TEDWomen 2017
Anushka Naiknaware: A teen scientist's invention to help wounds heal
艾努希卡 · 奈克娜微兒: 少女科學家設計出協助傷口癒合的發明
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艾努希卡 · 奈克娜微兒在車庫中設計出一個感測器，能追蹤傷口的癒合，成為 Google 科展史上最年輕的得獎者（十三歲）。她聰明的發明是用來處理全球的難題：慢性傷口的癒合。這類傷口因為一些既有狀況，比如糖尿病，而無法妥當地癒合，全球每年耗費數十億美金的治療費用。一起來聽奈克娜微兒解釋她的「智慧繃帶」如何運作，也聽聽她的故事，鼓勵他人一起來創造不同。
Anushka Naiknaware - Scientist
In 2016, at age 13, Anushka Naiknaware was the youngest winner of the Google Science Fair, with her invention of a clever new bandage that tells caregivers when it needs to be changed. Full bio
In 2016, at age 13, Anushka Naiknaware was the youngest winner of the Google Science Fair, with her invention of a clever new bandage that tells caregivers when it needs to be changed. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Ever since I was a young girl,
I was always fascinated --
I was always fascinated --
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從還是小女孩的時候開始，
我就一直很喜歡——
我就一直很喜歡——
00:16
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
00:17
Oh!
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喔！
00:18
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
00:21
OK, I meant younger and more short.
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好吧，我是指我更小、更矮的時候。
00:23
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
00:24
If that's possible to imagine.
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如果能想像的話。
00:27
But ever since I was a young girl,
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但從我是個小女孩的時候開始，
00:29
I was always fascinated with how
the world worked exactly how it did.
the world worked exactly how it did.
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我就一直很喜歡
這個世界運作的方式。
這個世界運作的方式。
00:34
So this, very early on,
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所以，很早期，這一點
00:36
led me to the fields
of mathematics and chemistry.
of mathematics and chemistry.
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就引領我進入了數學和化學的領域。
00:41
I would keep going further and further,
and as I kept going,
and as I kept going,
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我會一直深入再深入，
而隨著我一路走下去，
而隨著我一路走下去，
00:45
I realized that all the fields
of science are interconnected.
of science are interconnected.
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我了解到，科學的所有領域
都是相互連結的。
都是相互連結的。
00:48
And without one, the others
have little or no value.
have little or no value.
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沒有一個領域，其他領域的價值
就變得很低或沒價值了。
就變得很低或沒價值了。
00:54
So, inspired by Marie Curie
and my local science museum,
and my local science museum,
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所以，受到居禮夫人
和我當地的科學博物館所鼓舞，
和我當地的科學博物館所鼓舞，
00:58
I decided to start asking
these questions myself
these questions myself
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我決定要開始自己問這些問題，
01:01
and engage in my own independent research,
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並進行我自己的獨立研究，
01:04
whether it be out
of my garage or my bedroom.
of my garage or my bedroom.
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不論是在我的車庫或臥室進行。
01:08
I started reading journal papers,
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我開始閱讀期刊文獻，
01:10
started doing science competitions,
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開始參加科學競賽，
01:12
started participating in science fairs,
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開始參與科學展覽，
01:15
doing anything I could
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盡我所能，
01:17
to get the knowledge
that I so desperately wanted.
that I so desperately wanted.
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取得我迫切想得到的知識。
01:21
So while I was studying anatomy
for a competition,
for a competition,
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所以，當我為了一項競賽
在研究解剖學時，
在研究解剖學時，
01:25
I came across the topic
of something called chronic wounds.
of something called chronic wounds.
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我看到了一個主題，叫做慢性傷口。
01:30
And one thing that stood out
to me was a statistic
to me was a statistic
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引起我注意的其中一點是統計數字，
01:34
that said that the number of people
in the United States with chronic wounds
in the United States with chronic wounds
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數字顯示，在美國有慢性傷口的人數
01:39
exceeds the number of people
with breast cancer,
with breast cancer,
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超過了有乳癌、腸癌、
01:43
colon cancer, lung cancer
and leukemia, combined.
and leukemia, combined.
