TED2009
Louise Fresco: We need to feed the whole world
Louise Fresco 談世界糧食供應
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Louise Fresco認為我們應該重視大規模生產、超市所販賣的白麵包。她認為大規模的農耕才能為全世界提供足夠的糧食，但也認為小型麵包烘焙坊和傳統生產模式仍有存在必要。
Louise Fresco - Food and agriculture expert
A powerful thinker and globe-trotting advisor on sustainability, Louise Fresco says it's time to think of food as a topic of social and economic importance on par with oil -- that responsible agriculture and food consumption are crucial to world stability. Full bio
A powerful thinker and globe-trotting advisor on sustainability, Louise Fresco says it's time to think of food as a topic of social and economic importance on par with oil -- that responsible agriculture and food consumption are crucial to world stability. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I'm not at all a cook.
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我不是一位廚師，
00:14
So don't fear, this is not going to be a cooking demonstration.
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所以別害怕，我不是來示範如何烹飪的，
00:17
But I do want to talk to you about something
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我想要跟各位談一些
00:19
that I think is dear to all of us.
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我覺得對每一個人都很重要的事情，
00:22
And that is bread -- something which is as simple
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也就是麵包，就是我們人類
00:25
as our basic, most fundamental human staple.
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最基本的主食。
00:29
And I think few of us spend the day
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很少有人一整天
00:32
without eating bread in some form.
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都沒吃到一塊麵包，
00:35
Unless you're on one of these Californian low-carb diets,
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除非你崇尚的是加州低碳水化合物的飲食，
00:39
bread is standard.
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否則麵包應該是標準飲食。
00:41
Bread is not only standard in the Western diet.
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對西方人而言，麵包不只是標準飲食而已，
00:43
As I will show to you, it is actually
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我待會兒會讓你們知道，
00:45
the mainstay of modern life.
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麵包還是現代生活的支柱。
00:48
So I'm going to bake bread for you.
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我要幫你們烤一些麵包，
00:50
In the meantime I'm also talking to you,
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順便再說說話，
00:53
so my life is going to complicated. Bear with me.
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所以會有點複雜，請容忍一下。
00:56
First of all, a little bit of audience participation.
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首先，我要讓你們也參與一下，
01:00
I have two loaves of bread here.
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我這裡有二條麵包，
01:03
One is a supermarket standard:
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一條是超市裡賣的標準麵包，
01:06
white bread, pre-packaged,
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白麵包、包裝過的麵包，
01:08
which I'm told is called a Wonderbread.
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有人說這是「神奇麵包」。
01:11
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
01:12
I didn't know this word until I arrived.
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來之前我還不知道有人這樣稱呼這種麵包。
01:14
And this is more or less,
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這一條則是
01:17
a whole-meal, handmade,
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手工製作的全麥麵包，
01:19
small-bakery loaf of bread.
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由小型烘焙坊所製作的麵包。
01:21
Here we go. I want to see a show of hands.
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好，現在我要你們舉手投票，
01:24
Who prefers the whole-meal bread?
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喜歡全麥麵包的請舉手？
01:29
Okay let me do this differently. Is anybody preferring the Wonderbread at all?
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好，我們再試另外一種，有誰喜歡「神奇麵包」？
01:33
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
01:34
I have two tentative male hands.
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有二個男性伸出他們猶豫的手哦...
01:38
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
01:41
Okay, now the question is really,
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好，真正的問題來了，
01:44
why is this so?
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為什麼會這樣？
01:46
And I think it is because
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我認為這是因為
01:48
we feel that this kind of bread
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大家覺得這種麵包
01:51
really is about authenticity.
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比較真實，
01:54
It's about a traditional way of living.
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代表我們傳統的生活方式，
01:57
A way that is perhaps more real, more honest.
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比較真實、也比較誠實。
02:01
This is an image from Tuscany, where we feel
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這是來自托斯卡尼的印象，我們認為
02:04
agriculture is still about beauty.
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那裡的農業很美，
02:06
And life is really, too.
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生活也很美，
02:08
And this is about good taste, good traditions.
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吃這種麵包就表示有品味、重視傳統。
02:12
Why do we have this image?
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我們為什麼會有這種印象？
02:14
Why do we feel that this is more true than this?
