TED2015
Tal Danino: Programming bacteria to detect cancer (and maybe treat it)
Tal Danino: 我們可以使用病毒偵測 (或者治療) 癌症
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肝癌是幾個最難偵測的癌症之一，但綜合生物學家 Tal Danino 突發奇想: 如果我們能創造一種益生、可編輯的細菌，在「編碼」後可以找到肝腫瘤呢? 他的洞察開發了一些我們剛開始了解的細菌: 他們聚合感應的能力，或在聚集起來達到臨界數量後會做的事。一名 TED 人 Danino 解釋了這聚合反應是如何運作的──以及細菌一起運作的時候有多聰明至某天將可以改變癌症療法。
Tal Danino - Synthetic biologist
Tal Danino explores the emerging frontier of combining biology and engineering (and art). He is a 2015 TED Fellow. Full bio
Tal Danino explores the emerging frontier of combining biology and engineering (and art). He is a 2015 TED Fellow. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
You may not realize this,
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你可能沒有意識到 :
00:14
but there are more bacteria in your body
than stars in our entire galaxy.
than stars in our entire galaxy.
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身體裡細菌的數量，
其實比整個銀河系的星星還要多。
其實比整個銀河系的星星還要多。
00:20
This fascinating universe
of bacteria inside of us
of bacteria inside of us
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這個迷人的細菌宇宙，在我們的身體裡，
00:23
is an integral part of our health,
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構成我們健康的一部分。
00:25
and our technology is evolving so rapidly
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隨著科技快速地進步，
00:27
that today we can program these bacteria
like we program computers.
like we program computers.
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今日，我們可以像在電腦裡
寫程式一樣設定這些細菌。
寫程式一樣設定這些細菌。
00:33
Now, the diagram that you see here,
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現在，來看這張圖表：
00:34
I know it looks like
some kind of sports play,
some kind of sports play,
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我知道這看起來有點像某種體育比賽，
00:37
but it is actually a blueprint of
the first bacterial program I developed.
the first bacterial program I developed.
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實際上，是我研發的第一支細菌程式的藍圖。
00:41
And like writing software,
we can print and write DNA
we can print and write DNA
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就像寫軟體一樣，可以將DNA列印、撰寫成
00:44
into different algorithms
and programs inside of bacteria.
and programs inside of bacteria.
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細菌內不同的演算法或程式。
00:48
What this program does
is produces fluorescent proteins
is produces fluorescent proteins
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這個程序用富有節奏的方式，
00:51
in a rhythmic fashion
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產生螢光蛋白質
00:52
and generates a small molecule
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以及一個小分子，
00:54
that allows bacteria
to communicate and synchronize,
to communicate and synchronize,
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讓細菌可以溝通、同步，
00:57
as you're seeing in this movie.
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就像你在影片裡看到的那樣。
00:59
The growing colony of bacteria
that you see here
that you see here
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這個成長中菌落的寬度
01:01
is about the width of a human hair.
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大概和人類頭髮差不多。
01:03
Now, what you can't see
is that our genetic program
is that our genetic program
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現在，你沒有辦法看到我們的基因程式
01:06
instructs these bacteria
to each produce small molecules,
to each produce small molecules,
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命令這些細菌產生小分子，
01:09
and these molecules travel between
the thousands of individual bacteria
the thousands of individual bacteria
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這些分子在數千個獨立的細菌之間游走，
01:13
telling them when to turn on and off.
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告訴它們什麼時候要開、關。
01:15
And the bacteria synchronize
quite well at this scale,
quite well at this scale,
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細菌的同步在這個尺度下表現很好，
01:19
but because the molecule that synchronizes
them together can only travel so fast,
them together can only travel so fast,
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但因這些讓細菌同步的分子傳導地很快，
01:23
in larger colonies of bacteria,
this results in traveling waves
this results in traveling waves
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在比較大的菌落裡，
將導致細菌間產生傳導波，
將導致細菌間產生傳導波，
01:26
between bacteria that are
far away from each other,
far away from each other,
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讓細菌之間彼此遠離，
01:29
and you can see these waves going
from right to left across the screen.
from right to left across the screen.
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你可以看到這些軌跡
從螢幕的右邊一直傳到左邊。
從螢幕的右邊一直傳到左邊。
01:33
Now, our genetic program
relies on a natural phenomenon
relies on a natural phenomenon
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我們的遺傳程序仰賴於一種稱作
01:36
called quorum sensing,
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「群聚感應」的自然現像，
01:37
in which bacteria trigger coordinated
and sometimes virulent behaviors
and sometimes virulent behaviors
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一但菌落達到臨界密度，
細菌之間就會開始相互協調，
細菌之間就會開始相互協調，
01:40
once they reach a critical density.
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甚至會產生致命的反應。
01:43
You can observe quorum sensing
in action in this movie,
in action in this movie,
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你可以觀察「群聚感應」
在這部影片中正在起作用，
在這部影片中正在起作用，
01:46
where a growing colony of bacteria
only begins to glow
only begins to glow
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成長中的菌落在達到高密度
或臨界密度後
或臨界密度後
01:49
once it reaches a high
or critical density.
or critical density.
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才會開始發光。
01:52
Our genetic program
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我們的基因程序
01:54
continues producing these
rhythmic patterns of fluorescent proteins
rhythmic patterns of fluorescent proteins
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在菌落向外成長時，
用這種富有節奏的樣式
用這種富有節奏的樣式
01:57
as the colony grows outwards.
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持續製造螢光蛋白質。
01:59
This particular movie and experiment
we call The Supernova,
we call The Supernova,
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我們稱這個特別的影片和實驗作「超新星」，
02:03
because it looks like an exploding star.