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肺癌，以及血癌的人數總合。
01:49
Hold up.
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等等。
01:51
So what is a chronic wound?
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慢性傷口是什麼？
01:52
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
01:53
And why haven't I heard
about a 5K walk for chronic wounds,
about a 5K walk for chronic wounds,
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為什麼我從來沒有聽過
慢性傷口的五公里慈善步行？
慢性傷口的五公里慈善步行？
01:57
why haven't I even heard
about a chronic wound in general?
about a chronic wound in general?
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為什麼我從來沒有聽過慢性傷口？
02:00
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
02:04
So after I got past
those preliminary questions,
those preliminary questions,
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經過了那些初步的問題之後，
02:07
and one that I will clarify for you,
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我要向各位澄清其中一個問題，
02:09
a chronic wound is essentially
when someone gets a normal wound,
when someone gets a normal wound,
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慢性傷口基本上就是
一個人身上的普通傷口，
一個人身上的普通傷口，
02:13
except it fails to heal normally
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只是它無法正常癒合，
02:16
because the patient has some kind
of preexisting condition,
of preexisting condition,
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原因是病人有某種既有的狀況，
02:19
which in most cases is diabetes.
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在大部分的案例中是因為糖尿病。
02:25
So more staggering statistics
were to be found
were to be found
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當我繼續研究這個主題時，
也發現了更驚人的統計數字。
02:28
as I kept going on in this research.
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02:31
In the year 2010 alone,
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光在 2010 年，
02:32
50 billion dollars were spent worldwide
to treat chronic wounds.
to treat chronic wounds.
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全球就有五百億美金
花費在治療慢性傷口。
花費在治療慢性傷口。
02:39
In addition, it's estimated
that about two percent of the population
that about two percent of the population
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此外，估計人口中有 2% 的人
02:43
will get a chronic wound
at some point in their lifetime.
at some point in their lifetime.
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會在人生的某個時點
遭受慢性傷口的困擾。
遭受慢性傷口的困擾。
02:46
This was absurd.
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這太荒唐了。
02:49
So as I started doing more research,
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於是我開始做更多研究，
02:51
I found that there was a correlation
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我發現有一種相關性
02:52
between the moisture level
inside a wound dressing
inside a wound dressing
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存在於傷口包紮內的濕度
02:55
and the stage of healing
that the chronic wound would be at.
that the chronic wound would be at.
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與慢性傷口所處的癒合階段之間。
03:00
So I decided, why don't I design something
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所以我下了決定，
我為什麼不來做個設計，
我為什麼不來做個設計，
03:02
to measure the moisture level
within the wound
within the wound
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來測量傷口內的濕度，
03:04
so this can help doctors and patients
treat their wounds better.
treat their wounds better.
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這樣就能協助醫生和病人
把傷口處理得更好？
把傷口處理得更好？
03:09
And essentially, expedite
the healing process.
the healing process.
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從根本上，還能促進癒合過程。
03:13
So that's exactly what I set out to do.
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那就是我打算要做的計畫。
03:16
Being a 14-year-old working
out of her garage-turned-lab,
out of her garage-turned-lab,
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身為一個十四歲的女孩，
在車庫改裝成的實驗室中工作，
在車庫改裝成的實驗室中工作，
03:20
I had a lot of constraints.
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我其實碰到許多限制。
03:22
Most being that I wasn't given a grant,
I wasn't given a lot of money,
I wasn't given a lot of money,
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大部分是因為我沒有補助，
沒有人贊助我資金，
沒有人贊助我資金，
03:26
and I wasn't given a lot of resources.
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且我能取得的資源並不多。
03:28
In addition, I had
a lot of criteria, as well.
a lot of criteria, as well.
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此外，我還有許多標準要符合。
03:32
Since this product would be
readily interacting with the body,
readily interacting with the body,
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因為這個產品將來
要用來和身體互動，
要用來和身體互動，
03:36
it had to be biocompatible,
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它必須要有生物相容性，
03:38
it also had to be low-cost,
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它的成本要很低，
03:40
as I was designing it
and paying for it myself.
and paying for it myself.
