodiversitatii --
07:45
still a lonely emu here
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inca un emu singuratic aici
07:47
in the Brazilian cerrado soybean fields.
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in campurile braziliene de soia cerrado.
07:50
The costs have been tremendous --
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Costurile au fost extraordinare --
07:52
water pollution, all the things you know about, destruction of our habitats.
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poluarea apei, toate lucrurile despre care ati auzit, distrugerea habitatelor noastre.
07:56
What we need to do is to go back to understanding what our food is about.
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Ceea ce trebuie să facem este să ne întoarcem la a înţelege ce este hrana.
08:01
And this is where I have to query all of you.
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Si despre acest lucru trebuie sa va pun cateva intrebari.
08:03
How many of you can actually tell wheat apart from other cereals?
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Cati dintre voi pot sa faca diferenta intre grau si alte cereale?
08:07
How many of you actually can make a bread
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Cati dintre voi pot sa faca paine
08:10
in this way, without starting with a bread machine
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in felul asta, fara a incepe cu masina de paine
08:13
or just some kind of packaged flavor?
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sau cu ceva pre-ambalat?
08:17
Can you actually bake bread? Do you know how much a loaf of bread actually costs?
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Puteti sa coaceti paine? Stiti cat costa exact o paine?
08:21
We have become very removed
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Ne-am indepartat mult
08:23
from what our bread really is,
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de ceea ce este painea cu adevarat,
08:25
which, again, evolutionarily speaking,
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ceea ce, spun din nou, din punct de vedere al evolutiei,
08:27
is very strange.
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este foarte ciudat.
08:29
In fact not many of you know that
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De fapt, multi dintre voi nu stiu ca
08:31
our bread, of course, was not a European invention.
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painea nu a fost o inventie europeana.
08:33
It was invented by farmers in Iraq
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A fost inventata de fermieri in Iraq
08:35
and Syria in particular.
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si Siria in special.
08:37
The tiny spike on the left to the center
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Tepusa mica din stanga spre centru
08:40
is actually the forefather of wheat.
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este de fapt stramosul graului.
08:43
This is where it all comes from,
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De aici provine totul.
08:45
and where these farmers who actually, ten thousand years ago,
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Si acesti fermieri care acum zece mii de ani
08:48
put us on the road of bread.
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ne-au deschis drumul painii.
08:51
Now it is not surprising
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Nu este surprinzator
08:53
that with this massification and large-scale production,
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ca aceasta masificare şi producţie pe scară largă,
08:56
there is a counter-movement that emerged --
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a declansat o miscare in sens opus --
08:58
very much also here in California.
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de foarte mare amploare chiar si aici in California.
09:00
The counter-movement says, "Let's go back to this.
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Aceasta miscare in sens opus spune: "Sa ne intoarcem la asta.
09:03
Let's go back to traditional farming.
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Sa ne intoarcem la agricultura traditionala.
09:05
Let's go back to small-scale, to farmers' markets,
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Sa ne intoarcem la scara mica, la pietele fermierilor,
09:09
small bakeries and all that." Wonderful.
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la brutarii mici si toate acestea. Minunat.
09:12
Don't we all agree? I certainly agree.
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Nu suntem cu totii de acord? Eu sunt cu siguranta de acord.
09:14
I would love to go back to Tuscany
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Mi-ar face mare placere sa ma intorc la Toscana
09:16
to this kind of traditional setting,
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la acest tip de decor tradiţional,
09:18
gastronomy, good food.
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gastronomie, mancare buna.
09:20
But this is a fallacy.
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Dar asta este o aberatie.
09:22
And the fallacy comes from idealizing
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Şi eroarea provine de la idealizarea
09:25
a past that we have forgotten about.
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unui trecut despre care am uitat.
09:28
If we do this, if we want to stay with traditional small-scale farming
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Daca facem asta, daca vrem sa ramanem cu agricultura traditionala la scara mica,
09:32
we are going, actually, to relegate
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vom retrograda, de fapt,
09:35
these poor farmers and their husbands --
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aceste biete agricultoare si sotii lor,
09:38
among whom I have lived for many years,
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printre care am trait multi ani,
09:40
working without electricity and water, to try to improve their food production --
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lucrand fara electricitate si apa, incercand sa le imbunatatesc productia de alimente.
09:43
we relegate them to poverty.
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Acest lucru ar insemna sa-i retrogradam la saracie.
09:46
What they want are implements
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Ce vor ei sunt masuri
09:48
to increase their production:
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care sa le creasca productia --
09:50
something to fertilize the soil,
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ceva care sa fertilizeze solul,
09:52
something to protect their crop and to bring it to a market.
