TED2018
Olga Yurkova: Inside the fight against Russia's fake news empire
歐加尤柯夫: 對抗俄國假新聞帝國之戰的內幕
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1,312,757 views
當事實是假的，決策就會是錯的，編輯以及 TED 成員歐加尤柯夫如是說。為了阻止散播假新聞，她和一群新聞記者建立了 StopFake.org，該網站揭露出有偏見或不正確的報導，來重建我們對記者、領導人、制度失去的信任。來進一步了解這場對抗錯誤資訊之戰，以及能夠確保我們不會去讀（或分享）假新聞的兩種重要方法。
Olga Yurkova - Journalist, editor
TED Fellow Olga Yurkova is a journalist and cofounder of StopFake.org, an independent Ukrainian organization that trains an international cohort of fact-checkers in an effort to curb propaganda and misinformation in the media. Full bio
TED Fellow Olga Yurkova is a journalist and cofounder of StopFake.org, an independent Ukrainian organization that trains an international cohort of fact-checkers in an effort to curb propaganda and misinformation in the media. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
2014, July 5,
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2014 年 7 月 5 日，
00:17
the Ukrainian army entered
Sloviansk city in eastern Ukraine.
Sloviansk city in eastern Ukraine.
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烏克蘭軍隊進入了
東烏克蘭的斯拉維揚斯克。
東烏克蘭的斯拉維揚斯克。
00:21
They gathered all the locals
in Lenin Square.
in Lenin Square.
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他們把所有當地人
集合到列寧廣場上。
集合到列寧廣場上。
00:25
Then, they organized
the public crucifixion
the public crucifixion
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接著，他們安排
將一名親俄激進分子的
將一名親俄激進分子的
00:30
of the son of a pro-Russia militant.
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兒子公開釘上十字架。
00:33
He was only three years old.
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他才三歲。
00:36
Refugee Galina Pyshnyak told this story
to Russia's First TV channel.
to Russia's First TV channel.
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難民葛琳娜皮希納克在俄國的
First TV 頻道說出了這個故事。
First TV 頻道說出了這個故事。
00:42
In fact, this incident never happened.
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事實上，這個事件從來沒有發生過。
00:47
I visited Sloviansk.
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我造訪了斯拉維揚斯克。
00:49
There is no Lenin Square.
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那裡沒有列寧廣場。
00:51
In reality, Galina's husband was an active
pro-Russia militant in Donbass.
pro-Russia militant in Donbass.
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現實中，葛琳娜的先生是
在頓巴斯的活躍親俄激進分子。
在頓巴斯的活躍親俄激進分子。
00:58
This is just one of many examples.
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這只是一個例子，還有很多其他的。
01:01
Ukraine has been suffering
from Russian propaganda and fake news
from Russian propaganda and fake news
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烏克蘭受到俄國的宣傳
及假新聞所苦，
及假新聞所苦，
01:05
for four years now,
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至今已有四年之久，
01:07
but Russia is not
the only player in this space.
the only player in this space.
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但俄國並不是唯一的這類玩家。
01:11
Fake news is happening
all around the world.
all around the world.
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假新聞在全世界都有發生。
01:16
We all know about fake news.
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我們都知道假新聞。
01:17
We see it and read it all the time.
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我們常常都在看它們、讀它們。
01:21
But the thing about fake news
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但關於假新聞，重點在於，
01:23
is that we don't always know
what is fake and what is real,
what is fake and what is real,
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我們無法每次都知道
什麼是假的，什麼是真的，
什麼是假的，什麼是真的，
01:27
but we base our decisions on facts
we get from the press and social media.
we get from the press and social media.
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但我們卻根據平面媒體和社交媒體
所得到的事實來做我們的決策。
所得到的事實來做我們的決策。
01:33
When facts are false,
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若事實是假的，
01:35
decisions are wrong.
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決策就會是錯的。
01:38
A lot of people
stop believing anyone at all
stop believing anyone at all
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許多人完全不再相信任何人了，
01:42
and this is even more dangerous.
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這狀況可能更危險。
01:44
They easily become prey
to populists in elections,
to populists in elections,
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在選舉中，他們很容易
就變成民粹派的獵物，
就變成民粹派的獵物，
01:48
or even take up arms.
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甚至會拿起武器。
01:51
Fake news is not only bad for journalism.
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假新聞不只對新聞業不好。
01:54
It's a threat for democracy and society.
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假新聞也是對民主和社會的威脅。
01:58
Four years ago, unmarked soldiers
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四年前，沒人注意到的士兵
02:02
entered the Crimean Peninsula,
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進入了克里米亞半島，
02:05
and at the same time,
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同時，
02:06
Russian media was going crazy
with fake news about Ukraine.
with fake news about Ukraine.
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俄國媒體把焦點通通
放在烏克蘭的假新聞上。
放在烏克蘭的假新聞上。
02:12
So a group of journalists, including me,
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所以，有一群記者，包括我在內，
02:15
started a website
to investigate this fake news.
to investigate this fake news.
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我們建立了一個網站來調查假新聞。
02:19
We called it StopFake.
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取名為 StopFake（停止作假）。
02:22
The idea was simple:
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想法很簡單：
02:24
take a piece of news,
check it with verifiable proof
check it with verifiable proof
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選一則新聞，用可以
驗證的證據來查核它，
驗證的證據來查核它，
02:28
like photos, videos
and other strong evidence.
and other strong evidence.
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比如照片、影片，及其他強力證據。
02:32
If it turns out to be fake,
we put it on our website.
we put it on our website.
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如果結果發現它是假的，
就把它放上我們的網站。
就把它放上我們的網站。
02:36
Now, StopFake is an informational hub
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現在，StopFake 是
一個提供消息的中心，
一個提供消息的中心，
02:40
which analyzes propaganda
in all its phases.
in all its phases.