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因為是我得自己出錢設計的。
03:44
It also had to be mass-manufacturable,
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它也要能夠大量生產，
03:46
because I wanted it to be made
anywhere, for anyone.
anywhere, for anyone.
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因為我希望任何地方的
任何人都能用它。
任何人都能用它。
03:51
Thus, I drafted up a schematic.
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因此，我起草了一張概圖。
03:53
What you see on the left hand-side
is the early schematics in my design,
is the early schematics in my design,
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左手邊的是我設計的初期概圖，
03:57
showing both a bird's-eye view
and also one stacking variant.
and also one stacking variant.
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有鳥瞰的視角和堆疊的變化。
04:03
A stacking variant means
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所謂堆疊的變化，
04:04
that the entire product is consisted
of different individual parts
of different individual parts
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意思是整個產品
是由獨立個別部件所組成，
是由獨立個別部件所組成，
04:09
that have to work in unison.
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它們得要能同調地一起運作。
04:11
And what's shown there
is one possible arrangement.
is one possible arrangement.
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各位看到的是其中
一種可能的排列方式。
一種可能的排列方式。
04:18
So what exactly is this?
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所以，這到底是什麼？
04:20
So I had gone on to testing my sensors
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我去測試我的感測器，
04:22
and as all scientists have
stumbles along their work,
stumbles along their work,
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所有的科學家在研究路上
都會有被絆倒的時候，
都會有被絆倒的時候，
04:26
I also had a couple of problems
in my first generation of sensors.
in my first generation of sensors.
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而我的第一代感測器
也遇到了一些問題。
也遇到了一些問題。
04:29
First of all, I couldn't figure out
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首先，我想不透
04:31
how to get a nanoparticle ink
into a printcheck cartridge
into a printcheck cartridge
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要如何把奈米墨水放入
列印檢查墨水匣當中，
列印檢查墨水匣當中，
04:34
without spilling it all over my carpet.
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且不能濺到我的地毯上。
04:36
That was problem number one.
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那是問題一。
04:38
Problem number two was,
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問題二則是，
04:40
I couldn't exactly control
the sensitivity of my sensors.
the sensitivity of my sensors.
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我無法控制感測器的敏感度。
04:43
I couldn't scale them up or down,
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我無法將之調高或調低，
04:46
I couldn't really do
anything of that sort.
anything of that sort.
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我無法做到那一類的事情。
我需要解決這個問題。
04:48
So I wanted something to solve it.
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問題一很容易解決，
在 eBay 和亞馬遜網站上搜索
在 eBay 和亞馬遜網站上搜索
04:49
Problem one was easily solved
by some scouting on eBay and Amazon
by some scouting on eBay and Amazon
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04:52
for syringes that I could use.
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我能用的注射器就可以了。
04:54
Problem two, however,
required a lot more thought.
required a lot more thought.
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然而，問題二需要更多的思考。
04:57
So this is where this factors in.
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這就是這個因子出場的時候了。
05:00
So what a space-filling curve does
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這個填滿空間的曲線
05:01
is it aims to take up all the area it can
within one unit square.
within one unit square.
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目的是要在一單位平方的面積中
盡可能佔用所有的空間。
盡可能佔用所有的空間。
05:06
And by writing a computer program,
you can have different iterations
you can have different iterations
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透過撰寫電腦程式，
就可以做到不同曲線的
就可以做到不同曲線的
05:10
of the different curve,
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不同遞迴，
05:12
which increasingly get close
to one unit square,
to one unit square,
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曲線會越來越接近一單位平方，
05:14
but never quite reaches there.
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但永遠不會達到這個目標。
05:18
So now I could control
the thickness, the size,
the thickness, the size,
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然後我就能控制濃度、大小，
05:20
I could do whatever I want with it,
and I could predict my results.
and I could predict my results.
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我能用它做任何我想做的事，
且我能預測結果。
且我能預測結果。
05:25
So I started constructing my sensors
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於是我開始建構我的感測器，
05:27
and testing them more rigorously,
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並更嚴格地測試它們，
05:30
using money that I had gotten
from previous science fair awards.
from previous science fair awards.