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為什麼我們會覺得這種麵包會比這種來得真實？
02:19
Well I think it has a lot to do with our history.
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我覺得這和我們的歷史有關，
02:22
In the 10,000 years since agriculture evolved,
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自從農業發展一萬年以來，
02:25
most of our ancestors have actually been agriculturalists
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我們大部分的祖先都從事農業，
02:29
or they were closely related to food production.
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或是從事和食物生產極為相關的行業，
02:32
And we have this mythical image
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所以我們才會有這種錯誤的印象，
02:34
of how life was in rural areas in the past.
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認為以前的人都是住在鄉村，
02:38
Art has helped us to maintain that kind of image.
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而藝術作品也強化了這種印象，
02:41
It was a mythical past.
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讓我們誤解了過去的生活。
02:44
Of course, the reality is quite different.
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當然，真實情形是截然不同的，
02:46
These poor farmers
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這些窮苦的農夫，
02:48
working the land by hand or with their animals,
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用雙手或牲畜在農地上工作，
02:50
had yield levels that are comparable
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他們所產出的糧食數量
02:53
to the poorest farmers today in West Africa.
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僅能和今日西非最窮苦的農夫相比。
02:56
But we have, somehow,
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但我們竟然
02:58
in the course of the last few centuries, or even decades,
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在過去幾個世紀、甚至幾十年裡，
03:02
started to cultivate an image of
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對過去的農村生活
03:04
a mythical, rural agricultural past.
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產生了錯誤的印象。
03:08
It was only 200 years ago
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工業革命迄今，
03:10
that we had the advent of the Industrial Revolution.
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也不過二百年而已，
03:13
And while I'm starting to make some bread for you here,
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在我一邊幫你們烘烤麵包的同時，
03:16
it's very important to understand
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我要讓你們知道，
03:18
what that revolution did to us.
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工業革命對我們造成了什麼影響。
03:21
It brought us power. It brought us mechanization, fertilizers.
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工業革命帶來了電力、機械和肥料，
03:27
And it actually drove up our yields.
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提昇了農業生產力，
03:29
And even sort of horrible things, like picking beans by hand,
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就連以往最難處理的部分，像是用手挑揀豆子，
03:33
can now be done automatically.
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都可以用自動機械來取代。
03:36
All that is a real, great improvement, as we shall see.
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這是一大改善，也是很棒的改善。
03:41
Of course we also, particularly in the last decade,
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尤其是在過去十年裡，
03:45
managed to envelop the world
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我們形成了一個全球交易市場，
03:47
in a dense chain of supermarkets,
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我們試圖把整個世界
03:50
in a chain of global trade.
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都裝進超級市場裡，
03:53
And it means that you now eat products,
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這表示你現在所吃的食物，
03:55
which can come from all around the world.
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有可能來自全世界各地，
03:58
That is the reality of our modern life.
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這才是我們現代生活的真實樣貌。
04:01
Now you may prefer this loaf of bread.
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你現在可能比較喜歡這條麵包，
04:05
Excuse my hands but this is how it is.
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原諒我的手很髒，但做麵包就是會這樣，
04:08
But actually the real relevant bread,
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實際上過去真正的麵包，
04:11
historically, is this white Wonder loaf.
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其實是這條「神奇麵包」白麵包，
04:15
And don't despise the white bread
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而且不要瞧不起這條白麵包，
04:18
because it really, I think,
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因為我認為，
04:21
symbolizes the fact that bread and food
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這條白麵包象徵了我們的麵包及食物
04:24
have become plentiful and affordable to all.
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豐腴無缺，而且每個人都買得起；
04:28
And that is a feat that we
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這個輝煌的成績，
04:30
are not really conscious of that much.
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雖不被世人所重視，
04:33
But it has changed the world.
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但卻改變了全世界。
04:35
This tiny bread that is tasteless in some ways
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這塊小麵包嚐起來淡而無味，
04:38
and has a lot of problems
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還有許多瑕疵，
04:40
has changed the world.
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卻改變了世界。
04:43
So what is happening?
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到底發生了什麼事？
04:45
Well the best way to look at that is to do a tiny bit of simplistic statistics.
