ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jonathan Haidt - Social psychologist
Jonathan Haidt studies how -- and why -- we evolved to be moral and political creatures.

Why you should listen

By understanding more about our moral psychology and its biases, Jonathan Haidt says we can design better institutions (including companies, universities and democracy itself), and we can learn to be more civil and open-minded toward those who are not on our team.

Haidt is a social psychologist whose research on morality across cultures led to his 2008 TED Talk on the psychological roots of the American culture war, and his 2013 TED Talk on how "common threats can make common ground." In both of those talks he asks, "Can't we all disagree more constructively?" Haidt's 2012 TED Talk explored the intersection of his work on morality with his work on happiness to talk about "hive psychology" -- the ability that humans have to lose themselves in groups pursuing larger projects, almost like bees in a hive. This hivish ability is crucial, he argues, for understanding the origins of morality, politics, and religion. These are ideas that Haidt develops at greater length in his book, The Righteous Mind: Why Good People are Divided by Politics and Religion.

Haidt joined New York University Stern School of Business in July 2011. He is the Thomas Cooley Professor of Ethical Leadership, based in the Business and Society Program. Before coming to Stern, Professor Haidt taught for 16 years at the University of Virginia in the department of psychology.

Haidt's writings appear frequently in the New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. He was named one of the top global thinkers by Foreign Policy magazine and by Prospect magazine. Haidt received a B.A. in Philosophy from Yale University, and an M.A. and Ph.D. in Psychology from the University of Pennsylvania.

