TEDCity2.0
Jeff Speck: The walkable city
傑夫．史貝克 (Jeff Speck): 適宜步行的城市
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郊區擴展的問題如何解決？都市計劃專家傑夫．史貝克（Jeff Speck）告訴我們如何才能免於依賴汽車──他稱之為耗費汽油、浪費時間、威脅生命的義肢裝備）──讓城市更適合步行，更宜居。
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
So I'm a city planner, an urban designer,
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我是都市計劃師、城市設計師
00:17
former arts advocate,
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以前是藝術倡導者
00:19
trained in architecture and art history,
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學過建築和藝術史
00:23
and I want to talk to you today not about design
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我今天要談的不是設計
00:26
but about America
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而是美國
00:28
and how America can be more economically resilient,
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美國的經濟如何能更強韌
00:33
how America can be healthier,
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美國怎樣才會更健康
00:35
and how America can be
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美國的環境
00:37
more environmentally sustainable.
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怎樣才能永續
00:39
And I realize this is a global forum,
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我明白這是全球論壇
00:42
but I think I need to talk about America
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但我認為需要談談美國
00:44
because there is a history,
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因為歷史告訴我們
00:45
in some places, not all,
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世界有些地方
00:47
of American ideas being appropriated,
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美國人的觀念無論是好是壞
00:49
being emulated, for better or for worse,
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會被竊用、被仿效
00:52
around the world.
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這種現象舉世可見
00:53
And the worst idea we've ever had
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我們最壞的點子
00:55
is suburban sprawl.
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是郊區的擴展
00:58
It's being emulated in many places as we speak.
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此刻很多城市正在仿效
01:01
By suburban sprawl, I refer to the reorganization
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我所謂郊區擴展，是指重整地景
01:04
of the landscape and the creation of the landscape
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或是建造地景
01:06
around the requirement of automobile use,
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完全以汽車的使用需求為前提
01:11
and that the automobile that was once an instrument of freedom
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汽車過去是解放人的工具
01:13
has become a gas-belching,
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如今已變成消耗汽油
01:17
time-wasting and life-threatening
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浪費時間、威脅生命
01:20
prosthetic device
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像義肢一樣的裝備
01:21
that many of us need just to,
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我們許多人
01:23
most Americans, in fact, need,
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事實上大多數美國人
01:24
just to live their daily lives.
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日常生活不可無車
01:27
And there's an alternative.
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但我們還是有選擇
01:28
You know, we say, half the world is living in cities.
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全世界一半的人口住在城市
01:30
Well, in America, that living in cities,
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不過在美國
01:32
for many of them, they're living in cities still
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很多人即使住在城市
01:33
where they're dependent on that automobile.
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仍然依賴汽車
01:36
And what I work for, and to do,
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我的志業和工作目標
01:39
is to make our cities more walkable.
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是讓城市更適宜步行
01:41
But I can't give design arguments for that
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但我不打算談設計方面的論點
01:44
that will have as much impact
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雖然這方面的衝擊也不小
01:46
as the arguments that I've learned
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我要談的論據來自
01:47
from the economists, the epidemiologists
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經濟學家、流行病學家
01:51
and the environmentalists.
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以及環保人士
01:53
So these are the three arguments that I'm going
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這三方面的論據
01:54
to give you quickly today.
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今天我會很快地探討
01:57
When I was growing up in the '70s,
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在我成長的1970年代
01:59
the typical American spent one tenth of their income,
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美國一般家庭所得的十分之一
02:02
American family, on transportation.
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花在交通上
02:05
Since then, we've doubled the number of roads
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如今我們的道路已經倍增
02:08
in America, and we now spend one fifth
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現在我們所得的五分之一
02:11
of our income on transportation.
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花在交通上
02:13
Working families, which are defined as
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工薪家庭在美國的定義是
02:15
earning between 20,000 and 50,000 dollars
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每年工作收入
02:17
a year in America
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兩萬至五萬美元的家庭
02:19
are spending more now on transportation
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他們現在的交通花費
02:22
than on housing, slightly more,
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略高於住房費用
02:24
because of this phenomenon called "drive till you qualify,"
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有個現象叫做「開到你買得起為止」
02:27
finding homes further and further and further
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買得起的房子越來越偏遠
02:30
from the city centers and from their jobs,
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遠離市中心和上班的地方
02:33
so that they're locked in this, two, three hours,
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所以他們必須花兩三個小時
02:35
four hours a day of commuting.
