TED2006
Richard Baraniuk: The birth of the open-source learning revolution
Richard Baraniuk 談開放式學習
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萊斯大學教授Richard Baraniuk闡述他的開放式線上教育系統--Connexions背後的願景。此系統擺脫了教科書，讓老師們可以自由地在世界各地分享他們的課程。
Richard Baraniuk - Education visionary
Richard Baraniuk founded Connexions -- now called OpenStax -- a free, open-source, global clearinghouse of course materials. Students and educators tap into its vast store of texts on everything from engineering to ornithology to music, adapting the content as they see fit. Full bio
Richard Baraniuk founded Connexions -- now called OpenStax -- a free, open-source, global clearinghouse of course materials. Students and educators tap into its vast store of texts on everything from engineering to ornithology to music, adapting the content as they see fit. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:24
I'm Rich Baraniuk and what I'd like
to talk a little bit about today
to talk a little bit about today
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我是Rich Baraniuk
我今天想與各位分享的看法
00:27
are some ideas that I think
have just tremendous resonance
have just tremendous resonance
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與前兩天大家所討論的問題
00:30
with all the things that have been
talked about the last two days.
talked about the last two days.
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我認為可以產生很大的共鳴
事實上，有太多不同的共鳴點
00:34
So many different points of resonance
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在這裡很難一一提及，但我會盡力而為
00:36
that it's going to be difficult
to bring them all up,
to bring them all up,
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00:38
but I'll try to do my best.
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還有任何人記得這些東西嗎?
00:40
Does anybody remember these?
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00:41
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
這些是黑膠唱片，它們現在都已經被取代了
00:43
OK, so these are LP records
and they've been replaced, right?
and they've been replaced, right?
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它們在過去二十年中被席捲殆盡
00:49
They've been swept away
over the last two decades
over the last two decades
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取而代之的是使世界扁平化的數位化科技
00:52
by these types of world-flattening
digitization technologies, right?
digitization technologies, right?
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00:56
And I think it was best witnessed
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而我認為這件事最好的見證
是在今天大家入場Thomas撥放音樂的時候
00:59
when Thomas was playing the music
as we came in the room today.
as we came in the room today.
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有一種文化或是生態環境
01:03
What's happened in the music world
is there's a culture,
is there's a culture,
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在音樂世界中被創造出來了
01:06
or an ecosystem that's been created
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01:07
that, if you take some words from Apple,
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如果套用蘋果公司的標語
那就是我們創造、拆解、混合和重製。
01:10
the catchphrase --
that we create, rip, mix and burn.
that we create, rip, mix and burn.
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我的意思是，世界上的任何人都可以自由地
01:14
What I mean by that is that anyone
in the world is free and allowed
in the world is free and allowed
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去創造新的音樂以及有關音樂的想法
01:17
to create new music and musical ideas.
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而世界上的每一個人也都被允許去拆解或複製音樂的想法
01:20
Anyone in the world is allowed
to rip or copy musical ideas,
to rip or copy musical ideas,
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並以創新的方式去使用它們
01:23
use them in innovative ways.
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任何人都可以以不同的方式去混和它們
01:25
Anyone is allowed to mix them
in different types of ways,
in different types of ways,
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並在許多音樂的想法當中建立聯繫
01:28
draw connections between musical ideas,
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然後人們可以將它們燒製出來或創造產品，並繼續這個循環
01:30
and people can burn them or create
final products and continue the circle.
final products and continue the circle.
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然後像我說的，在這樣的過程中創造了
01:34
And what that's done
is it's created, like I said,
is it's created, like I said,
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一個活躍的社群，它有很大的包容性
01:37
a vibrant community that's very inclusive,
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人們在此社群中不斷聯繫音樂的想法
01:39
with people continually working
to connect musical ideas,
to connect musical ideas,
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01:42
innovate them and keep things
constantly up to date.
constantly up to date.