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要瞭解這件事，最簡單的作法就是做一份簡單的統計。
04:49
With the advent of the Industrial Revolution
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由於工業革命的興起，
04:52
with modernization of agriculture
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在過去數十年間，
04:54
in the last few decades, since the 1960s,
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帶來農業現代化，自1960年起，
04:58
food availability, per head, in this world,
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世界上每個人所能享有的食物，
05:01
has increased by 25 percent.
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已增加了百分之25。
05:04
And the world population in the meantime has doubled.
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在此同時，全世界的人口亦增加了一倍之多，
05:08
That means that we have now more food available
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這表示，我們現在所能享有的食物，
05:11
than ever before in human history.
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是人類有史以來最多的時刻。
05:13
And that is the result, directly,
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這得歸功於
05:15
of being so successful
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我們在擴展
05:17
at increasing the scale and volume of our production.
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農業的規模及產量上的非凡成就，
05:21
And this is true, as you can see, for all countries,
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而且每個國家都有相同的成就，
05:24
including the so-called developing countries.
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就連開發中國家也是如此。
05:26
What happened to our bread in the meantime?
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在這期間，我們的麵包發生了什麼事？
05:29
As food became plentiful here,
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由於食物的供給變多，
05:31
it also meant that we were able to decrease
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這表示我們可以減少
05:33
the number of people working in agriculture
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農業勞動人口，
05:37
to something like, on average, in the high income countries,
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在高收入國家裡，平均來說，
05:41
five percent or less of the population.
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大約只有低於百分之五的人從事農業，
05:45
In the U.S. only one percent of the people are actually farmers.
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美國則只有百分之一的人口務農。
05:49
And it frees us all up to do other things --
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這讓我們其他人有餘力去做其他事情，
05:52
to sit at TED meetings and not to worry about our food.
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像是坐在這裡聽TED演講，而不必擔心食物沒有著落。
05:55
That is, historically, a really unique situation.
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這在人類的歷史上，的確是非常特殊的情況，
05:59
Never before has the responsibility to feed the world
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在此之前，歷史上從來沒有一刻，
06:03
been in the hands of so few people.
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由這麼少的人負起供應全世界糧食的重任；
06:05
And never before have so many people
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而歷史上也從來沒有發生過，
06:08
been oblivious of that fact.
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有這麼多人不必擔心糧食問題。
06:11
So as food became more plentiful, bread became cheaper.
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一旦食物供給增加，麵包也變得便宜了；
06:15
And as it became cheaper, bread manufacturers decided to add in all kinds of things.
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一旦麵包變得便宜，麵包工廠就決定加入其他材料，
06:19
We added in more sugar.
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像是加更多的糖、
06:21
We add in raisins and oil and milk
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葡萄乾、油和牛奶等，
06:27
and all kinds of things to make bread,
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加入各種材料來製作麵包，
06:29
from a simple food into kind of a support for calories.
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把麵包從單純的食物變成會增加卡路里的食物。
06:34
And today, bread now is associated with obesity,
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現在，麵包已和肥胖連在一起了，
06:38
which is very strange.
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這真的很奇怪，
06:40
It is the basic, most fundamental food
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因為麵包是我們過去一千年來所吃的
06:42
that we've had in the last ten thousand years.
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最基本的食物。
06:45
Wheat is the most important crop -- the first crop we domesticated
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小麥是最重要的農作物，也是我們最早開始耕作、
06:49
and the most important crop we still grow today.
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到目前還在持續耕作的最重要的農作物，
06:51
But this is now this strange concoction
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但是卻因為現代添加了許多奇怪的材料，
06:54
of high calories.
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而被視為高卡路里的食物，
06:56
And that's not only true in this country,
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而且不只我們國家的人民這麼想，
06:59
it is true all over the world.
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全世界的人都這麼想。
07:01
Bread has migrated to tropical countries,
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麵包已經傳到熱帶國家了，
07:03
where the middle classes now eat French rolls and hamburgers
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那裡的中產階級享用著法國捲和漢堡，
07:07
and where the commuters
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通勤的人
07:10
find bread much more handy to use
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則發現麵包比米飯或樹薯粉做成的食物
07:12
than rice or cassava.