More profile about the speaker
Jonathan Haidt | Speaker | TED.com
TED2012

Jonathan Haidt: Religion, evolution, and the ecstasy of self-transcendence

Jonathan Haidt:宗教信仰,進化論,與自我超越的狂喜

Filmed:
1,335,755 views

心理學家Jonathan Haidt 提出一個簡單卻難以回答的問題:人類為什麼追求自我超越?會願意犧牲小我?講者用進化論中的群體篩選論,以科學的角度來提供發人深省的答案。
- Social psychologist
Jonathan Haidt studies how -- and why -- we evolved to be moral and political creatures. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:15
I have a question for you:
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問你們一個問題:
00:18
Are you religious宗教?
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你有宗教信仰嗎?
00:20
Please raise提高 your hand right now
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如果你覺得你是個有宗教信仰的人
00:22
if you think of yourself你自己 as a religious宗教 person.
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請舉起你的手
00:25
Let's see, I'd say about three or four percent百分.
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看來有百分之三到四的人
00:28
I had no idea理念 there were so many許多 believers信徒 at a TEDTED Conference會議.
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沒想到TED聽眾還有這麼多宗教信徒
00:31
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
00:33
Okay, here's這裡的 another另一個 question:
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好,下一個問題:
00:35
Do you think of yourself你自己 as spiritual精神
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你覺得你是個有靈性的人嗎?
00:37
in any way, shape形狀 or form形成? Raise提高 your hand.
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無論各種型態,請舉手
00:39
Okay, that's the majority多數.
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好,大部分的人都是
00:42
My Talk today今天
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我今天的演講
00:44
is about the main主要 reason原因, or one of the main主要 reasons原因,
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是要解釋
00:46
why most people consider考慮 themselves他們自己
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為何我們人會認為自己屬靈
00:48
to be spiritual精神 in some way, shape形狀 or form形成.
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不管藉由什麼方法或型態
00:50
My Talk today今天 is about self-transcendence自我超越.
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我今天的演講有關"自我昇華"
00:53
It's just a basic基本 fact事實 about being存在 human人的
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這是個簡單的概念,有關我們人類
00:56
that sometimes有時 the self seems似乎 to just melt熔化 away.
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偶爾會不再以自我為中心
00:59
And when that happens發生,
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而當我們無私時
01:01
the feeling感覺 is ecstatic欣喜若狂
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會有種難以言喻的狂喜
01:04
and we reach達到 for metaphors隱喻 of up and down
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我們尋找各種言詞
01:06
to explain說明 these feelings情懷.
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來表達這種內心的悸動
01:08
We talk about being存在 uplifted抬升
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好比說"無比振奮"
01:10
or elevated提高的.
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或是"達到忘我的境界"
01:12
Now it's really hard to think about anything abstract抽象 like this
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光看字面實在是很難想像
01:15
without a good concrete具體 metaphor隱喻.
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這到底是什麼樣的感受
01:17
So here's這裡的 the metaphor隱喻 I'm offering today今天.
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所以我提供一個比喻來詮釋
01:20
Think about the mind心神 as being存在 like a house with many許多 rooms客房,
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想像你的腦是個大房子
01:23
most of which哪一個 we're very familiar with.
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我們很熟悉大多數的房間
01:26
But sometimes有時 it's as though雖然 a doorway門口 appears出現
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但有時候,會有一道門
01:29
from out of nowhere無處
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在我們面前突然出現
01:31
and it opens打開 onto a staircase樓梯.
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打開後是向上的階梯
01:34
We climb the staircase樓梯
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我們走上階梯
01:36
and experience經驗 a state of altered改變 consciousness意識.
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感受到一股強烈的心靈悸動
01:40
In 1902,
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在1902年
01:42
the great American美國 psychologist心理學家 William威廉 James詹姆士
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美國偉大的心理學家 William James
01:44
wrote about the many許多 varieties品種 of religious宗教 experience經驗.
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寫了有關各式的宗教經驗
01:47
He collected all kinds of case案件 studies學習.
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他蒐集自各種個案研究
01:49
He quoted the words of all kinds of people
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引用人們口中
01:51
who'd誰願意 had a variety品種 of these experiences經驗.
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多種的宗教體驗
01:53
One of the most exciting扣人心弦 to me
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其中有個例子非常有趣
01:55
is this young年輕 man, Stephen斯蒂芬 Bradley布拉德利,
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這個年輕人 Stephen Bradley
01:57
had an encounter遭遇, he thought, with Jesus耶穌 in 1820.
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在1820年,自認遇見了耶穌
02:00
And here's這裡的 what Bradley布拉德利 said about it.
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以下是 Bradley 的口述:
02:06
(Music音樂)
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(音樂)
02:09
(Video視頻) Stephen斯蒂芬 Bradley布拉德利: I thought I saw the savior救主 in human人的 shape形狀
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(影片) "我見到道成肉身的救世主了
02:12
for about one second第二 in the room房間,
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差不多有一秒鐘的時間,在房裡
02:14
with arms武器 extended擴展,
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張開雙臂
02:16
appearing出現 to say to me, "Come."
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彷彿對我說:到我這來
02:19
The next下一個 day I rejoiced歡欣鼓舞 with trembling發抖.
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隔天我興奮到發抖
02:22
My happiness幸福 was so great that I said I wanted to die.
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那無比的快樂讓我想立刻死去
02:25
This world世界 had no place地點 in my affections感情.
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我不再留戀世俗的一切
02:28
Previous以前 to this time,
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在這之前
02:30
I was very selfish自私 and self-righteous自以為是.
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我是個自私自利的人
02:32
But now I desired期望 the welfare福利 of all mankind人類
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但現在我心中充滿了大愛
02:35
and could, with a feeling感覺 heart,
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得以有顆飽富情感的心
02:37
forgive原諒 my worst最差 enemies敵人.
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能原諒我的敵人"
02:41
JHJH: So note注意
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所以注意到
02:43
how Bradley's布拉德利的 petty小氣, moralistic道德 self
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Bradley 的小我與私心
02:45
just dies on the way up the staircase樓梯.
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在登上那段台階後都消失了
02:47
And on this higher更高 level水平
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在這更高的層次裡
02:49
he becomes loving愛心 and forgiving寬容.
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他變得有愛,有憐憫
02:53
The world's世界 many許多 religions宗教 have found發現 so many許多 ways方法
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世界上,各宗教都有自己的方法
02:55
to help people climb the staircase樓梯.
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來幫助人們登上這道階梯
02:57
Some shut關閉 down the self using運用 meditation冥想.
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有人坐禪來忘我
02:59
Others其他 use psychedelic迷幻 drugs毒品.
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有人用迷幻藥
03:01
This is from a 16th century世紀 Aztec阿茲特克 scroll滾動
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這是16世紀阿茲提克手繪
03:05
showing展示 a man about to eat a psilocybin裸蓋菇鹼 mushroom蘑菇
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圖中的男子正在吃迷幻菇
03:08
and at the same相同 moment時刻 get yanked猛拉 up the staircase樓梯 by a god.
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同時,神來將他「拽上階梯」
03:12
Others其他 use dancing跳舞, spinning紡織 and circling盤旋
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另外有的用跳舞、轉圈和繞圈
03:14
to promote促進 self-transcendence自我超越.