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甚至四個小時通勤
02:37
And these are the neighborhoods, for example,
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這種通勤社區的例子
02:39
in the Central Valley of California
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就在加州的中央山谷
02:41
that weren't hurt when the housing bubble burst
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房市泡沫破滅的時候
02:44
and when the price of gas went up;
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以及油價上漲的時候
02:47
they were decimated.
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社區不只是受創，而是消亡
02:49
And in fact, these are many
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其實現在還看得到很多
02:50
of the half-vacant communities that you see today.
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半數是空屋的這種社區
02:53
Imagine putting everything you have into your mortgage,
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想想看，錢都拿去付了房貸
02:56
it goes underwater, and you have to pay
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房價卻低於房貸欠款
02:58
twice as much for all the driving that you're doing.
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偏偏通勤的油費又倍增
03:02
So we know what it's done to our society
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所以我們明白社會受到的衝擊
03:05
and all the extra work we have to do
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以及為了行車
03:07
to support our cars.
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必須做的額外付出
03:09
What happens when a city decides
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如果一個城市
03:10
it's going to set other priorities?
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不把汽車視為優先又會如何？
03:13
And probably the best example we have here
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美國的最佳例子
03:15
in America is Portland, Oregon.
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可能是奧勒崗州的波特蘭
03:17
Portland made a bunch of decisions in the 1970s
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波特蘭在1970年代的一些決定
03:20
that began to distinguish it
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導致該城脫穎而出
03:22
from almost every other American city.
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美國其他城市鮮少匹敵
03:25
While most other cities were growing
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其他大多數城市
03:27
an undifferentiated spare tire of sprawl,
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無計劃地向郊區蔓延
03:30
they instituted an urban growth boundary.
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波特蘭則設立了都市成長的界限
03:33
While most cities were reaming out their roads,
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其他大多數城市在擴張道路
03:35
removing parallel parking and trees
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移除路邊停車位和樹木
03:37
in order to flow more traffic,
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以便增加交通流量
03:39
they instituted a skinny streets program.
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波特蘭則訂定了窄路計劃
03:43
And while most cities were investing in more roads
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其他大多數城市在建設更多公路
03:47
and more highways, they actually invested
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和高速公路，波特蘭則把錢花在
03:50
in bicycling and in walking.
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自行車和步行方面
03:52
And they spent 60 million dollars on bike facilities,
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光是自行車設施
就花了他們六千萬
就花了他們六千萬
03:56
which seems like a lot of money,
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看起來很多錢
03:58
but it was spent over about 30 years,
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不過那是30年的總花費
04:00
so two million dollars a year -- not that much --
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平均每年兩百萬美元，也不算貴
04:03
and half the price of the one cloverleaf
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他們重建一個立體交流道
04:05
that they decided to rebuild in that city.
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要花一倍的錢
04:08
These changes and others like them changed
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這些及其他類似的變更
04:10
the way that Portlanders live,
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改變了波特蘭人生活的方式
04:12
and their vehicle-miles traveled per day,
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他們每天行車的里程數
04:14
the amount that each person drives,
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每人開車的里程數
04:15
actually peaked in 1996,
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其實在1996年達到高峰
04:18
has been dropping ever since,
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然後就持續下降
04:20
and they now drive 20 percent less
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他們現在開車的里程數
04:22
than the rest of the country.
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比全國其他人少兩成
04:23
The typical Portland citizen drives
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波特蘭一般市民開車
04:26
four miles less, and 11 minutes less per day
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每天里程數比以前少了四哩
04:30
than they did before.
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時間比以前少了11分鐘
04:32
The economist Joe Cortright did the math
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經濟學家喬伊．柯爾賴特 (Joe Cortright) 做了計算
04:34
and he found out that those four miles
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他發現這四哩
04:36
plus those 11 minutes
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以及11分鐘的耗費
04:37
adds up to fully three and a half percent
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足足等於波特蘭地區
04:39
of all income earned in the region.
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總所得的3.5%
04:42
So if they're not spending that money on driving --
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從開車上面省下的錢
04:44
and by the way, 85 percent of the money
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順便提一下，開車的花費
04:45
we spend on driving leaves the local economy --
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85%流出地方經濟
04:48
if they're not spending that money on driving,
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這些從開車上面省下的錢
04:50
what are they spending it on?