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更易於攜帶。
07:14
So bread has become from a main staple,
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所以麵包已經從主食的角色，
07:18
a source of calories
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變成卡路里的來源，
07:20
associated with obesity
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還和肥胖扯上關係，
07:22
and also a source of modernity,
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同時也代表了時尚
07:24
of modern life.
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和現代化的生活。
07:26
And the whiter the bread, in many countries, the better it is.
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在許多國家裡，愈白的麵包就表示愈好，
07:29
So this is the story of bread as we know it now.
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這就是我們現在所認識的麵包。
07:32
But of course the price of mass production
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但是，大規模的農業生產
07:36
has been that we moved large-scale.
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是要付出代價的，
07:39
And large-scale has meant destruction of many of our landscapes,
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大規模農作就表示要破壞我們的景觀、
07:43
destruction of biodiversity --
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破壞生物的多樣性，
07:45
still a lonely emu here
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這裡有隻孤單的鴯鶓，
07:47
in the Brazilian cerrado soybean fields.
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站在巴西生態保護區的黃豆田裡。
07:50
The costs have been tremendous --
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我們付出了昂貴的代價，
07:52
water pollution, all the things you know about, destruction of our habitats.
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包括水源污染、生態破壞，以及你所知道的一切破壞。
07:56
What we need to do is to go back to understanding what our food is about.
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我們現在要做的，是回過頭去瞭解我們所吃的食物，
08:01
And this is where I have to query all of you.
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這也是我要問你們的問題，
08:03
How many of you can actually tell wheat apart from other cereals?
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你們有誰能分辨小麥和其他穀物？
08:07
How many of you actually can make a bread
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你們有誰可以用這種方法製作麵包，
08:10
in this way, without starting with a bread machine
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而不需要使用麵包機，
08:13
or just some kind of packaged flavor?
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或是不添加人工香料？
08:17
Can you actually bake bread? Do you know how much a loaf of bread actually costs?
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你會烘烤麵包嗎？你知道一條麵包的真正價值嗎？
08:21
We have become very removed
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我們現在已經變得
08:23
from what our bread really is,
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愈來愈不瞭解麵包的真正意義，
08:25
which, again, evolutionarily speaking,
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以演化的角度來說，
08:27
is very strange.
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這是很奇怪的事。
08:29
In fact not many of you know that
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事實上，你們之中可能只有
08:31
our bread, of course, was not a European invention.
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少數人知道麵包不是歐洲人發明的，
08:33
It was invented by farmers in Iraq
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麵包其實是伊拉克
08:35
and Syria in particular.
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和敘利亞的農夫發明的。
08:37
The tiny spike on the left to the center
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從左邊到中間的這些麥穗，
08:40
is actually the forefather of wheat.
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其實是小麥的祖先，
08:43
This is where it all comes from,
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這是小麥的演化過程。
08:45
and where these farmers who actually, ten thousand years ago,
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一千年以前，農夫就是用這些小麥
08:48
put us on the road of bread.
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為我們製作出麵包的，
08:51
Now it is not surprising
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但現在，
08:53
that with this massification and large-scale production,
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在我們擁有大規模生產的能力之後，
08:56
there is a counter-movement that emerged --
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竟然產生了一股相反的潮流，
08:58
very much also here in California.
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加州也興起這股潮流，
09:00
The counter-movement says, "Let's go back to this.
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這股潮流倡議：「我們要回歸過去，
09:03
Let's go back to traditional farming.
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回歸過去的傳統農業，
09:05
Let's go back to small-scale, to farmers' markets,
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重回小規模農作，讓農夫經營自己的小型市場，
09:09
small bakeries and all that." Wonderful.
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我們要小型的麵包烘焙坊。」很棒吧？
09:12
Don't we all agree? I certainly agree.
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有誰會不同意？我就很贊成。
09:14
I would love to go back to Tuscany
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我也希望能重回托斯卡尼的生活，
09:16
to this kind of traditional setting,
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那裡有傳統的擺設、
09:18
gastronomy, good food.
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傳統的烹調方式，還有美味的食物。
09:20
But this is a fallacy.
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但是這種論調不對，
09:22
And the fallacy comes from idealizing
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這種論調是把我們過去的生活理想化了，
09:25
a past that we have forgotten about.