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ceva care sa le protejeze cultura si sa le aduca recolta pe piata.
09:55
We cannot just think that small-scale
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Nu ne putem imagina ca productia la scara mica
09:57
is the solution to the world food problem.
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este solutia la problema alimentara mondiala.
10:00
It's a luxury solution for us who can afford it,
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Este o solutie de lux pentru noi cei care ne-o permitem,
10:03
if you want to afford it.
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daca vrem sa ne-o permitem.
10:05
In fact we do not want this poor woman
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De fapt nu vrem ca aceasta biata femeie
10:07
to work the land like this.
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sa lucreze pamantul in acest fel.
10:09
If we say just small-scale production,
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Daca reducem productia la scara mica,
10:11
as is the tendency here,
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asa cum este tendinta,
10:13
to go back to local food means that a poor man like Hans Rosling
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a ne intoarcem la productia pe scara locala inseamna ca un biet om ca Hans Rosling
10:16
cannot even eat oranges anymore
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nu va mai putea manca portocale
10:18
because in Scandinavia we don't have oranges.
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pentru ca in Scandinavia nu sunt portocale.
10:21
So local food production is out.
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Deci, producţia locală de alimente este exclusa.
10:23
But also we do not want
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Si de asemenea nu vrem
10:25
to relegate to poverty in the rural areas.
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sa retrogradam la saracie zonele rurale.
10:28
And we do not want to relegate
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Si nu vrem sa retrogradam
10:30
the urban poor to starvation.
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zonele urbane la infometare.
10:33
So we must find other solutions.
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Deci trebuie sa gasim alte solutii.
10:36
One of our problems is that world food production
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Una dintre problemele noastre e ca productia mondiala de alimente
10:38
needs to increase very rapidly --
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trebuie sa cresca rapid --
10:40
doubling by about 2030.
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sa se dubleze pana in 2030.
10:43
The main driver of that is actually meat.
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Principalul actor al acestui proces este carnea.
10:46
And meat consumption in Southeast Asia and China in particular
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Si consumul de carne in Asia de sud-est si China in special
10:49
is what drives the prices of cereals.
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este ceea ce influenteaza preturile cerealelor.
10:54
That need for animal protein is going to continue.
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Nevoia pentru proteine animale va continua.
10:58
We can discuss alternatives in another talk, perhaps one day,
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Ne putem uita la alternative intr-o alta discutie, poate alta data.
11:01
but this is our driving force.
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Dar aceasta este forta noastra motoare.
11:03
So what can we do?
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Deci ce putem noi sa facem?
11:05
Can we find a solution to produce more?
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Putem gasi o solutie de a produce mai mult?
11:09
Yes. But we need mechanization.
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Da. Dar ne trebuie mecanizare.
11:13
And I'm making a real plea here.
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Iar eu fac o adevarata pledoarie aici.
11:15
I feel so strongly that you cannot ask a small farmer
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Si cred cu tarie ca nu-i putem cere unui mic agricultor
11:19
to work the land and bend over to grow a hectare of rice,
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sa lucreze pamantul si sa se aplece pentru a creste un hectar de orez,
11:22
150,000 times, just to plant a crop and weed it.
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de 150 de mii de ori, numai pentru a planta o cultura si a rari buruienile.
11:26
You cannot ask people to work under these conditions.
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Nu poti cere oamenilor sa lucreze in aceste conditii.
11:29
We need clever low-key mechanization
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Avem nevoie de o mecanizare simpla dar inteligenta
11:32
that avoids the problems of the large-scale mechanization that we've had.
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care sa evite problemele de mecanizare pe scara larga pe care le-am avut.
11:36
So what can we do?
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Deci ce putem face?
11:38
We must feed three billion people in cities.
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Trebuie sa hranim 3 miliarde de oameni care traiesc in orase.
11:41
We will not do that through small farmers' markets
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Nu vom face asta prin intermediul pietelor micilor fermieri
11:43
because these people have no small farmers' markets at their disposal.
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pentru ca acesti oameni nu au mici piete de fermieri la dispozitie.
11:47
They have low incomes. And they benefit
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Ei au venituri mici. Şi beneficiază
11:50
from cheap, affordable, safe and diverse food.
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de pe urma produselor alimentare ieftine, accesibile, sigure şi diverse.
11:53
That's what we must aim for in the next 20 to 30 years.
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Acesta trebuie sa fie obiectivul nostru in urmatorii 20-30 de ani.