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波特蘭人花到哪去了？
04:51
Well, Portland is reputed to have
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波特蘭聞名的是
04:53
the most roof racks per capita,
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休閒用車頂置物架人均最多
04:56
the most independent bookstores per capita,
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獨立書店人均最多
04:59
the most strip clubs per capita.
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脫衣舞俱樂部人均最多
05:02
These are all exaggerations, slight exaggerations
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我誇大了，稍微誇大了
05:05
of a fundamental truth, which is Portlanders
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但事實上波特蘭人
05:06
spend a lot more on recreation of all kinds
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花在各種休閒活動的錢
05:10
than the rest of America.
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遠超乎其他美國人
05:12
Actually, Oregonians spend more on alcohol
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其實奧勒崗人喝酒的花費
05:14
than most other states,
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高出其他州的居民
05:15
which may be a good thing or a bad thing,
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是福是禍不知道
05:17
but it makes you glad they're driving less.
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但我們樂見他們較少開車
05:19
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
05:21
But actually, they're spending most of it in their homes,
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其實他們在住家上花的錢最多
05:25
and home investment is about as local
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還有什麼能比住家的投資
05:27
an investment as you can get.
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更能注入地方經濟？
05:29
But there's a whole other Portland story,
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但是波特蘭還有個現象
05:31
which isn't part of this calculus,
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是經濟學家沒計算的
05:32
which is that young, educated people
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那就是受過教育的年輕人
05:35
have been moving to Portland in droves,
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成群結隊地搬到波特蘭
05:38
so that between the last two censuses,
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過去兩次人口普查之間
05:40
they had a 50-percent increase
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大學畢業的千禧世代
05:42
in college-educated millennials,
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人口增加了五成
05:44
which is five times what you saw anywhere else
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是其他地方的五倍
05:46
in the country, or, I should say, of the national average.
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應該說是全國平均的五倍
05:50
So on the one hand, a city saves money for its residents
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適宜步行和騎單車的城市
05:54
by being more walkable and more bikeable,
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一方面替市民省錢
05:57
but on the other hand, it also is the cool kind of city
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另一方面也是很酷的城市
05:59
that people want to be in these days.
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是大家喜歡居住的地方
06:02
So the best economic strategy
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所以最佳經濟策略城市
06:04
you can have as a city
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對於城市而言
06:05
is not the old way of trying to attract corporations
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不是吸引企業那種老套
06:09
and trying to have a biotech cluster
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不是要建立生技園區
06:11
or a medical cluster,
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或醫療園區
06:13
or an aerospace cluster,
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或航太園區
06:15
but to become a place where people want to be.
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而是要成為宜居的城市
06:18
And millennials, certainly, these engines of entrepreneurship,
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無疑是創業引擎的千禧世代
06:21
64 percent of whom decide first
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64%會先決定
06:24
where they want to live,
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要住在哪裡
06:25
then they move there, then they look for a job,
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他們會先搬過去，再找工作
06:27
they will come to your city.
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宜居的城市近悅遠來
06:30
The health argument is a scary one,
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健康方面的論點就可怕了
06:33
and you've probably heard part of this argument before.
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你們可能略知一二
06:36
Again, back in the '70s, a lot's changed since then,
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再回到和現在非常不同的1970年代
06:39
back in the '70s, one in 10 Americans was obese.
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那個年代有一成的美國人過胖
06:42
Now one out of three Americans is obese,
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如今美國人三分之一過胖
06:45
and a second third of the population is overweight.
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另外三分之一過重
06:49
Twenty-five percent of young men
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二成五的年輕男性
06:51
and 40 percent of young women are too heavy
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以及四成的女性因為過重
06:53
to enlist in our own military forces.
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不符合軍隊入伍標準
06:57
According to the Center for Disease Control,
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根據美國疾病管制中心
06:59
fully one third of all children born after 2000
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2000年以後出生的兒童
07:03
will get diabetes.
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三成會得糖尿病
07:04
We have the first generation of children in America
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這一代的孩子會創下首例
07:06
who are predicted to live shorter lives than their parents.
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平均壽命預計會低於上一代
07:10
I believe that this American healthcare crisis
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我認為這個美國的保健危機
07:13
that we've all heard about
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我們都聽說過的危機
07:14
is an urban design crisis,
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是城市設計的危機
07:17
and that the design of our cities lies at the cure.