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但過去生活的真實樣貌卻沒人記得。
09:28
If we do this, if we want to stay with traditional small-scale farming
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如果我們真的這樣做，真的回復到傳統的小規模農作，
09:32
we are going, actually, to relegate
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我們將會讓這些農夫回復到
09:35
these poor farmers and their husbands --
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沒水、沒電的日子，
09:38
among whom I have lived for many years,
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整天只想著如何提高產量，
09:40
working without electricity and water, to try to improve their food production --
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我在過去數年已陪伴許多農夫度過這種日子。
09:43
we relegate them to poverty.
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我們會讓他們再度體會貧窮，
09:46
What they want are implements
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農夫所需要的就是
09:48
to increase their production:
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能幫助他們提高產量的農具，
09:50
something to fertilize the soil,
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像是能滋養土地的肥料，
09:52
something to protect their crop and to bring it to a market.
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讓他們能保護他們的農作，以便到市場販賣。
09:55
We cannot just think that small-scale
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我們不能以為小規模農作
09:57
is the solution to the world food problem.
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可以解決世界糧食問題，
10:00
It's a luxury solution for us who can afford it,
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那是我們這種負擔得起的人想出來的奢侈方法，
10:03
if you want to afford it.
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還得要你願意負擔才行。
10:05
In fact we do not want this poor woman
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事實上，我們不希望看到這位窮苦的女性
10:07
to work the land like this.
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像這樣在農地上工作。
10:09
If we say just small-scale production,
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如果我們說小規模農作
10:11
as is the tendency here,
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只是這裡的趨勢而已，
10:13
to go back to local food means that a poor man like Hans Rosling
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我們希望自給自足，但這就表示像Hans Rosling這種窮人，
10:16
cannot even eat oranges anymore
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再也吃不到橘子了，
10:18
because in Scandinavia we don't have oranges.
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因為斯堪地那維亞並不產橘子。
10:21
So local food production is out.
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所以自給自足這招行不通。
10:23
But also we do not want
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我們不希望
10:25
to relegate to poverty in the rural areas.
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鄉村回復到貧窮狀態，
10:28
And we do not want to relegate
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我們也不希望
10:30
the urban poor to starvation.
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都市裡的窮人挨餓，
10:33
So we must find other solutions.
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所以我們一定要找到其他的解決方法。
10:36
One of our problems is that world food production
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快速增加全球糧食供給
10:38
needs to increase very rapidly --
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會是我們首要解決的問題之一，
10:40
doubling by about 2030.
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在2030年前必須讓糧食供給倍增，
10:43
The main driver of that is actually meat.
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最主要的原因是肉品的消耗，
10:46
And meat consumption in Southeast Asia and China in particular
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因為在南亞及中國，肉品的消耗
10:49
is what drives the prices of cereals.
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導致穀物價格的波動。
10:54
That need for animal protein is going to continue.
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人們對動物性蛋白的需求量會持續增加，
10:58
We can discuss alternatives in another talk, perhaps one day,
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我們當然可以找一天來談談是否有其他替代方案，
11:01
but this is our driving force.
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但這確實是導致穀物需求增加的主要因素，
11:03
So what can we do?
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那我們該怎麼辦？
11:05
Can we find a solution to produce more?
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我們可以想什麼辦法來增加產量嗎？
11:09
Yes. But we need mechanization.
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可以的，但我們得靠機械化生產。
11:13
And I'm making a real plea here.
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在此，我要提出一個誠懇的呼籲，
11:15
I feel so strongly that you cannot ask a small farmer
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我強烈希望大家不要要求一個小農夫，
11:19
to work the land and bend over to grow a hectare of rice,
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在一公頃的稻田裡彎身工作，
11:22
150,000 times, just to plant a crop and weed it.
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他得彎身15萬次，才能種好所有的稻米，才能完成除草工作。
11:26
You cannot ask people to work under these conditions.
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你不能要求任何人在這種環境下工作，
11:29
We need clever low-key mechanization
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我們需要機械的幫助，
11:32
that avoids the problems of the large-scale mechanization that we've had.
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但我們不要大規模機械耕種所會帶來的問題，
11:36
So what can we do?