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它會分析宣傳活動，
每個階段都不漏掉。
每個階段都不漏掉。
02:44
We have 11 language versions,
we have millions of views,
we have millions of views,
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我們有 11 種語言的版本，
點閱人次已經有數百萬。
點閱人次已經有數百萬。
02:49
We have taught more than 10,000 people
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我們教導了超過一萬人
02:52
how to distinguish true from false.
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如何區別真假。
02:55
And we teach fact checkers
all around the world.
all around the world.
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我們也教導世界各地的事實查核者。
03:00
StopFake has uncovered
more than 1,000 fakes about Ukraine.
more than 1,000 fakes about Ukraine.
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StopFake 已經發現了
超過一千則關於烏克蘭的假新聞。
超過一千則關於烏克蘭的假新聞。
03:06
We've identified 18 narratives
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我們也確認有 18 則故事，
03:10
created using this fake news,
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是用這些假新聞所創造出來的，
03:13
such as Ukraine is a fascist state,
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比如烏克蘭是法西斯國家、
03:17
a failed state,
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失敗的國家、
03:18
a state run by a junta who came to power
as a result of a coup d'état.
as a result of a coup d'état.
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由一個軍人集團主導的國家，
這個集團能取得權力是因為政變。
這個集團能取得權力是因為政變。
03:23
We proved that it's not bad journalism;
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我們證明了那些新聞
並不是沒做好的新聞；
並不是沒做好的新聞；
03:26
it's a deliberate act of misinformation.
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而是蓄意提供錯誤資訊的行為。
03:29
Fake news is a powerful weapon
in information warfare,
in information warfare,
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在資訊戰當中，
假新聞是很強大的武器，
假新聞是很強大的武器，
03:33
but there is something we can do about it.
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但對此，我們還是有可以盡的心力。
03:37
We all have smartphones.
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我們都有智慧手機。
03:39
When we see something interesting,
it's often automatic.
it's often automatic.
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當我們看見覺得有趣的東西時，
通常都是完全自動的，
通常都是完全自動的，
03:42
We just click and pass it along.
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我們會點選它，然後傳出去。
03:45
But how can you
not be a part of fake news?
not be a part of fake news?
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但，你要如何不成為
假新聞的一部分？
假新聞的一部分？
03:48
First, if it's too dramatic,
too emotional, too clickbait,
too emotional, too clickbait,
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第一，如果新聞太戲劇性、
太情緒化、太像是要誘使人點選，
太情緒化、太像是要誘使人點選，
03:56
then it's very likely that it isn't true.
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那就很可能不是真的。
04:00
The truth is boring sometimes.
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有時，真相是很無聊的。
04:02
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
04:04
Manipulations are always sexy.
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操弄總是很性感的。
04:07
They are designed to captivate you.
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操弄就是設計來蠱惑你的。
04:10
Do your research.
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你自己要做研究。
04:11
This is the second point, very simple.
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這是第二點，非常簡單。
04:14
Look at other sites.
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看其他網站。
04:16
Check out alternative news sources.
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查核其他的新聞來源。
04:19
Google names, addresses,
license plates, experts and offers.
license plates, experts and offers.
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用 Google 搜尋姓名、地址、
牌照、專家，以及提議。
牌照、專家，以及提議。
04:24
Don't just believe, check.
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別直接相信，要查核。
04:26
It's the only way
to stop this culture of fake news.
to stop this culture of fake news.
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那是能阻止這種
假新聞文化的唯一方式。
假新聞文化的唯一方式。
04:31
This information warfare
is not only about fake news.
is not only about fake news.
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這場資訊戰並不只和假新聞有關係。
04:35
Our society depends on trust:
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我們的社會要依賴信任：
04:38
trust in our institutions,
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信任我們的制度、
04:40
in science,
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信任科學、
04:42
trust in our leaders,
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信任我們的領導人、
04:44
trust in our news outlets.
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信任我們的新聞通路。
04:47
And it's on us to find a way
to rebuild trust,
to rebuild trust,
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要靠我們來找到方式，重建信任，
04:52
because fake news destroys it.
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因為假新聞會摧毀信任。
04:55
So ask yourself,
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所以，問問你自己，
04:57
what have you lost your faith in?
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你在什麼事情上失去了你的信念？
05:01
Where has trust been ruined for you?
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你的信任在哪裡被摧毀了？
05:04
And what are you going to do about it?
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對此，你打算怎麼辦？
05:08
Thank you.
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謝謝。
05:09
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Olga Yurkova - Journalist, editorTED Fellow Olga Yurkova is a journalist and cofounder of StopFake.org, an independent Ukrainian organization that trains an international cohort of fact-checkers in an effort to curb propaganda and misinformation in the media.
Why you should listen
Olga Yurkova edits the Context and Opinions sections of StopFake.org. She teaches different audiences how propaganda works and how to identify fake news, consulting a range of organizations and public structures and collaborating with mainstream media as a journalist.
Yurkova explores propaganda methods and finds out new ways to overcome these new challenges. In June 2017, she and her colleagues Maarten Schenk and Jordy Nijenhuis launched a project called Forbidden Facts, which explains how fake news spreads online through clickbait headlines on Facebook that reach out to skeptical audiences.
Yurkova has 15 years of experience in journalism. She headed the local multimedia newsroom in Ternopil city for six years, becoming the market leader during that time. She then ran the Donbas and Crimea department at the national multimedia newsroom Nova Informacia for three years. She has been working as a new media trainer since 2012.
For fighting propaganda, Yurkova was included into the list of New Europe 100 and was named a TED Fellow in 2018.
Olga Yurkova | Speaker | TED.com