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城市設計才是治癒的關鍵
07:19
Because we've talked a long time about diet,
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我們長期以來關注飲食
07:22
and we know that diet impacts weight,
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我們明白飲食影響體重
07:25
and weight of course impacts health.
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體重自然會影響健康
07:27
But we've only started talking about inactivity,
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但是我們才開始探討少活動
07:30
and how inactivity born of our landscape,
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以及造成少活動的地景環境
07:33
inactivity that comes from the fact that we live
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我們居住的環境
07:35
in a place where there is no longer any such thing
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讓走路的功用大不如前
07:37
as a useful walk, is driving our weight up.
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我們的體重因而上升
07:41
And we finally have the studies,
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現在終於有了相關研究
07:42
one in Britain called "Gluttony versus sloth"
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英國的研究「好吃與懶做對比」
07:45
that tracked weight against diet
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追蹤飲食和體重的關係
07:48
and tracked weight against inactivity,
186
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1905
以及活動量和體重的關係
07:50
and found a much higher, stronger correlation
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2703
發現相關度更高的
07:52
between the latter two.
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2048
是活動量和體重
07:54
Dr. James Levine at, in this case,
189
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2017
詹姆斯．萊文 (James Levine) 醫生
07:56
the aptly-named Mayo Clinic
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現任職於馬約（Mayo，諧音美乃滋）醫學中心
07:59
put his test subjects in electronic underwear,
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4539
他讓實驗對象穿上電子內衣
08:03
held their diet steady,
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1993
保持定量的飲食
08:05
and then started pumping the calories in.
193
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2004
然後開始增加熱量
08:07
Some people gained weight,
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1497
有些人開始變重
08:09
some people didn't gain weight.
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1377
有些人體重沒增加
08:10
Expecting some metabolic or DNA factor at work,
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研究人員預測是代謝或遺傳因素
08:13
they were shocked to learn that the only difference
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1704
結果卻令他們大吃一驚
08:15
between the subjects that they could figure out
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1882
他們找出的唯一差別因素
08:17
was the amount they were moving,
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1884
是實驗對象的活動量
08:19
and that in fact those who gained weight
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1640
體重增加的人
08:21
were sitting, on average, two hours more per day
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3752
比沒增重者每天平均
08:24
than those who didn't.
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1316
多坐兩小時
08:26
So we have these studies that tie
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494166
1943
我們已有研究指出
08:28
weight to inactivity, but even more,
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2314
體重和活動量有關，但不僅如此
08:30
we now have studies that tie weight to where you live.
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2515
有研究顯示，跟你住哪裡也有關
08:32
Do you live in a more walkable city
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你是住在適宜步行的城市
08:34
or do you live in a less walkable city,
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1436
還是住在走路不便的城市
08:36
or where in your city do you live?
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1924
在城市的哪個區也有關係
08:37
In San Diego, they used Walk Score --
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2665
聖地牙哥使用了「步行分數」(Walk Score)——
08:40
Walk Score rates every address in America
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2357
「步行分數」評估美國的每個住址
08:42
and soon the world
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1639
即將擴及全球
08:44
in terms of how walkable it is --
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2389
根據適宜步行的程度評分——
08:46
they used Walk Score to designate more walkable neighborhoods
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2883
聖地牙哥用「步行分數」區分鄰里
08:49
and less walkable neighborhoods.
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1693
是否適宜步行
08:51
Well guess what? If you lived in a more walkable neighborhood,
215
519557
2802
你知道嗎？
住在適合走路的鄰里
住在適合走路的鄰里
08:54
you were 35 percent likely to be overweight.
216
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2271
過重的機率是35%
08:56
If you lived in a less walkable neighborhood,
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2323
住在較不適合走路的鄰里
08:58
you were 60 percent likely to be overweight.
218
526953
2207
過重的機率則是60%
09:01
So we have study after study now
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529160
1838
已有接二連三的研究
09:02
that's tying where you live
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2055
指出居住的地點
09:05
to your health, particularly as in America,
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2387
和你的健康息息相關，尤其在美國
09:07
the biggest health crisis we have is this one
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535440
2130
我們健康的最大危機
09:09
that's stemming from environmental-induced inactivity.
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4724
來自居住環境造成的活動量減少
09:14
And I learned a new word last week.
224
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1723
我上週學到了一個新詞
09:16
They call these neighborhoods "obesageneric."