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來達到自我昇華的境界
03:16
But you don't need a religion宗教 to get you through通過 the staircase樓梯.
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但你不需經由信仰來自我昇華
03:19
Lots of people find self-transcendence自我超越 in nature性質.
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許多人在大自然裡找到方式
03:22
Others其他 overcome克服 their self at raves胡言亂語.
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有的可以在狂歡中得到解放
03:25
But here's這裡的 the weirdest最奇怪的 place地點 of all:
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但,其中最奇怪的管道是
03:28
war戰爭.
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戰爭
03:30
So many許多 books圖書 about war戰爭 say the same相同 thing,
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許多關於戰爭的書籍都提過
03:32
that nothing brings帶來 people together一起
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世界上沒有任何方法能像戰爭
03:34
like war戰爭.
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把人緊密的凝聚在一起
03:36
And that bringing使 them together一起 opens打開 up the possibility可能性
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這種群體意識加強了人們
03:39
of extraordinary非凡 self-transcendent自我超越 experiences經驗.
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超脫自我的體驗
03:42
I'm going to play for you an excerpt摘抄
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我將從Glenn Gray的書
03:44
from this book by Glenn格倫 Gray灰色.
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摘出一段做舉例
03:46
Gray灰色 was a soldier士兵 in the American美國 army軍隊 in World世界 War戰爭 IIII.
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Gray當時是二次世界大戰的美國軍人
03:49
And after the war戰爭 he interviewed採訪 a lot of other soldiers士兵
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戰後他去拜訪了許多當時有參戰的軍人
03:52
and wrote about the experience經驗 of men男人 in battle戰鬥.
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之後寫了關於軍人在戰場的經驗
03:54
Here's這裡的 a key passage通道
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在裡面有個重要段落
03:56
where he basically基本上 describes介紹 the staircase樓梯.
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描述他達到那境界的過程
04:01
(Video視頻) Glenn格倫 Gray灰色: Many許多 veterans老兵 will admit承認
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(影片) Glenn Gray:許多退役軍人都承認
04:03
that the experience經驗 of communal公社 effort功夫 in battle戰鬥
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在戰場上,大家是榮辱與共的
04:06
has been the high point of their lives生活.
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而這也是他們人生的高峰
04:09
"I" passes通行證 insensibly傻呼呼 into a "we,"
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「我」變成「我們」
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"my" becomes "our"
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「我的」變成「我們的」
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and individual個人 faith信仰
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而個人價值
04:16
loses失去 its central中央 importance重要性.
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失去了意義
04:19
I believe that it is nothing less
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我相信,沒有甚麼
04:21
than the assurance保證 of immortality不朽
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比永恆不朽的榮譽
04:24
that makes品牌 self-sacrifice自我犧牲 at these moments瞬間
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更能讓自我犧牲奉獻
04:27
so relatively相對 easy簡單.
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變得容易
04:30
I may可能 fall秋季, but I do not die,
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我也許會死,但我的意念不會
04:33
for that which哪一個 is real真實 in me goes forward前鋒
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我的意念會傳承給
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and lives生活 on in the comrades同志
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那些和我有過命之交
04:38
for whom I gave up my life.
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的好夥伴們
04:42
JHJH: So what all of these cases have in common共同
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這些例子都有一個共通點
04:45
is that the self seems似乎 to thin out, or melt熔化 away,
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自我變得渺小,甚至不重要
04:48
and it feels感覺 good, it feels感覺 really good,
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但卻讓人們自我感覺更良好
04:50
in a way totally完全 unlike不像 anything we feel in our normal正常 lives生活.
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這些都是我們平常生活中很難感受到的
04:53
It feels感覺 somehow不知何故 uplifting令人振奮.
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是一種昇華的感覺
04:56
This idea理念 that we move移動 up was central中央 in the writing寫作
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這觀點在法國有名的社會學家
04:59
of the great French法國 sociologist社會學家 Emile埃米爾 Durkheim塗爾幹.
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Emile Durkheim的著作中十分重要
05:02
Durkheim塗爾幹 even called us Homo智人 duplex雙工,
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Durkheim甚至稱我們為雙面人
05:04
or two-level二級 man.
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或雙階人
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The lower降低 level水平 he called the level水平 of the profane粗俗.
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他說低階那面是世俗的
05:09
Now profane粗俗 is the opposite對面 of sacred神聖.
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世俗是超然的反面
05:12
It just means手段 ordinary普通 or common共同.
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意思是平凡或普通
05:14
And in our ordinary普通 lives生活 we exist存在 as individuals個人.
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在日常生活中,我們都是獨立生活的
05:17
We want to satisfy滿足 our individual個人 desires慾望.
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我們都希望滿足自我的慾望
05:20
We pursue追求 our individual個人 goals目標.
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追求自己的目標
05:22
But sometimes有時 something happens發生
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但有時一些事情發生
05:24
that triggers觸發器 a phase change更改.
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改變這個型態
05:26
Individuals個人 unite團結
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人與人開始聯合
05:28
into a team球隊, a movement運動 or a nation國家,
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產生隊伍、社會運動或國家
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which哪一個 is far more than the sum of its parts部分.
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所產生的力量大於個人的總和
05:34
Durkheim塗爾幹 called this level水平 the level水平 of the sacred神聖
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Durkheim稱這為超然的階段
05:37
because he believed相信 that the function功能 of religion宗教
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他深信宗教的作用
05:39
was to unite團結 people into a group,
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就是把一群人聚在一起
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into a moral道德 community社區.
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最終變成道德社群
05:44
Durkheim塗爾幹 believed相信 that anything that unites聯信 us
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Durkheim相信任何凝聚人群的因素
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takes on an air空氣 of sacredness神聖.
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都會無形中被視為神聖
05:49
And once一旦 people circle around
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當人們圍繞著
05:51
some sacred神聖 object目的 or value,
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神聖的東西或價值觀
05:53
they'll他們會 then work as a team球隊 and fight鬥爭 to defend保衛 it.
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他們會一起合作保護它
05:56
Durkheim塗爾幹 wrote
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Durkheim提到
05:58
about a set of intense激烈 collective集體 emotions情緒
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一股強烈的集體情緒
06:00
that accomplish完成 this miracle奇蹟 of E pluribus合眾為 unumUNUM,
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可以讓人奇蹟般的合而為一
06:03
of making製造 a group out of individuals個人.
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將個人組織成團體
06:05
Think of the collective集體 joy喜悅 in Britain英國
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試想二次世界大戰結束時
06:08
on the day World世界 War戰爭 IIII ended結束.
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英國普世歡騰的氣氛
06:11
Think of the collective集體 anger憤怒 in Tahrir塔利爾 Square廣場,
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和當時在埃及解放廣場的集體怒氣
06:14
which哪一個 brought down a dictator獨裁者.
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讓獨裁者被推翻
06:17
And think of the collective集體 grief哀思