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創新，並讓所有的東西不斷更新。
今天的熱門單曲不是去年的熱門單曲
01:46
Today's hit single
is not last year's hit single.
is not last year's hit single.
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但我今天其實不是來談音樂的
01:50
But I'm not here
to talk about music today.
to talk about music today.
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我是來此談論書的
01:52
I'm here to talk about books.
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01:53
In particular, textbooks
and the kind of educational materials
and the kind of educational materials
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特別是，教科書以及其他教材
我們每天在學校用的東西
01:57
that we use every day in school.
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這裡有任何人上過學嗎？
01:59
Has anyone here ever been to school?
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(笑聲)
02:01
(Laughter)
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好的，有任何人知道世界各地的學校
02:02
OK, does anybody realize
there's a crisis in our schools,
there's a crisis in our schools,
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02:06
around the world?
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正面臨危機?
好，我希望我不要花太多時間在說明這件事
02:08
I'm not going to spend
too much time on that,
too much time on that,
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但我想談論的事情是，當一位作者出版了一本書的時候
02:11
but what I want to talk about
is some of the disconnects
is some of the disconnects
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有一些斷層在此出現
02:14
that appear when an author
publishes a book.
publishes a book.
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事實上，就是出版過程
02:17
That in fact, the publishing process --
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02:18
just because of the fact
that it's complicated,
that it's complicated,
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正因為出版過程是複雜的
繁重的並且書價昂貴這些事實
02:21
it's heavy, books are expensive --
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02:22
creates a sort of a wall
between authors of books
between authors of books
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在書的作者和書的使用者之間
創造了一道牆
02:26
and the ultimate users of books,
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02:27
be they teachers, students
or just general readers.
or just general readers.
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而他們是老師、學生或一般讀者
02:31
And this is even more true
if you happen to speak a language
if you happen to speak a language
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而且如果你所使用的語言
02:35
other than one of the world's
major languages, and especially English.
major languages, and especially English.
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不是這個世界的主要語言，尤其英語，那麼這件事會顯得更真實。
02:38
I'm going to call these people
below the barrier "shutouts"
below the barrier "shutouts"
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而我要稱這些人是在被障礙封鎖之下的人
02:41
because they're really
shut out of the process
shut out of the process
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因為他們真的無法進入
02:43
of being able to share
their knowledge with the world.
their knowledge with the world.
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與世界分享他們的知識的這一個過程。
因為如此，我今天想談論的，是想嘗試將這些想法
02:46
And so what I want to talk about today
is trying to take these ideas
is trying to take these ideas
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也就是我們今天在音樂的文化中已看到的
02:49
that we've seen in the musical culture
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並將這些想法帶入一個創新的
02:51
and try to bring these
towards reinventing the way
towards reinventing the way
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寫書、用書以及教書的方式。
02:53
we think about writing books,
using them and teaching from them.
using them and teaching from them.
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這就是我今天想談論的
02:57
So, that's what I'd like to talk about
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以及，我們如何從現在的位置，到達我們希望的目的地
02:59
and, really, how we get
from where we are now
from where we are now
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03:01
to where we need to go.
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所以，我想要你們做的第一件事是一個小小的思想實驗
03:03
The first thing I'd like you to do
is a little thought experiment.
is a little thought experiment.
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想像一下世界上所有的書。
03:06
Imagine taking all the world's books.
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來吧，大家想像一下書
03:08
OK, everybody imagine books
and imagine just tearing out the pages.
and imagine just tearing out the pages.
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然後想像一頁頁地撕開這些書
03:11
So, liberating these pages
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將這些書頁解放，將它們數位化
03:13
and imagine digitizing them
and then storing them
and then storing them
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然後將它們儲存在一個巨大、互相連結、全球性的寶庫裡。
03:17
in a vast, interconnected,
global repository.
global repository.
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03:19
Think of it as a massive iTunes
for book-type content.
for book-type content.