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3630
這種鄰里叫做「肥胖區」(obesageneric)
09:19
I may have that wrong, but you get the idea.
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3231
我可能沒拼對，但意思你們懂
09:22
Now that's one thing, of course.
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1767
有件事一定要提
09:24
Briefly mentioning, we have an asthma epidemic
228
552645
2475
簡而言之，就是氣喘病
09:27
in this country.
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1127
在美國流行
09:28
You probably haven't thought that much about it.
230
556247
1658
你可能沒注意到
09:29
Fourteen Americans die each day from asthma,
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557905
2721
每天有14個美國人死於氣喘病
09:32
three times what it was in the '90s,
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2905
人數是1990年代的三倍
09:35
and it's almost all coming from car exhaust.
233
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2891
肇因幾乎全部來自汽車的廢氣
09:38
American pollution does not come
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566422
2012
美國的污染不再來自工廠
09:40
from factories anymore, it comes from tailpipes,
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568434
2308
而是來自汽車的排氣管
09:42
and the amount that people are driving in your city,
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2257
決定於城市人開車的多寡
09:44
your urban VMT, is a good prediction
237
572999
2448
城市開車的里程數
09:47
of the asthma problems in your city.
238
575447
2502
是氣喘問題的良好指標
09:49
And then finally, in terms of driving,
239
577949
2215
關於開車還有一件事
09:52
there's the issue of the single-largest killer
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2906
殺害健康成人的最大兇手
09:55
of healthy adults, and one of the largest killers
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2642
殺害所有人的最大兇手之一
09:57
of all people, is car crashes.
242
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2094
就是車禍
09:59
And we take car crashes for granted.
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587806
1502
我們對車禍習以為常
10:01
We figure it's a natural risk
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589308
1835
我們認為開車
10:03
of being on the road.
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1582
自然會有風險
10:04
But in fact, here in America, 12 people
246
592725
3173
但事實上，每年在美國
10:07
out of every 100,000
247
595898
1356
十萬分之十二的人
10:09
die every year from car crashes.
248
597254
2098
死於車禍
10:11
We're pretty safe here.
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1469
我們相當安全
10:12
Well, guess what? In England, it's seven per 100,000.
250
600821
2386
但你知道嗎？英國是十萬分之七
10:15
It's Japan, it's four per 100,000.
251
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1838
日本則是十萬分之四
10:17
Do you know where it's three per 100,000?
252
605045
2569
你知道哪裡是十萬分之三嗎
10:19
New York City.
253
607614
1725
紐約市
10:21
San Francisco, the same thing. Portland, the same thing.
254
609339
2656
舊金山也一樣，波特蘭也如此
10:23
Oh, so cities make us safer
255
611995
2060
噢，城市比較安全
10:26
because we're driving less?
256
614055
2169
是因為城市人較少開車？
10:28
Tulsa: 14 per 100,000.
257
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2419
突沙市：十萬分之十四
10:30
Orlando: 20 per 100,000.
258
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3241
奧蘭多：十萬分之二十
10:33
It's not whether you're in the city or not,
259
621884
1717
所以是否在城市不重要
10:35
it's how is your city designed?
260
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1686
城市的規劃才重要
10:37
Was it designed around cars or around people?
261
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3832
規劃是以人還是以車為中心？
10:41
Because if your city is designed around cars,
262
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1770
因為如果以車為中心
10:42
it's really good at smashing them into each other.
263
630889
4859
出車禍的機率很高
10:47
That's part of a much larger health argument.
264
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3735
這是健康論據的一小部分
10:51
Finally, the environmental argument is fascinating,
265
639483
2269
最後，環境方面的論據令人著迷
10:53
because the environmentalists turned on a dime
266
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2241
因為環保人士在十年前
10:55
about 10 years ago.
267
643993
1519
快速轉變了立場
10:57
The environmental movement in America
268
645512
1476
美國的環保運動
10:58
has historically been an anti-city movement
269
646988
3028
過去一直是反對城市的運動
11:02
from Jefferson on.
270
650016
1511
可回溯至傑弗遜總統
11:03
"Cities are pestilential to the health,
271
651527
2355
「城市有害於健康
11:05
to the liberties, to the morals of man.
272
653882
1991
自由和人之道德
11:07
If we continue to pile upon ourselves in cities,
273
655873
2110
如果我們不斷聚集在城市
11:09
as they do in Europe, we shall become as corrupt
274
657983
1916
就像歐洲一樣，我們也將
11:11
as they are in Europe
275
659899
1415
像歐洲一樣腐敗
11:13
and take to eating one another as they do there."