11:56
But yes there are some solutions.
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Dar exista solutii.
11:58
And let me just do one simple conceptual thing:
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Si permiteti-mi sa explic un concept simplu:
12:02
if I plot science as a proxy
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daca folosesc stiinta ca un reprezentant
12:05
for control of the production process and scale.
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al controlului procesului si nivelului de productie.
12:09
What you see is that we've started
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Ce vedeti este ca am inceput
12:11
in the left-hand corner with traditional agriculture,
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cu agricultura traditionala,
12:14
which was sort of small-scale and low-control.
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care se desfasura la scara mica si cu control redus.
12:17
We've moved towards large-scale and very high control.
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Apoi am evoluat la scara larga si la control sporit.
12:21
What I want us to do is to keep up the science and even get more science in there
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Ce vreau să facem e sa tinem pasul cu stiinta si sa implicam chiar mai multa stiinta in acest proces
12:26
but go to a kind of regional scale --
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dar sa lucram la scara regionala --
12:28
not just in terms of the scale of the fields,
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nu numai in ceea ce priveste amploarea domeniilor,
12:30
but in terms of the entire food network.
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dar in ceea ce priveste intreaga retea de alimentare.
12:33
That's where we should move.
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Asta e directia in care trebuie sa ne indreptam.
12:35
And the ultimate may be, but it doesn't apply to cereals,
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Si esentialul poate fi, dar nu se aplica pentru cereale,
12:38
that we have entirely closed ecosystems --
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ca avem ecosisteme total inchise --
12:41
the horticultural systems right at the top left-hand corner.
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sistemele horticole in coltul din stanga sus.
12:45
So we need to think differently about agriculture science.
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Deci, trebuie sa gandim diferit la stiinta agricola.
12:49
Agriculture science for most people -- and there are not many farmers
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Stiinta agricola pentru majoritatea oamenilor, si nu sunt multi fermieri
12:51
among you here --
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printre voi aici,
12:53
has this name of being bad,
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are un nume rau,
12:56
of being about pollution, about large-scale,
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ceva asociat cu poluarea, cu productia la scara larga,
12:58
about the destruction of the environment.
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cu distrugerea mediului.
13:00
That is not necessary.
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Ceva care nu e necesar.
13:02
We need more science and not less. And we need good science.
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Avem nevoie de mai multa stiinta, nu de mai putina. Si avem nevoie de stiinta buna.
13:05
So what kind of science can we have?
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Deci, ce fel de stiinta putem folosi?
13:07
Well first of all I think
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In primul rand cred ca
13:09
we can do much better on the existing technologies.
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putem sa folosim mai bine tehnologia existenta.
13:12
Use biotechnology where useful,
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Trebuie sa folosim biodiversitatea unde este utila,
13:14
particularly in pest and disease resistance.
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in special in rezistenta daunatorilor si a bolilor.
13:17
There are also robots, for example,
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Exista roboti, de exemplu,
13:19
who can recognize weeds
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care pot sa recunoasca buruieni
13:21
with a resolution of half an inch.
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cu o rezolutie de jumatate de inch.
13:24
We have much cleverer irrigation.
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Avem sisteme de irigatii mult mai inteligente.
13:26
We do not need to spill the water if we don't want to.
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Nu trebuie sa risipim apa daca nu este nevoie.
13:30
And we need to think very dispassionately
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Si trebuie sa ne gandim fara patima
13:33
about the comparative advantages
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la avantajele comparative
13:35
of small-scale and large-scale.
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ale productie la scara mica si la scara larga.
13:38
We need to think that land is multi-functional.
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Trebuie sa ne gandim ca pamantul este multifunctional.
13:40
It has different functions.
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Are functii diferite.
13:42
There are different ways in which we must use it --
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Exista moduri diferite de a-l folosi --
13:45
for residential, for nature, for agriculture purposes.
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in scopuri rezidentiale, naturale, agriculturale.
13:48
And we also need to re-examine livestock.
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Trebuie sa reexaminam si animalele.
13:51
Go regional and go to urban food systems.
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Trebuie sa alegem sistemele alimentare regionale si urbane.
13:54
I want to see fish ponds in parking lots and basements.
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Vreau sa vad iazuri de peste in loturi de parcare si subsoluri.
13:58
I want to have horticulture
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Vreau sa avem horticultura
14:00
and greenhouses on top of residential areas.
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si sere pe acoperisul zonelor rezidentiale.