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那我們該怎麼做？
11:38
We must feed three billion people in cities.
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我們要供應三十億都市人的糧食，
11:41
We will not do that through small farmers' markets
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小型農夫市場無法提供這種規模的糧食，
11:43
because these people have no small farmers' markets at their disposal.
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因為這些都市人口無法負擔小型農夫市場的價格，
11:47
They have low incomes. And they benefit
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他們的收入微薄，他們需要的是
11:50
from cheap, affordable, safe and diverse food.
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便宜、負擔得起的、安全的各類型食物，
11:53
That's what we must aim for in the next 20 to 30 years.
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這是我們未來20年到30年需要努力的目標。
11:56
But yes there are some solutions.
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但我們還有其他的解決方案，
11:58
And let me just do one simple conceptual thing:
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讓我先做一個簡單的概念性示範：
12:02
if I plot science as a proxy
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如果我把科學進步的程度當成衡量指標，
12:05
for control of the production process and scale.
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用以衡量生產的過程與規模，
12:09
What you see is that we've started
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你會看到在我們的左手邊，
12:11
in the left-hand corner with traditional agriculture,
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是傳統型的農業，
12:14
which was sort of small-scale and low-control.
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也就是小規模農作，可控制程度很低；
12:17
We've moved towards large-scale and very high control.
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接下來則向大規模農作發展，可控制程度很高。
12:21
What I want us to do is to keep up the science and even get more science in there
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我希望做的，是維持科學控制的程度，甚至提高控制程度，
12:26
but go to a kind of regional scale --
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以達到區域性規模，
12:28
not just in terms of the scale of the fields,
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也就是不以農地的規模做為衡量基準，
12:30
but in terms of the entire food network.
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而是以整個食物供應網絡做為基準，
12:33
That's where we should move.
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那是我們應該努力的目標。
12:35
And the ultimate may be, but it doesn't apply to cereals,
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最終的結果雖然不能適用在穀物上，
12:38
that we have entirely closed ecosystems --
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但我們最終會得到一個全然封閉的生態體系，
12:41
the horticultural systems right at the top left-hand corner.
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也就是園藝體系會落在這張圖的左上角。
12:45
So we need to think differently about agriculture science.
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所以我們得以不同的角度來思考農業科學，
12:49
Agriculture science for most people -- and there are not many farmers
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在座應該沒有幾個人務農，對大多數的人來說，
12:51
among you here --
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農業科學
12:53
has this name of being bad,
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一直代表著不好的意義，
12:56
of being about pollution, about large-scale,
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代表污染、代表大規模開發、
12:58
about the destruction of the environment.
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代表對環境的破壞，
13:00
That is not necessary.
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但這是不對的，
13:02
We need more science and not less. And we need good science.
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我們會需要科學的幫助，我們需要的是好的科學，
13:05
So what kind of science can we have?
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那我們可以運用什麼樣的科學？
13:07
Well first of all I think
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首先，我認為
13:09
we can do much better on the existing technologies.
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我們可以利用現有科技做更好的事情，
13:12
Use biotechnology where useful,
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我們可以利用生物科技，
13:14
particularly in pest and disease resistance.
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來對抗病蟲害；
13:17
There are also robots, for example,
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我們也可以利用機械，
13:19
who can recognize weeds
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幫助我們剷除雜草，
13:21
with a resolution of half an inch.
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只要機械的解晰度能達到半英吋即可；
13:24
We have much cleverer irrigation.
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我們有更先進的灌溉系統，
13:26
We do not need to spill the water if we don't want to.
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可以依我們的需求調節灑水時間。
13:30
And we need to think very dispassionately
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我們得平心靜氣地想一想，
13:33
about the comparative advantages
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小規模耕作與大規模耕作
13:35
of small-scale and large-scale.
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有什麼優缺點；
13:38
We need to think that land is multi-functional.
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我們也必須體認土地具有多重功能，
13:40
It has different functions.
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具有各種不同的功能，
13:42
There are different ways in which we must use it --
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我們可以多方面地運用土地，
13:45
for residential, for nature, for agriculture purposes.
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成為住宅區、自然保護區、農業區等。
13:48
And we also need to re-examine livestock.