276
661314
2662
像他們一樣人吃人。」
11:15
He apparently had a sense of humor.
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663976
2731
傑佛遜顯然頗有幽默感
11:18
And then the American environmental movement
278
666707
2053
然後美國的環保運動
11:20
has been a classically Arcadian movement.
279
668760
2110
一直是正統的田園運動
11:22
To become more environmental, we move into the country,
280
670870
2113
為了保護環境，我們搬到鄉下
11:24
we commune with nature, we build suburbs.
281
672983
2668
我們與自然交融，我們建立郊區
11:27
But, of course, we've seen what that does.
282
675651
4023
但是我們當然也看到了後果
11:31
The carbon mapping of America,
283
679674
2206
美國的碳地圖
11:33
where is the CO2 being emitted,
284
681880
1887
標示了二氧化碳的排放位置
11:35
for many years only
285
683767
1929
多年以來
11:37
hammered this argument in more strongly.
286
685696
2527
更加深了我們的刻板印象
11:40
If you look at any carbon map, because we map it per square mile,
287
688223
2841
碳地圖顯示每平方哩的排放量
11:43
any carbon map of the U.S.,
288
691064
1515
因此任何美國的碳地圖
11:44
it looks like a night sky satellite photo of the U.S.,
289
692579
3143
看似美國夜間衛星空照圖
11:47
hottest in the cities, cooler in the suburbs,
290
695722
2456
城市看起來炙熱，郊區比較冷清
11:50
dark, peaceful in the countryside.
291
698178
3568
鄉下則一片漆黑與平靜
11:53
Until some economists said, you know,
292
701746
1939
直到經濟學家表示質疑
11:55
is that the right way to measure CO2?
293
703685
2446
這樣衡量碳排對嗎？
11:58
There are only so many people in this country at any given time,
294
706131
1986
如果全國總人數不變
12:00
and we can choose to live where perhaps
295
708117
2087
我們可以選擇住在
12:02
we would have a lighter impact.
296
710204
1639
人均碳排較少的地方
12:03
And they said, let's measure CO2 per household,
297
711843
2793
他們提議測量平均家戶碳排
12:06
and when they did that, the maps just flipped,
298
714636
2604
方法改變後，碳地圖豬羊變色
12:09
coolest in the center city, warmer in the suburbs,
299
717240
3019
市中心最為冷清，郊區色澤較暖
12:12
and red hot in these exurban
300
720259
2676
呈現火紅的是鄉間
12:14
"drive till you qualify" neighborhoods.
301
722935
2772
就是「開到你買得起為止」的地方
12:17
So a fundamental shift, and now you have
302
725707
1953
因此看法有了根本改變
12:19
environmentalists and economists like Ed Glaeser
303
727660
2764
愛德華．格雷瑟 (Edward Glaeser)
之類的環保人士和經濟學家
之類的環保人士和經濟學家
12:22
saying we are a destructive species.
304
730424
2567
表示人類是具毀滅性的物種
12:24
If you love nature, the best thing you can do
305
732991
2166
喜愛自然的人最應該做的
12:27
is stay the heck away from it,
306
735157
2268
是離開那裡
12:29
move to a city, and the denser the better,
307
737425
2554
搬到城市，人口密度越高越好
12:31
and the denser cities like Manhattan
308
739979
2504
像曼哈頓一樣的高密度城市
12:34
are the cities that perform the best.
309
742483
2336
表現的成績最好
12:36
So the average Manhattanite is consuming gasoline
310
744819
4149
曼哈頓居民平均汽油消耗之低
12:40
at the rate the rest of the nation hasn't seen since the '20s,
311
748968
4316
是美國其他地方1920年代以來所未見
12:45
consuming half of the electricity of Dallas.
312
753284
3474
耗電量是達拉斯的一半
12:48
But of course, we can do better.
313
756758
2002
當然我們還有改善的空間
12:50
Canadian cities, they consume half the gasoline of American cities.
314
758760
3112
加拿大相較美國，城市汽油消耗少一半
12:53
European cities consume half as much again.
315
761872
4094
歐洲城市的汽油消耗也是少一半
12:57
So obviously, we can do better,
316
765966
2196
顯然我們還有空間可以改善
13:00
and we want to do better, and we're all trying to be green.