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還有美國
06:19
in the United聯合的 States狀態
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在9/11後
06:21
that we all felt, that brought us all together一起,
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那種集體悲傷
06:24
after 9/11.
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讓我們團結一心
06:27
So let me summarize總結 where we are.
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到此讓我先做個結論
06:30
I'm saying that the capacity容量 for self-transcendence自我超越
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超脫自我
06:32
is just a basic基本 part部分 of being存在 human人的.
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其實只是人類的基本能力
06:35
I'm offering the metaphor隱喻
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我說了那腦海中
06:37
of a staircase樓梯 in the mind心神.
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登上階梯的比喻
06:39
I'm saying we are Homo智人 duplex雙工
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我們身為雙面人
06:41
and this staircase樓梯 takes us up from the profane粗俗 level水平
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而這階梯會引領我們從平凡境界
06:44
to the level水平 of the sacred神聖.
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到達非凡的境界
06:46
When we climb that staircase樓梯,
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當我們攀爬那階梯時
06:48
self-interest自我利益 fades away,
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自我利益不再重要
06:50
we become成為 just much less self-interested自利,
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我們不再這麼自私
06:52
and we feel as though雖然 we are better, nobler高貴
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我們覺得自己更加美好,更高貴
06:54
and somehow不知何故 uplifted抬升.
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甚至感到振奮
06:57
So here's這裡的 the million-dollar百萬美元 question
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至此,對像我一樣的社會科學家
07:00
for social社會 scientists科學家們 like me:
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有一個極其重要的問題:
07:02
Is the staircase樓梯
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這座階梯
07:04
a feature特徵 of our evolutionary發展的 design設計?
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是不是我們自進化所得來的?
07:07
Is it a product產品 of natural自然 selection選擇,
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還是就好像我們的雙手
07:10
like our hands?
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是與生俱來的?
07:12
Or is it a bug竊聽器, a mistake錯誤 in the system系統 --
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或是它根本就是系統出錯
07:15
this religious宗教 stuff東東 is just something
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宗教這東西就像是
07:17
that happens發生 when the wires電線 cross交叉 in the brain --
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大腦中的線路錯接突然產生的現象
07:20
Jill吉爾 has a stroke行程 and she has this religious宗教 experience經驗,
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Jill中風時,她也有這宗教的經驗
07:22
it's just a mistake錯誤?
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這只是一時的出錯嗎?
07:24
Well many許多 scientists科學家們 who study研究 religion宗教 take this view視圖.
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許多研究宗教的科學家是這麼認為的
07:28
The New Atheists無神論者, for example,
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像是,新無神論者
07:30
argue爭論 that religion宗教 is a set of memes模因,
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覺得宗教是一系列的模仿
07:32
sort分類 of parasitic寄生 memes模因,
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一種寄生的模仿
07:34
that get inside our minds頭腦
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會入侵我們的想法
07:36
and make us do all kinds of crazy religious宗教 stuff東東,
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影響我們做出一系列瘋狂的宗教行為
07:39
self-destructive自我毀滅 stuff東東, like suicide自殺 bombing轟炸.
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或是自我毀滅,像是人體炸彈
07:41
And after all,
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最終
07:43
how could it ever be good for us
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失去自我對我們來說
07:45
to lose失去 ourselves我們自己?
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真的好嗎?
07:47
How could it ever be adaptive自適應
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不管任何生物體
07:49
for any organism生物
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怎樣可能有辦法
07:51
to overcome克服 self-interest自我利益?
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克服自我私利?
07:54
Well let me show顯示 you.
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讓我來告訴你
07:56
In "The Descent降落 of Man,"
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在《人類的起源》裡
07:58
Charles查爾斯 Darwin達爾文 wrote a great deal合同
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達爾文寫了許多
08:00
about the evolution演化 of morality道德 --
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關於道德進化論這件事
08:02
where did it come from, why do we have it.
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道德是從哪來的? 我們怎麼會擁有它?
08:05
Darwin達爾文 noted注意 that many許多 of our virtues美德
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達爾文指出了許多人性的美德
08:07
are of very little use to ourselves我們自己,
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只有極小部分有利於我們
08:09
but they're of great use to our groups.
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但是對我們的社群卻是極其有利的
08:11
He wrote about the scenario腳本
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他寫了一篇例子
08:13
in which哪一個 two tribes部落 of early humans人類
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早期人類有兩個部落
08:15
would have come in contact聯繫 and competition競爭.
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會交流和比賽
08:17
He said, "If the one tribe部落 included包括
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他說:"如果其中一方擁有
08:20
a great number of courageous勇敢, sympathetic有同情心
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較多有膽量,有同情心
08:22
and faithful可信 members會員
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又忠誠的人民
08:24
who are always ready準備 to aid援助 and defend保衛 each other,
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且隨時願意幫助和保護別人
08:26
this tribe部落 would succeed成功 better
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這個部落肯定會比較成功
08:28
and conquer征服 the other."
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並且征服另一個部落"
08:30
He went on to say that "Selfish自私 and contentious爭議 people
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他還說:"自私和愛爭吵的人
08:32
will not cohere粘著,
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無法凝聚一起
08:34
and without coherence相干性
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缺少同心協力
08:36
nothing can be effected影響."
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甚麼事情都不會有效果"
08:38
In other words,
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換句話說
08:40
Charles查爾斯 Darwin達爾文 believed相信
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達爾文相信
08:42
in group selection選擇.
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群體篩選
08:44
Now this idea理念 has been very controversial爭論的 for the last 40 years年份,
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這一觀點在過去的40年裡爭論不斷
08:47
but it's about to make a major重大的 comeback回來 this year,
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但是今年,將會再度盛行
08:50
especially特別 after E.O. Wilson's威爾遜 book comes out in April四月,
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尤其是當E.O. Wilson的新書在4月份出版之後
08:53
making製造 a very strong強大 case案件
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會帶來很震撼的實例
08:55
that we, and several一些 other species種類,
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書裡面說,我們和其他物種
08:57
are products製品 of group selection選擇.
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都是群體篩選下的產物
08:59
But really the way to think about this
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但認真的思考下去
09:01
is as multilevel selection選擇.
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這就像是多重篩選
09:03
So look at it this way:
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我們應該要這樣來看:
09:05
You've got competition競爭 going on within groups and across橫過 groups.
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你一直都處在團體裡和團體間的競爭
09:08
So here's這裡的 a group of guys on a college學院 crew船員 team球隊.
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比方說有一群學生在划船隊裡
09:11
Within this team球隊
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在這隊伍裡
09:13
there's competition競爭.
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一定有競爭