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因為這看起來很像星星爆炸。
02:06
Now, besides programming
these beautiful patterns,
these beautiful patterns,
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除了編譯這些美麗的樣式外，
02:08
I wondered, what else can we get
these bacteria to do?
these bacteria to do?
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我開始想：這些細菌還能做什麼?
02:11
And I decided to explore
how we can program bacteria
how we can program bacteria
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我決定探索如何編譯細菌
02:13
to detect and treat diseases
in our bodies like cancer.
in our bodies like cancer.
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去偵測和治療身體的疾病，像是癌症。
02:18
One of the surprising facts about bacteria
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關於細菌的其中一個驚人事實是
02:20
is that they can naturally grow
inside of tumors.
inside of tumors.
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細菌可以在腫瘤裡自然地生長。
02:23
This happens because typically tumors
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這現像會發生是因為基本上腫瘤
02:25
are areas where the immune system
has no access,
has no access,
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是免疫系統鞭長莫及的區域，
02:27
and so bacteria find these tumors
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所以當細菌發現這些腫瘤時，
02:29
and use them as a safe haven
to grow and thrive.
to grow and thrive.
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細菌會將腫瘤當作避風港，
並在此茁壯、成長。
並在此茁壯、成長。
02:33
We started using probiotic bacteria
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我們開始使用一種益生菌，
02:35
which are safe bacteria
that have a health benefit,
that have a health benefit,
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一種安全且對身體有益的細菌。
02:38
and found that
when orally delivered to mice,
when orally delivered to mice,
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我們發現，當老鼠口服時，
02:40
these probiotics would selectively
grow inside of liver tumors.
grow inside of liver tumors.
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這些益生菌會選擇生長在肝臟的腫瘤裡。
02:44
We realized that the most convenient way
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我們了解到，最方便
02:46
to highlight the presence
of the probiotics,
of the probiotics,
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標出益生菌，
02:48
and hence, the presence of the tumors,
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也就是，讓腫瘤現形的方法
02:50
was to get these bacteria
to produce a signal
to produce a signal
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是讓這些細菌產生
02:52
that would be detectable in the urine,
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可以在尿液中被偵測到的訊號，
02:55
and so we specifically
programmed these probiotics
programmed these probiotics
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所以我們特別編譯了這些益生菌，
02:57
to make a molecule that would change
the color of your urine
the color of your urine
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讓分子可以改變你尿液的顏色
03:00
to indicate the presence of cancer.
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以檢驗是否患有癌症。
03:03
We went on to show that this technology
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我們接著證明這項技術
03:05
could sensitively and specifically
detect liver cancer,
detect liver cancer,
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可以敏感地偵測出肝癌，
03:08
one that is challenging
to detect otherwise.
to detect otherwise.
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如果用傳統方法檢測，
並不容易偵測到。
並不容易偵測到。
03:11
Now, since these bacteria
specifically localize to tumors,
specifically localize to tumors,
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既然這些細菌能專門定位癌症位置，
03:14
we've been programming them
to not only detect cancer
to not only detect cancer
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我們將它們編譯成不只偵測癌症，
03:17
but also to treat cancer
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也能治療癌症。
03:19
by producing therapeutic molecules
from within the tumor environment
from within the tumor environment
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藉由從腫瘤內部環境產生治療性分子，
03:22
that shrink the existing tumors,
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讓現有的腫瘤萎縮，
03:24
and we've been doing this
using quorum sensing programs
using quorum sensing programs
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而我們我們已經在用群聚感應程序實作了，
03:27
like you saw in the previous movies.
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就像之前影片中看到的一樣。
03:29
Altogether, imagine in the future
taking a programmed probiotic
taking a programmed probiotic
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想像一下，未來可以服用這些編譯過的細菌
03:33
that could detect and treat cancer,
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來偵測、治療癌症，
03:35
or even other diseases.
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甚至其他的疾病。
03:38
Our ability to program bacteria
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我們這編譯細菌
03:40
and program life
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以及編譯生命的能力
03:42
opens up new horizons in cancer research,
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在癌症研究上開闢了新的視野。
03:45
and to share this vision,
I worked with artist Vik Muniz
I worked with artist Vik Muniz
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為了分享這個願景，
我和藝術家維克穆尼茲，
我和藝術家維克穆尼茲，
03:47
to create the symbol of the universe,
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共同創造了這個完全由細菌和癌症細胞
03:49
made entirely out of bacteria
or cancer cells.
or cancer cells.
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所組成的宇宙符號。
03:53
Ultimately, my hope is that the beauty
and purpose of this microscopic universe
and purpose of this microscopic universe
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最終，我希望這個美麗的微觀宇宙，
03:58
can inspire new and creative approaches
for the future of cancer research.
for the future of cancer research.
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能夠在未來的癌症研究中
啟發新穎和創意的方法。
啟發新穎和創意的方法。
04:03
Thank you.
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謝謝。
04:06
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Tal Danino - Synthetic biologistTal Danino explores the emerging frontier of combining biology and engineering (and art). He is a 2015 TED Fellow.
Why you should listen
Tal Danino's research explores the emerging frontier of combining biology, engineering and medicine. His work as a synthetic biologist focuses on reprogramming bacteria to detect and treat diseases in our bodies such as cancer.
Originally from Los Angeles, Danino received B.S. degrees from UCLA in Physics, Chemistry and Math, and received his Ph.D. in Bioengineering from UCSD. He did a postdoctoral fellowship at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and is currently an assistant professor at Columbia University in New York.
Danino's work has been published in scientific journals and highlighted in several popular press venues. He actively develops "Bio-Art" projects that share perspectives and stories about science with recent projects featured in the New York Times, WIRED, and the Wall Street Journal.
Tal Danino | Speaker | TED.com