317
768162
3369
我們也想改善，大家都在致力於環保
13:03
My final argument in this topic is that
318
771531
2446
我最後在這個議題的論點是
13:05
I think we're trying to be green the wrong way,
319
773977
3654
我認為我們的環保走錯了方向
13:09
and I'm one of many people who believes that
320
777631
2176
我和很多人一樣認為
13:11
this focus on gadgets,
321
779807
3072
關注小器具
13:14
on accessorizing --
322
782879
2691
關注附加物——
13:17
What can I add to my house,
323
785570
2019
我的住家可以添加什麼
13:19
what can I add to what I've already got
324
787589
2112
我在現有之上可以加點什麼
13:21
to make my lifestyle more sustainable? --
325
789701
2463
才能讓生活方式更能持續？——
13:24
has kind of dominated the discussion.
326
792164
1941
這種思維似乎主導了議題
13:26
So I'm not immune to this.
327
794105
1854
我也跳不出窠臼
13:27
My wife and I built a new house
328
795959
1535
我和妻子在華盛頓特區
13:29
on an abandoned lot in Washington, D.C.,
329
797494
2999
廢棄的土地上蓋新房子
13:32
and we did our best to clear the shelves
330
800493
2102
我們選購居家用品
13:34
of the sustainability store.
331
802595
2055
盡量在綠色商店
13:36
We've got the solar photovoltaic system,
332
804650
2235
我們買了太陽能光伏發電系統
13:38
solar hot water heater, dual-flush toilets,
333
806885
2449
太陽能熱水器，兩段式抽水馬桶
13:41
bamboo floors.
334
809334
1908
竹製地板
13:43
A log burning in my German high-tech stove
335
811242
3372
德國製高科技爐灶燃燒木頭
13:46
apparently, supposedly, contributes less carbon
336
814614
2689
碳排量據稱顯然低於
13:49
to the atmosphere than were it left alone
337
817303
1681
讓木頭在森林中
13:50
to decompose in the forest.
338
818984
2112
自行腐敗
13:53
Yet all of these innovations --
339
821096
2780
然而這些創新
13:55
That's what they said in the brochure.
340
823876
1887
剛才那個來自產品說明
13:57
(Laughter)
341
825763
1228
（笑聲）
13:58
All of these innovations together
342
826991
2140
這些所有的創新加起來
14:01
contribute a fraction of what we contribute
343
829131
3084
效果遠遠不如
14:04
by living in a walkable neighborhood
344
832215
1905
居住在適合步行的鄰里
14:06
three blocks from a metro in the heart of a city.
345
834120
3771
在市中心離捷運三條街的地方
14:09
We've changed all our light bulbs to energy-savers,
346
837891
2199
我家已經全面換裝節能燈泡
14:12
and you should do the same thing,
347
840090
1350
你們也應該這麼做
14:13
but changing all your light bulbs to energy-savers
348
841440
2380
但是全面換裝節能燈泡
14:15
saves as much energy in a year
349
843820
1632
每年省下的能源只等於
14:17
as moving to a walkable city does in a week.
350
845452
2934
搬到適宜步行的城市一周
14:20
And we don't want to have this argument.
351
848386
1349
這點大家避而不談
14:21
Politicians and marketers are afraid
352
849735
2208
政客和商人都不敢
14:23
of marketing green as a "lifestyle choice."
353
851943
3733
把環保宣傳為「生活方式的選擇」
14:27
You don't want to tell Americans, God forbid,
354
855676
2917
誰敢告訴美國人
14:30
that they have to change their lifestyle.
355
858593
1861
應該要改變生活方式
14:32
But what if lifestyle was really about quality of life
356
860454
3164
但如果生活方式攸關生活品質
14:35
and about perhaps something that we would all enjoy more,
357
863618
2517
或許攸關我們更享受的東西
14:38
something that would be better than what we have right now?
358
866135
3331
優於我們現有的東西又如何？
14:41
Well, the gold standard of quality of life rankings,
359
869466
2511
生活品質評比的金字招牌
14:43
it's called the Mercer Survey.
360
871977
1989
叫做默瑟調查 (Mercer Survey)
14:45
You may have heard of it.