09:15
There are guys competing競爭 with each other.
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學生們會互相較勁
09:17
The slowest最慢 rowers賽艇運動員, the weakest最弱 rowers賽艇運動員, are going to get cut from the team球隊.
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最慢跟最弱者最終會被踢出隊伍
09:20
And only a few少數 of these guys are going to go on in the sport運動.
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只有一小部分的人會繼續待在這個運動
09:22
Maybe one of them will make it to the Olympics奧運會.
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也許其中一人能參加奧運
09:25
So within the team球隊,
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因此,一個團體之中
09:27
their interests利益 are actually其實 pitted進站 against反對 each other.
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個人的利益是互相競爭的
09:30
And sometimes有時 it would be advantageous有利
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有時,會有人
09:32
for one of these guys
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經由陷害其他團員
09:34
to try to sabotage破壞 the other guys.
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而獲得個人利益
09:36
Maybe he'll地獄 badmouth唱衰 his chief首席 rival對手
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好比在教練面前
09:38
to the coach教練.
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毀謗團體裡主要的競爭對手
09:40
But while that competition競爭 is going on
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但當這個船上的隊員
09:42
within the boat,
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彼此競爭較勁時
09:44
this competition競爭 is going on across橫過 boats.
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不同船隊間的競賽也在進行中
09:47
And once一旦 you put these guys in a boat competing競爭 with another另一個 boat,
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而當另一個競爭團體出現
09:50
now they've他們已經 got no choice選擇 but to cooperate合作
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他們就非得合作不可
09:52
because they're all in the same相同 boat.
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只因他們在同一艘船上
09:55
They can only win贏得
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他們想贏
09:57
if they all pull together一起 as a team球隊.
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就必須合作
09:59
I mean, these things sound聲音 trite平凡的,
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這聽起來是老生常談
10:01
but they are deep evolutionary發展的 truths真理.
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但卻是演化上不爭的鐵實
10:03
The main主要 argument論據 against反對 group selection選擇
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群體篩選論
10:05
has always been
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的反對者指出:
10:07
that, well sure, it would be nice不錯 to have a group of cooperators合作夥伴,
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群體合作固然很好
10:10
but as soon不久 as you have a group of cooperators合作夥伴,
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但當一個群體只剩下合作團結者
10:12
they're just going to get taken採取 over by free-riders搭便車,
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他們將會被投機者利用而後推翻
10:15
individuals個人 that are going to exploit利用 the hard work of the others其他.
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自私的人會投機且剝削合作團體
10:18
Let me illustrate說明 this for you.
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讓我解釋一下
10:20
Suppose假設 we've我們已經 got a group of little organisms生物 --
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假設我們有一群有機體
10:23
they can be bacteria, they can be hamsters倉鼠; it doesn't matter what --
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他們可以是細菌或倉鼠
10:26
and let's suppose假設 that this little group here, they evolved進化 to be cooperative合作社.
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他們演化成一群合作者
10:29
Well that's great. They graze輕擦, they defend保衛 each other,
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這樣很好,
他們一起分享食物,互相幫助
10:31
they work together一起, they generate生成 wealth財富.
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他們合作並繁殖壯大
10:34
And as you'll你會 see in this simulation模擬,
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如同這個模擬影片所示
10:36
as they interact相互作用 they gain獲得 points, as it were, they grow增長,
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他們良性互動,逐漸成長
10:39
and when they've他們已經 doubled翻倍 in size尺寸, you'll你會 see them split分裂,
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當成長成兩倍大,他們分裂繁殖
10:41
and that's how they reproduce複製 and the population人口 grows成長.
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他們的群體數量提升
10:43
But suppose假設 then that one of them mutates變異.
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但假設其中一個出現變異
10:46
There's a mutation突變 in the gene基因
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他的基因突變
10:48
and one of them mutates變異 to follow跟隨 a selfish自私 strategy戰略.
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導致他自私自利
10:50
It takes advantage優點 of the others其他.
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他利用其他無私付出的夥伴
10:52
And so when a green綠色 interacts交互 with a blue藍色,
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當他們互動時
10:55
you'll你會 see the green綠色 gets得到 larger and the blue藍色 gets得到 smaller.
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如您所見,綠色壯大但藍色萎縮
10:57
So here's這裡的 how things play out.
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這就是來龍去脈
10:59
We start開始 with just one green綠色,
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一開始不過是一個綠色
11:01
and as it interacts交互
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但他在群體裡占盡便宜
11:03
it gains收益 wealth財富 or points or food餐飲.
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從其他對象搜刮財富與食物
11:06
And in short order訂購, the cooperators合作夥伴 are doneDONE for.
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然後很快的,合作者被耗盡
11:09
The free-riders搭便車 have taken採取 over.
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投機者取代了他們
11:12
If a group cannot不能 solve解決 the free-rider搭便車 problem問題
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任何團體如果解決不了這難題
11:15
then it cannot不能 reap收割 the benefits好處 of cooperation合作
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就無法促成團體利益
11:18
and group selection選擇 cannot不能 get started開始.
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群體篩選論就不能成立
11:21
But there are solutions解決方案 to the free-rider搭便車 problem問題.
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但其實,這難題
11:23
It's not that hard a problem問題.
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並非無解
11:25
In fact事實, nature性質 has solved解決了 it many許多, many許多 times.
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事實上,大自然早已解決它許多次了
11:28
And nature's大自然 favorite喜愛 solution
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大自然絕佳的解決方法
11:30
is to put everyone大家 in the same相同 boat.
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就是把大家放進同一艘船
11:33
For example,
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舉例來說
11:35
why is it that the mitochondria線粒體 in every一切 cell細胞
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為什麼每個細胞的線粒體
11:38
has its own擁有 DNA脫氧核糖核酸,
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有它們自己的DNA
11:40
totally完全 separate分離 from the DNA脫氧核糖核酸 in the nucleus?
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跟細胞核裡的DNA完全分離
11:43
It's because they used to be
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這是因為本來線粒體
11:45
separate分離 free-living自由生活 bacteria
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是跟細菌分別生存的
11:47
and they came來了 together一起
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後來它們合作共生
11:49
and became成為 a superorganism超級有機體.
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成為超級有機體
11:51
Somehow不知何故 or other -- maybe one swallowed吞食 another另一個; we'll never know exactly究竟 why --
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我們不懂它們如何變成共生體
也許一方被另一方被吞噬
11:54
but once一旦 they got a membrane around them,
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但當它們共同活在一個細胞膜內
11:56
they were all in the same相同 membrane,
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它們就是同一個細胞
11:58
now all the wealth-created財富創造 division of labor勞動,
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所有的努力,食糧
12:01
all the greatness偉大 created創建 by cooperation合作,
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所有分工合作的成果
12:03
stays入住 locked鎖定 inside the membrane
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都鎖在同一個細胞膜裡
12:05
and we've我們已經 got a superorganism超級有機體.