14:03
And I want to use the energy that comes from those greenhouses
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Si vreau sa utilizam energia produsa de sere
14:06
and from the fermentation of crops
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si din fermentarea culturilor
14:08
to heat our residential areas.
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pentru incalzirea spatiilor rezidentiale.
14:10
There are all kinds of ways we can do it.
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Sunt multe moduri in care putem sa facem acest lucru.
14:12
We cannot solve the world food problem
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Nu putem sa rezolvam problema alimentatiei mondiale
14:14
by using biological agriculture.
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folosind agricultura biologica.
14:16
But we can do a lot more.
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Dar putem sa facem mai mult.
14:19
And the main thing that I would really ask all of you
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Si cel mai important lucru pe care as vrea sa va rog
14:22
as you go back to your countries, or as you stay here:
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fie ca va intoarceti in tarile de origine, sau ca ramaneti aici,
14:25
ask your government for an integrated food policy.
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este sa cereti guverrnului vostru o politica alimentara integrata.
14:29
Food is as important as energy,
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Alimentele sunt la fel de importante ca energia,
14:32
as security, as the environment.
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ca siguranta, ca mediul.
14:34
Everything is linked together.
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Totul este conectat.
14:36
So we can do that. In fact in a densely populated country
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Deci, putem face asta. De fapt, intr-o tara dens populata
14:39
like the River Delta, where I live in the Netherlands,
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ca River Delta, unde locuiesc in Olanda,
14:42
we have combined these functions.
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am combinat aceste functii.
14:44
So this is not science fiction. We can combine things
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Deci, asta nu este fictiune. Putem combina lucrurile
14:47
even in a social sense of making
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chiar si intr-un sens social de a face
14:49
the rural areas more accessible to people --
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zonele rurale mai accesibile pentru oameni --
14:51
to house, for example, the chronically sick.
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pentru a acomoda, de exemplu, bolnavii cronici.
14:54
There is all kinds of things we can do.
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Sunt o multime de lucruri pe care le putem face.
14:56
But there is something you must do. It's not enough for me to say,
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Dar este ceva ce trebuie sa facem. Nu este suficient daca spun
14:59
"Let's get more bold science into agriculture."
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"Haideti sa introducem mai multa stiinta avangardista in agricultura."
15:02
You must go back
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Trebuie sa va intoarceti
15:04
and think about your own food chain.
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si sa va ganditi la lantul vostru alimentar.
15:06
Talk to farmers. When was the last time
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Vorbiti cu fermierii. Cand a fost ultima data
15:08
you went to a farm and talked to a farmer?
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cand v-ati dus la o ferma si ati vorbit cu un fermier?
15:10
Talk to people in restaurants.
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Vorbiti cu oamenii din restaurante.
15:12
Understand where you are in the food chain,
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Intelegeti unde va aflati in lantul alimentar,
15:14
where your food comes from.
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de unde vin alimentele voastre.
15:16
Understand that you are part
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Intelegeti ca sunteti parte
15:18
of this enormous chain of events.
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a acestui enorm lant de evenimente.
15:20
And that frees you up to do other things.
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Si asta va elibereaza sa faceti alte lucruri.
15:23
And above all, to me, food is about respect.
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Si mai mult decat orice, pentru mine, alimentele inseamna respect.
15:27
It's about understanding, when you eat,
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Inseamna a intelege cand mancam
15:29
that there are also many people who are still in this situation,
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ca sunt multi oameni care sunt inca in aceasta situatie,
15:33
who are still struggling for their daily food.
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care inca se mai lupta pentru a procura hrana de zi cu zi.
15:36
And the kind of simplistic solutions that we sometimes have,
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Si acest tip de solutii simple pe care le avem uneori,
15:39
to think that doing everything by hand
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cum este ca a face totul manual
15:41
is going to be the solution,
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reprezinta solutia,
15:43
is really not morally justified.
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nu se justifica din punct de vedere moral.
15:46
We need to help to lift them out of poverty.
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Trebuie sa-i ajutam sa iasa din saracie.
15:48
We need to make them proud of being a farmer
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Trebuie sa-i facem sa se simta mandri ca sunt fermieri
15:52
because they allow us to survive.
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pentru ca ei sunt cei care ne asigura supravietuirea.
15:55
Never before, as I said,
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Niciodata pana acum, asa cum am spus,
15:57
has the responsibility for food
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responsabilitatea pentru producerea hranei
15:59
been in the hands of so few.
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nu a fost in mainile atator de putini oameni.
16:01
And never before have we had the luxury
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Si niciodata pana acum nu am avut luxul
16:03
of taking it for granted
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de a crede ca ni se cuvine
16:05
because it is now so cheap.