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我們也得回頭看看畜牧業，
13:51
Go regional and go to urban food systems.
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看看整個區域，看看都市裡的糧食體系，
13:54
I want to see fish ponds in parking lots and basements.
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我希望看到停車場和地下室裡有養魚的池塘，
13:58
I want to have horticulture
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我希望看到
14:00
and greenhouses on top of residential areas.
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住宅區的屋頂上有園藝和溫室，
14:03
And I want to use the energy that comes from those greenhouses
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我希望我們能利用溫室
14:06
and from the fermentation of crops
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或農作物發酵所產生的熱能，
14:08
to heat our residential areas.
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為住宅區提供暖氣。
14:10
There are all kinds of ways we can do it.
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有各式各樣的方式可以做，
14:12
We cannot solve the world food problem
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我們可能不能運用生物農業
14:14
by using biological agriculture.
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來改善世界糧食問題，
14:16
But we can do a lot more.
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但我們可以做其他的事情。
14:19
And the main thing that I would really ask all of you
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我要拜託各位做一件事，
14:22
as you go back to your countries, or as you stay here:
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在你們回國之後，或就算你待在這裡，
14:25
ask your government for an integrated food policy.
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要求你們國家的政府提出一套完整的糧食政策，
14:29
Food is as important as energy,
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因為糧食就和能源、
14:32
as security, as the environment.
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國家安全、環境等一樣重要，
14:34
Everything is linked together.
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每件事都環環相扣。
14:36
So we can do that. In fact in a densely populated country
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這是我們能做的事。事實上，在人口稠密國家，
14:39
like the River Delta, where I live in the Netherlands,
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像是我所居住的荷蘭的河口三角洲地區，
14:42
we have combined these functions.
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就已經將不同功能的土地利用結合了，
14:44
So this is not science fiction. We can combine things
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這不是科幻小說的情節，我們真的可以結合不同功能，
14:47
even in a social sense of making
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舉例來說，我們可以把
14:49
the rural areas more accessible to people --
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鄉村地區移到更接近
14:51
to house, for example, the chronically sick.
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慢性病患者居住的地方。
14:54
There is all kinds of things we can do.
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我們可以做的事真的很多，
14:56
But there is something you must do. It's not enough for me to say,
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但有一件事你一定得做，不能只靠我在這裡說，
14:59
"Let's get more bold science into agriculture."
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「請為農業注入更多創新的科技元素」，
15:02
You must go back
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你得回去
15:04
and think about your own food chain.
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好好想想我們的食物供應鏈。
15:06
Talk to farmers. When was the last time
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你得和農夫們談談，
15:08
you went to a farm and talked to a farmer?
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你上次去農場和農夫交談是什麼時候？
15:10
Talk to people in restaurants.
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和餐廳裡的人聊聊，
15:12
Understand where you are in the food chain,
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瞭解你在食物鏈裡扮演什麼角色，
15:14
where your food comes from.
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瞭解你的食物從哪裡來，
15:16
Understand that you are part
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瞭解你自己就是
15:18
of this enormous chain of events.
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整個巨大體系的一環，
15:20
And that frees you up to do other things.
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這樣你才有餘裕去做其他的事情。
15:23
And above all, to me, food is about respect.
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對我來說，食物代表的是尊重，
15:27
It's about understanding, when you eat,
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當你享用食物的時候，你要瞭解
15:29
that there are also many people who are still in this situation,
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還有許多人還陷在
15:33
who are still struggling for their daily food.
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每日為糧食奔走的情況裡，
15:36
And the kind of simplistic solutions that we sometimes have,
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而我們偶爾興起的單純念頭，
15:39
to think that doing everything by hand
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認為用手工製作的東西，
15:41
is going to be the solution,
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就可以解決這種問題，
15:43
is really not morally justified.
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在道德上絕對站不住腳。
15:46
We need to help to lift them out of poverty.
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我們得幫助他們脫離貧窮，
15:48
We need to make them proud of being a farmer
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我們要讓他們以身為農人為榮，
15:52
because they allow us to survive.
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因為是他們幫助我們存活下來。
15:55
Never before, as I said,
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就如同我前面所說的，
15:57
has the responsibility for food
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歷史上從未有一刻
15:59
been in the hands of so few.