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這就是超級有機體
12:08
And now let's rerun重新運行 the simulation模擬
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現在,我們再試一次模擬程式
12:10
putting one of these superorganisms超級有機體
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把這個超級有機體放進
12:12
into a population人口 of free-riders搭便車, of defectors叛逃者, of cheaters騙子
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一群投機者、背叛者、作弊者之中
12:15
and look what happens發生.
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看看會發生什麼事
12:18
A superorganism超級有機體 can basically基本上 take what it wants.
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超有機體基本上無懈可擊
12:20
It's so big and powerful強大 and efficient高效
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它強大且有效率
12:23
that it can take resources資源
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可以從其它綠色的投機者、背叛者、作弊者
12:25
from the greens青菜, from the defectors叛逃者, the cheaters騙子.
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取得想得到的資源
12:29
And pretty漂亮 soon不久 the whole整個 population人口
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過不了多久
12:31
is actually其實 composed of these new superorganisms超級有機體.
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整個群體就被超有機體取代了
12:34
What I've shown顯示 you here
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我這裡所展示的
12:36
is sometimes有時 called a major重大的 transition過渡
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在演化的歷史上
12:38
in evolutionary發展的 history歷史.
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被稱做主要過度期
12:41
Darwin's達爾文 laws法律 don't change更改,
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達爾文的進化法則沒有改變
12:43
but now there's a new kind of player播放機 on the field領域
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只是當有新玩家加入
12:46
and things begin開始 to look very different不同.
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整件事就變得不一樣了
12:49
Now this transition過渡 was not a one-time一次 freak怪物 of nature性質
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這個轉變不是一次性的大自然變異
12:51
that just happened發生 with some bacteria.
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只發生在細菌中
12:53
It happened發生 again
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它再次發生
12:55
about 120 or a 140 million百萬 years年份 ago
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在約1億2千萬或1億4千萬年前
12:57
when some solitary wasps黃蜂
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當一些獨居的黃蜂
13:00
began開始 creating創建 little simple簡單, primitive原始
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開始建立一些簡單、原始的
13:02
nests, or hives麻疹.
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巢穴
13:05
Once一旦 several一些 wasps黃蜂 were all together一起 in the same相同 hive蜂巢,
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當越來越多胡蜂住在一個巢穴中
13:08
they had no choice選擇 but to cooperate合作,
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牠們別無選擇只得合作
13:10
because pretty漂亮 soon不久 they were locked鎖定 into competition競爭
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因為很快的,牠們開始面對
13:12
with other hives麻疹.
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其它蜂巢的競爭
13:14
And the most cohesive凝聚力 hives麻疹 won韓元,
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而最有凝聚力的蜂巢會勝出
13:16
just as Darwin達爾文 said.
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完全符合達爾文的理論
13:18
These early wasps黃蜂
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這些早期黃蜂的模式
13:20
gave rise上升 to the bees蜜蜂 and the ants螞蟻
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後來被蜜蜂,螞蟻等引用
13:22
that have covered覆蓋 the world世界
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逐漸傳佈到整個世界
13:24
and changed the biosphere生物圈.
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並改變了整個生態體系
13:26
And it happened發生 again,
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它又再次發生
13:28
even more spectacularly壯觀,
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不過更驚人的
13:30
in the last half-million半億 years年份
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在50萬年前
13:32
when our own擁有 ancestors祖先
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當我們人類的祖先
13:34
became成為 cultural文化 creatures生物,
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變成有文化的生物
13:36
they came來了 together一起 around a hearth or a campfire營火,
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他們聚集在火灶旁
13:39
they divided分為 labor勞動,
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開始分工合作
13:41
they began開始 painting繪畫 their bodies身體, they spoke their own擁有 dialects方言,
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他們開始在身上繪圖紋身、說方言
13:44
and eventually終於 they worshiped崇拜 their own擁有 gods.
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逐漸的,他們崇拜屬於他們的神
13:47
Once一旦 they were all in the same相同 tribe部落,
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當他們屬同一個部落
13:49
they could keep the benefits好處 of cooperation合作 locked鎖定 inside.
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就可以把獲得的利益鎖在部落裡
13:52
And they unlocked解鎖 the most powerful強大 force
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人類的合作
13:54
ever known已知 on this planet行星,
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開啟了地球上
13:56
which哪一個 is human人的 cooperation合作 --
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史無前例的強大力量
13:58
a force for construction施工
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創造的力量
14:00
and destruction毀壞.
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與毀滅的力量
14:03
Of course課程, human人的 groups are nowhere無處 near as cohesive凝聚力
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當然,人類的團體
14:05
as beehives蜂箱.
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一點都不如蜂巢那般有凝聚力
14:07
Human人的 groups may可能 look like hives麻疹 for brief簡要 moments瞬間,
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我們也許一開始看似如此
14:10
but they tend趨向 to then break打破 apart距離.
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不久後就趨向分裂與毀滅
14:12
We're not locked鎖定 into cooperation合作 the way bees蜜蜂 and ants螞蟻 are.
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我們的團體模式並不像蜜蜂或螞蟻般堅固
14:15
In fact事實, often經常,
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事實上
14:17
as we've我們已經 seen看到 happen發生 in a lot of the Arab阿拉伯 Spring彈簧 revolts起義,
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就如我們在阿拉伯春天運動所見
14:19
often經常 those divisions are along沿 religious宗教 lines.
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我們的團體大多被宗教劃分
14:23
Nonetheless儘管如此, when people do come together一起
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然而當人們群聚
14:26
and put themselves他們自己 all into the same相同 movement運動,
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因共同的目標而凝聚
14:28
they can move移動 mountains.
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大山可被剷平
14:31
Look at the people in these photos相片 I've been showing展示 you.
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看看這照片裡的人
14:34
Do you think they're there
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你覺得他們在那
14:36
pursuing追求 their self-interest自我利益?
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是在追求個人利益嗎?
14:38
Or are they pursuing追求 communal公社 interest利益,
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或是為追求族群的榮勝
14:41
which哪一個 requires要求 them to lose失去 themselves他們自己
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捨去自我
14:44
and become成為 simply只是 a part部分 of a whole整個?
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成為大群體中的一份子
14:49
Okay, so that was my Talk
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好,以上就是我的演講
14:51
delivered交付 in the standard標準 TEDTED way.
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照著TED的標準方式呈現
14:53
And now I'm going to give the whole整個 Talk over again
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現在我要把所有重點
14:55
in three minutes分鐘
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用更全面的角度
14:57
in a more full-spectrum全譜 sort分類 of way.
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在三分鐘內重複一次
15:00
(Music音樂)
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(音樂)
15:02
(Video視頻) Jonathan喬納森 Haidt海特: We humans人類 have many許多 varieties品種
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(影片)Jonathan Haidt: 我們人類
15:04
of religious宗教 experience經驗,
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有許多不同的宗教經驗
15:06
as William威廉 James詹姆士 explained解釋.
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就像William James解釋的