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pentru ca acum este atat de ieftina.
16:08
And I think there is nobody else who has expressed
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Si cred ca nu este nimeni altcineva care si-a exprimat
16:10
better, to me, the idea that food, in the end,
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mai bine ideea ca hrana este la urma urmelor
16:14
in our own tradition, is something holy.
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propria noastra traditie, ca este ceva sfant.
16:17
It's not about nutrients and calories.
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Nu e vorba despre nutrienti si calorii.
16:19
It's about sharing. It's about honesty. It's about identity.
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E vorba despre impartasire. E vorba despre onestitate. E vorba despre identitate.
16:23
Who said this so beautifully was Mahatma Gandhi,
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Cel care a spus acest lucru atat de frumos a fost Mahatma Gandhi,
16:26
75 years ago, when he spoke about bread.
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acum 75 de ani, cand a vorbit despre paine.
16:29
He did not speak about rice, in India. He said,
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Nu a vorbit despre orez. In India a spus
16:32
"To those who have to go without two meals a day,
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"Pentru cei care nu pot manca doua mese pe zi,
16:36
God can only appear as bread."
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Dumnezeu poate aparea doar ca paine."
16:39
And so as I'm finishing my bread here --
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Si asa sunt pe cale sa-mi termin de facut painea --
16:43
and I've been baking it, and I'll try not to burn my hands.
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si a trebuit sa o coc. Si voi incerca sa nu-mi ard mainile.
16:47
Let me share
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Haide sa o impart
16:49
with those of you here in the first row.
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cu cei care sunt in primul rand aici.
16:51
Let me share some of the food with you.
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Lasati-ma sa impart niste mancare voi.
16:53
Take some of my bread.
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Luati un pic din painea mea.
16:55
And as you eat it, and as you try it --
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Si in timp ce o mancati si o incercati --
16:58
please come and stand up.
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va rog veniti si sa va ridicati.
17:00
Have some of it.
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Luati putin din ea.
17:02
I want you to think that every bite connects you
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Vreau sa va ganditi ca fiecare inghititura va conecteaza cu
17:05
to the past and the future:
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trecutul si cu viitorul,
17:07
to these anonymous farmers,
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cu acei fermieri anonimi,
17:09
that first bred the first wheat varieties;
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care au facut paine pentru prima data din primele soiuri de grau,
17:13
and to the farmers of today,
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si cu fermierii de azi,
17:15
who've been making this. And you don't even know who they are.
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care fac acest tip de paine. Si nici macar nu stiti cine sunt.
17:18
Every meal you eat
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Fiecare masa pe care o mancati
17:20
contains ingredients from all across the world.
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contine ingrediente de peste tot din lume.
17:24
Everything makes us so privileged,
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Suntem atat de privilegiati
17:27
that we can eat this food, that we don't struggle every day.
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ca putem manca aceste alimente si ca nu ne chinuim in fiecare zi.
17:30
And that, I think,
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Si cred ca acest lucru
17:32
evolutionarily-speaking is unique.
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este unic, evolutiv vorbind.
17:34
We've never had that before.
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Niciodata nu s-a mai intamplat asa ceva.
17:36
So enjoy your bread.
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Bucurati-va deci de paine.
17:38
Eat it, and feel privileged.
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Mancati-o si simtiti-va privilegiati.
17:40
Thank you very much.
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Multumesc foarte mult.
17:42
(Applause)
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(Aplauze)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Louise Fresco - Food and agriculture expertA powerful thinker and globe-trotting advisor on sustainability, Louise Fresco says it's time to think of food as a topic of social and economic importance on par with oil -- that responsible agriculture and food consumption are crucial to world stability.
Why you should listen
As food, climate and water crises loom, Louise Fresco is looking hard at how we cultivate our crops and tend our livestock on a global scale. An expert on agriculture and sustainability, Fresco shows how cities and rural communities will remain tied through food, even as populations and priorities shift among them.
A former UN director, a contributor to think tanks and an advisor to academies in Europe and the United States, Fresco has noted how social unrest is made worse by hunger, poverty, environmental problems -- and modernization. Responsible agriculture "provides the livelihood for every civilization," Fresco says, but adds that mere food aid is not a solution to world hunger. She hopes that smart, local solutions for food production will improve war-torn areas and ease the pressures of regulations on production.
Fresco teaches at the University of Amsterdam, writes on policy and economics for the Dutch paper NRC Handelsblad and is also a popular novelist.
Louise Fresco | Speaker | TED.com