361
873966
1200
你們或許聽過
14:47
They rank hundreds of nations worldwide
362
875166
3182
他們評比世界上百個國家
14:50
according to 10 criteria that they believe add up
363
878348
2413
認為生活品質有十個標準：
14:52
to quality of life: health, economics, education,
364
880761
5099
健康、經濟、教育
14:57
housing, you name it.
365
885860
3302
住家等等
15:01
There's six more. Short talk.
366
889162
2388
還有六個，但時間有限
15:03
(Laughter)
367
891550
1789
（笑聲）
15:05
And it's very interesting to see that
368
893339
2647
有趣的是
15:07
the highest-ranking American city, Honolulu,
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美國排名最前面的是檀香山
15:10
number 28, is followed by kind of the usual suspects
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第28名，其次的城市也在意料之中
15:14
of Seattle and Boston and all walkable cities.
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西雅圖和波士頓，都適宜步行
15:17
The driving cities in the Sun Belt,
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陽光帶的開車城市
15:19
the Dallases and the Phoenixes and, sorry, Atlanta,
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達拉斯、鳳凰城之類，抱歉亞特蘭大
15:22
these cities are not appearing on the list.
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這些城市都沒上榜
15:26
But who's doing even better?
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但哪些城市更名列前茅？
15:27
The Canadian cities like Vancouver,
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加拿大的溫哥華
15:30
where again, they're burning half the fuel.
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我提過他們的耗油量少一半
15:32
And then it's usually won by cities where they speak German,
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德語城市也常上榜
15:35
like Dusseldorf or Vienna,
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例如杜塞道夫和維也納
15:37
where they're burning, again, half as much fuel.
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他們的耗油量也少一半
15:39
And you see this alignment, this strange alignment.
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兩種指標成正比，出乎意外
15:42
Is being more sustainble
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採取更永續的生活方式
15:44
what gives you a higher quality of life?
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能提高生活品質嗎？
15:46
I would argue the same thing
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我認為讓我們生活
15:49
that makes you more sustainble
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更能持續之事
15:51
is what gives you a higher quality of life,
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確實會提高我們的生活品質
15:53
and that's living in a walkable neighborhood.
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那就是住在適宜步行的鄰里
15:56
So sustainability, which includes our wealth
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生活可持續與否，包括財富
16:00
and our health
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和健康
16:02
may not be a direct function of our sustainability.
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未必是影響我們持續的關鍵因素
16:07
But particularly here in America,
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但是尤其在美國
16:09
we are polluting so much
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我們污染過多
16:12
because we're throwing away our time
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是因為我們浪費時間
16:14
and our money and our lives on the highway,
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金錢和生命在公路上
16:17
then these two problems would seem to share
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似乎這兩個問題
16:19
the same solution, which is to make our cities
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解決辦法相同，那就是讓城市
16:22
more walkable.
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更適宜步行
16:23
Doing so isn't easy, but it can be done,
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要做到不容易，但是絕對可行
16:26
it has been done,
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已有成功的例子
16:27
and it's being done now in more than a few cities,
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成功實行的城市
16:30
around the globe and in our country.
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在全球和美國並不罕見
16:32
I take some solace from Winston Churchill,
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邱吉爾的話讓我感到安慰
16:35
who put it this way:
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他是這麼說的：
16:37
"The Americans can be counted on
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「可以信賴美國人
16:38
to do the right thing
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做對的事情
16:40
once they have exhausted the alternatives." (Laughter)
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只要等他們錯事做盡了。」
（笑聲）
（笑聲）
16:42
Thank you.
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謝謝
16:44
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jeff Speck - Urban plannerJeff Speck is a city planner and the author of "Walkable City."
Why you should listen
Jeff Speck is a city planner and architectural designer who, through writing, lectures, and built work, advocates internationally for more walkable cities.
As Director of Design at the National Endowment for the Arts from 2003 through 2007, he oversaw the Mayors' Institute on City Design and created the Governors' Institute on Community Design, a federal program that helps state governors fight suburban sprawl. Prior to joining the Endowment, Speck spent ten years as Director of Town Planning at Duany Plater-Zyberk and Co., a leading practitioner of the New Urbanism, where he led or managed more than forty of the firm's projects.
Speck is the co-author of Suburban Nation: The Rise of Sprawl and the Decline of the American Dream as well as The Smart Growth Manual. His latest book, Walkable City -- which Christian Science Monitor calls "timely and important, a delightful, insightful, irreverent work" -- has been the best-selling city-planning title of this decade.
Jeff Speck | Speaker | TED.com