15:08
One of the most common共同 is climbing攀登 the secret秘密 staircase樓梯
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其中最大的共同點是登上隱藏的階梯
15:11
and losing失去 ourselves我們自己.
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捨去自我
15:13
The staircase樓梯 takes us
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這階梯引領我們
15:15
from the experience經驗 of life as profane粗俗 or ordinary普通
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從世俗的,平凡的人生
15:18
upwards向上 to the experience經驗 of life as sacred神聖,
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昇華到神聖的境界
15:20
or deeply interconnected互聯.
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且緊密的與他人連結
15:22
We are Homo智人 duplex雙工,
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我們人類是雙重的
15:24
as Durkheim塗爾幹 explained解釋.
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如Durkheim所言
15:26
And we are Homo智人 duplex雙工
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我們會變成這樣
15:28
because we evolved進化 by multilevel selection選擇,
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是因多層級的演化篩選
15:30
as Darwin達爾文 explained解釋.
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如達爾文所言
15:33
I can't be certain某些 if the staircase樓梯 is an adaptation適應
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我無法斷言這階梯的存在
15:35
rather than a bug竊聽器,
377
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是演化或是隨機變異
15:37
but if it is an adaptation適應,
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但如果它果真是演化
15:39
then the implications啟示 are profound深刻.
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這含義極其深遠
15:41
If it is an adaptation適應,
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若這是演化
15:43
then we evolved進化 to be religious宗教.
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我們勢必要成為虔誠的生物
15:46
I don't mean that we evolved進化
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我不是說我們演化是為了
15:48
to join加入 gigantic巨大 organized有組織的 religions宗教.
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參加龐大的宗教團體
15:50
Those things came來了 along沿 too recently最近.
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這種東西是近代的產物
15:52
I mean that we evolved進化
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我是說我們進化出一種天性
15:54
to see sacredness神聖 all around us
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能賦予自然神聖的含意
15:56
and to join加入 with others其他 into teams球隊
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然後加入其他的群體
15:58
and circle around sacred神聖 objects對象,
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一同群聚在這神聖物品
16:00
people and ideas思路.
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人物或想法的周圍
16:02
This is why politics政治 is so tribal部落的.
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這就是為何政治就像部落
16:05
Politics政治 is partly部分地 profane粗俗, it's partly部分地 about self-interest自我利益,
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一部分世俗,一部分是為了中飽私囊
16:08
but politics政治 is also about sacredness神聖.
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但政治也是為了神聖的理想
16:11
It's about joining加盟 with others其他
393
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與其他人緊密結合
16:13
to pursue追求 moral道德 ideas思路.
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追求崇高的道德理念
16:15
It's about the eternal永恆 struggle鬥爭 between之間 good and evil邪惡,
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這是正邪之間永恆的抗衡
16:18
and we all believe we're on the good team球隊.
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而我們老以為我們是正義的一方
16:21
And most importantly重要的,
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最重要的
16:23
if the staircase樓梯 is real真實,
398
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若這階梯是存在的
16:25
it explains說明 the persistent一貫 undercurrent暗流
399
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它解釋了人們內心隱藏的
16:27
of dissatisfaction不滿意 in modern現代 life.
400
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在現代生活中永恆的不滿足感
16:29
Because human人的 beings眾生 are, to some extent程度,
401
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因為人類,或多或少
16:32
hivishhivish creatures生物 like bees蜜蜂.
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就像是群聚的蜜蜂
16:34
We're bees蜜蜂. We busted破獲 out of the hive蜂巢 during the Enlightenment啟示.
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我們在啟蒙開化後離開舊巢
16:37
We broke打破 down the old institutions機構
404
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3000
破壞舊有體系
16:40
and brought liberty自由 to the oppressed壓迫.
405
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把自由傳揚給受壓抑的人們
16:42
We unleashed如虎添翼 Earth-changing地球變化 creativity創造力
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人類發揮前所未有的創造力
16:44
and generated產生 vast廣大 wealth財富 and comfort安慰.
407
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營造財富與舒適生活
16:47
Nowadays如今 we fly around
408
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現今,我們四處翱翔
16:49
like individual個人 bees蜜蜂 exulting歡呼雀躍 in our freedom自由.
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像蜜蜂一樣歡樂的享受自由
16:51
But sometimes有時 we wonder奇蹟:
410
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但有時,我們自問:
16:53
Is this all there is?
411
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難道就是這樣了?
16:55
What should I do with my life?
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我的生命的目的是什麼?
16:57
What's missing失踪?
413
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是否缺少了什麼?
16:59
What's missing失踪 is that we are Homo智人 duplex雙工,
414
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我們這樣想因為人類是雙重的
17:01
but modern現代, secular世俗 society社會 was built內置
415
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而現今存在的社會價值
17:04
to satisfy滿足 our lower降低, profane粗俗 selves自我.
416
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是建立在低階的私人私利上
17:07
It's really comfortable自在 down here on the lower降低 level水平.
417
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這樣低階的層次是很舒適沒錯
17:10
Come, have a seat座位 in my home entertainment娛樂 center中央.
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來,參觀我的家庭劇院
17:13
One great challenge挑戰 of modern現代 life
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現代人生活上的挑戰
17:15
is to find the staircase樓梯 amid all the clutter雜波
420
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是去找尋這混亂之中的階梯
17:18
and then to do something good and noble高貴
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並登上階梯頂端
17:21
once一旦 you climb to the top最佳.
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做些美好與為高尚的事情
17:24
I see this desire慾望 in my students學生們 at the University大學 of Virginia弗吉尼亞州.
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我維吉尼亞大學的學生們都渴望
17:27
They all want to find a cause原因 or calling調用
424
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尋找自己的使命感
17:29
that they can throw themselves他們自己 into.
425
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讓他們可以全心投入、奉獻
17:31
They're all searching搜索 for their staircase樓梯.
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他們全都在尋找各自的階梯
17:34
And that gives me hope希望
427
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這讓我感到欣慰
17:36
because people are not purely純粹 selfish自私.
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因為人類不是全然自私自利
17:38
Most people long to overcome克服 pettiness雞毛蒜皮的小事
429
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大多數的人想克服內心的卑鄙與自私
17:40
and become成為 part部分 of something larger.
430
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然後成為更遠大目標的一份子
17:42
And this explains說明 the extraordinary非凡 resonance諧振
431
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這實在的解釋了
17:45
of this simple簡單 metaphor隱喻
432
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這個在約400年前
17:47
conjured喚出 up nearly幾乎 400 years年份 ago.
433
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凝結成的簡單字句:
17:50
"No man is an island
434
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"沒有人是座孤島
17:52
entire整個 of itself本身.
435
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與他人完全隔絕
17:54
Every一切 man is a piece of the continent大陸,
436
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所有島嶼都是大陸的一部分
17:57
a part部分 of the main主要."
437
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我們人同是如此"
18:00
JHJH: Thank you.
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謝謝
18:02
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
Translated by Yuning912
Reviewed by Gina Wang