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用的錢是來自我以前
科展得獎的獎金。
科展得獎的獎金。
05:34
Lastly, I had to connect this data
in order to be read.
in order to be read.
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最後，我得要連結這些資料，
要能夠讀取它們。
要能夠讀取它們。
05:38
So I interfaced it with a Bluetooth chip,
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所以我用藍芽晶片
為它做了一個界面，
為它做了一個界面，
05:40
which you can see here
by the app screenshots on the right.
by the app screenshots on the right.
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你們可以看到右手邊的
應用程式畫面截圖。
應用程式畫面截圖。
05:44
And what this does is that anyone
can monitor the progress of their wound,
can monitor the progress of their wound,
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它的功能在於，任何人都可以
監控其傷口的進展狀況，
監控其傷口的進展狀況，
05:48
and it can be transmitted
over a wireless connection
over a wireless connection
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它能夠透過無線連結來傳輸，
05:52
to the doctor, the patient
or whoever needs it.
or whoever needs it.
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傳給醫生、病人，或任何需要的人。
05:57
[Continued Testing and Refinement]
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【持續測試和改良】
05:59
So in conclusion, my design
was successful --
was successful --
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結論是，我的設計是成功的——
06:02
however, science never ends.
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然而，科學沒有終點。
06:06
There's always something to be done,
something to be refined.
something to be refined.
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總是會有什麼可以做、可以改良。
06:09
So that's what I'm currently
in the process of doing.
in the process of doing.
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所以，那是我目前正在進行的工作。
06:12
However, what I learned was
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然而，我所學到的事
06:14
what's more important
than the actual thing I designed
than the actual thing I designed
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比我所設計出來的成品更重要，
06:18
is an attitude that I had
taken on while doing this.
taken on while doing this.
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那就是我在做這工作時採用的態度。
06:22
And that attitude was,
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那種態度就是，
06:24
even though I'm a 14-year-old
working in her garage
working in her garage
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雖然我只有十四歲，
且還是在車庫裡工作，
且還是在車庫裡工作，
06:27
on something that she doesn't
completely understand,
completely understand,
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做的是我不完全了解的事，
06:31
I could still make a difference
and contribute to the field.
and contribute to the field.
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但我仍然能夠為這個領域
帶來不同，做出貢獻。
帶來不同，做出貢獻。
06:35
And that's what inspired me to keep going,
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正是這一點，鼓舞我繼續走下去，
06:38
and I hope it inspires many others
to also do work like this
to also do work like this
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我希望它也能鼓舞
許多其他人也來這麼做，
許多其他人也來這麼做，
06:42
even though they're not
very sure about it.
very sure about it.
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即使他們並不是很有信心。
06:45
So I hope that's a message
that you all take on today.
that you all take on today.
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希望大家今天能帶著這個訊息離開。
06:48
Thank you.
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謝謝。
06:49
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Anushka Naiknaware - ScientistIn 2016, at age 13, Anushka Naiknaware was the youngest winner of the Google Science Fair, with her invention of a clever new bandage that tells caregivers when it needs to be changed.
Why you should listen
When Anushka Naiknaware was young, she would spend hours at the chemistry lab at the Oregon Museum of Science and Industry in Portland and not leave until she had finished every experiment available. Her early interest was chemistry and mathematics, but she quickly learned that every branch of science is connected, including physics, biology and computer science. In fact, her winning Google Science Fair project loops together materials science, fractal math and biology.
Naiknaware has won many awards in notable science and math competitions. She was the youngest winner of the Google Science Fair in 2016, and she won the first-place Mathematics STEM Award at Broadcom MASTERS (Math, Applied Science, Technology and Engineering Rising Stars), a premier competition run by the Society for Science and the Public. Naiknaware is inspired by Marie Curie, whose work contributed to major advances in modern medicine. Anushka admires her spirit and enthusiasm to continue her work in a time when women's contributions in science weren't appreciated.
Anushka Naiknaware | Speaker | TED.com