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能讓這麼少的人負起供應糧食的責任；
16:01
And never before have we had the luxury
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也從未有一刻能讓我們
16:03
of taking it for granted
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把這視為理所當然，
16:05
because it is now so cheap.
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只因為糧食的價格很低。
16:08
And I think there is nobody else who has expressed
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我想，除了在我們的傳統裡，
16:10
better, to me, the idea that food, in the end,
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認為食物是神聖的東西之外，
16:14
in our own tradition, is something holy.
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現在已經沒有人這樣想了。
16:17
It's not about nutrients and calories.
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食物不只帶給我們養份和卡路里，
16:19
It's about sharing. It's about honesty. It's about identity.
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食物也代表分享、誠實和身份地位。
16:23
Who said this so beautifully was Mahatma Gandhi,
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甘地曾在75年前，
16:26
75 years ago, when he spoke about bread.
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以優美的語句形容過麵包，
16:29
He did not speak about rice, in India. He said,
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而不是米飯，他說：
16:32
"To those who have to go without two meals a day,
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「對一天吃不到二餐的人來說，
16:36
God can only appear as bread."
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麵包就是上帝的神蹟。」
16:39
And so as I'm finishing my bread here --
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現在，我的麵包烤好了，
16:43
and I've been baking it, and I'll try not to burn my hands.
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我烤了有一陣子了，我會小心不要燙到手，
16:47
Let me share
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讓我和坐在第一排的人
16:49
with those of you here in the first row.
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一起分享這塊麵包，
16:51
Let me share some of the food with you.
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分享食物，
16:53
Take some of my bread.
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嚐嚐看我做的麵包。
16:55
And as you eat it, and as you try it --
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當你吃這塊麵包的時候--
16:58
please come and stand up.
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請站起來，靠過來，
17:00
Have some of it.
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你可以嚐嚐看。
17:02
I want you to think that every bite connects you
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我要你想像一下，每一口都能讓你
17:05
to the past and the future:
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想到過去與未來，
17:07
to these anonymous farmers,
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想到那些無名的農夫，
17:09
that first bred the first wheat varieties;
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想到第一次播種，想到早期小麥的品種，
17:13
and to the farmers of today,
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想到現代種植小麥的農夫，
17:15
who've been making this. And you don't even know who they are.
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雖然你不知道他們是誰。
17:18
Every meal you eat
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你所吃的每一餐，
17:20
contains ingredients from all across the world.
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食材都來自全世界，
17:24
Everything makes us so privileged,
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每一種食材都讓我們享有尊榮，
17:27
that we can eat this food, that we don't struggle every day.
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讓我們可以享用食物，但卻不必辛苦勞動。
17:30
And that, I think,
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因此，我認為，
17:32
evolutionarily-speaking is unique.
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這是演化過程裡的特別時刻，
17:34
We've never had that before.
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是前所未有的時刻。
17:36
So enjoy your bread.
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請好好享用你的麵包，
17:38
Eat it, and feel privileged.
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細細咀嚼，享受尊榮。
17:40
Thank you very much.
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謝謝大家。
17:42
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Louise Fresco - Food and agriculture expertA powerful thinker and globe-trotting advisor on sustainability, Louise Fresco says it's time to think of food as a topic of social and economic importance on par with oil -- that responsible agriculture and food consumption are crucial to world stability.
Why you should listen
As food, climate and water crises loom, Louise Fresco is looking hard at how we cultivate our crops and tend our livestock on a global scale. An expert on agriculture and sustainability, Fresco shows how cities and rural communities will remain tied through food, even as populations and priorities shift among them.
A former UN director, a contributor to think tanks and an advisor to academies in Europe and the United States, Fresco has noted how social unrest is made worse by hunger, poverty, environmental problems -- and modernization. Responsible agriculture "provides the livelihood for every civilization," Fresco says, but adds that mere food aid is not a solution to world hunger. She hopes that smart, local solutions for food production will improve war-torn areas and ease the pressures of regulations on production.
Fresco teaches at the University of Amsterdam, writes on policy and economics for the Dutch paper NRC Handelsblad and is also a popular novelist.
Louise Fresco | Speaker | TED.com