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jonathan Haidt - Social psychologist
Jonathan Haidt studies how -- and why -- we evolved to be moral and political creatures.

Why you should listen

By understanding more about our moral psychology and its biases, Jonathan Haidt says we can design better institutions (including companies, universities and democracy itself), and we can learn to be more civil and open-minded toward those who are not on our team.

Haidt is a social psychologist whose research on morality across cultures led to his 2008 TED Talk on the psychological roots of the American culture war, and his 2013 TED Talk on how "common threats can make common ground." In both of those talks he asks, "Can't we all disagree more constructively?" Haidt's 2012 TED Talk explored the intersection of his work on morality with his work on happiness to talk about "hive psychology" -- the ability that humans have to lose themselves in groups pursuing larger projects, almost like bees in a hive. This hivish ability is crucial, he argues, for understanding the origins of morality, politics, and religion. These are ideas that Haidt develops at greater length in his book, The Righteous Mind: Why Good People are Divided by Politics and Religion.

Haidt joined New York University Stern School of Business in July 2011. He is the Thomas Cooley Professor of Ethical Leadership, based in the Business and Society Program. Before coming to Stern, Professor Haidt taught for 16 years at the University of Virginia in the department of psychology.

Haidt's writings appear frequently in the New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. He was named one of the top global thinkers by Foreign Policy magazine and by Prospect magazine. Haidt received a B.A. in Philosophy from Yale University, and an M.A. and Ph.D. in Psychology from the University of Pennsylvania.

More profile about the speaker
Jonathan Haidt | Speaker | TED.com

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