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把他想成是一個大規模的iTunes，專門做給書的
然後把這些內容與想像開放
03:25
And then take that material
and imagine making it all open,
and imagine making it all open,
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03:28
so that people can modify it,
play with it, improve it.
play with it, improve it.
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讓人們可以修改、使用、並改良
03:31
Imagine making it free,
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並想像它是免費的，這樣全世界的每個人都可以使用
03:33
so that anyone in the world can have
access to all of this knowledge,
access to all of this knowledge,
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所有這些知識以及訊息使用的科技
03:36
and imagine using information technology
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03:38
so that you can update this content,
improve it, play with it,
improve it, play with it,
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你可以更新它的內容、改良、使用它
在時間規模上來看，它是以秒而非以年在變化的。
03:42
on a timescale that's more
on the order of seconds instead of years.
on the order of seconds instead of years.
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書籍以每兩年的速度在出新版本
03:46
Instead of editions of a book
coming out every two years,
coming out every two years,
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我們以每25秒更新來替代
03:49
imagine them coming out every 25 seconds.
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想像我們都可以做那樣的事情
03:52
So, imagine we could do that
and imagine we could put people into this.
and imagine we could put people into this.
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並想像我們也能讓人們也參與這樣的事。
由此我們便可真正造出一個生態系統，不再是只由書的作者參與
03:57
So that we could truly build
an ecosystem with not just authors,
an ecosystem with not just authors,
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而是所有能夠成為或想要成為作者的人
04:00
but all the people
who could be or want to be authors
who could be or want to be authors
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並使用全世界的所有不同語言
04:04
in all the different
languages of the world,
languages of the world,
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而我認為如果你們可以做這樣的事情，那是很好的一件事
04:06
and I think if you could do this,
it would be called --
it would be called --
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我將把它稱作是一個知識的生態系統。
04:08
I'm just going to refer to it
as a knowledge ecosystem.
as a knowledge ecosystem.
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這就是我所談論的夢想
04:11
So, really, this is the dream,
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某種程度上來說你可以把它想作是
04:13
and in a sense what you can think of it
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我們正嘗試讓世界上的每一個人
04:15
is we're trying
to enable anyone in the world,
to enable anyone in the world,
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我指的是世界上的任何人
04:17
I mean anyone in the world --
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做他們自己的教育的DJ
04:19
(Laughter)
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04:20
to be their own educational DJ,
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創造教材，並與全世界分享
04:22
creating educational materials,
sharing them with the world,
sharing them with the world,
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並時常地創新，大概就是這樣的夢想。
04:25
constantly innovating on them.
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04:27
So, this is the dream.
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而事實上，這個夢想也正在實現
04:28
In fact, this dream
is actually being realized.
is actually being realized.
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在過去的六年半
04:31
Over the last six-and-a-half years,
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04:32
we've been working really hard
at Rice University
at Rice University
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我們在萊斯大學裡非常努力地
做一項計畫叫Connexions
04:35
on a project called Connexions,
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因此接下來的我的談論
04:37
and so what I'd like to do
for the rest of the talk
for the rest of the talk
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我想告訴大家參與Connexions的人
04:39
is just tell you a little bit
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在做些甚麼事，而你們可以把它想作
04:41
about what people are doing
with Connexions,
with Connexions,
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04:43
which you can kind of
think of as the counterpoint
think of as the counterpoint
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是對昨天Nicholas Negroponte的演講的一個對比
04:45
to Nicholas Negroponte's talk yesterday,
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他們正努力於硬體之上
04:47
where they're working on the hardware
of bringing education to the world.
of bringing education to the world.
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試圖帶給世界教育
04:50
We're working on the open-source tools
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我們則是努力於開放式資源的工具以及內容
04:53
and the content.
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04:54
So, that's sort of
to put it in perspective here.
to put it in perspective here.
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因此，在這裡我們有點像是做一番全面性的了解
那麼，是甚麼人在使用這種工具呢？
04:57
So, create.
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04:59
What are some of the people
that are using these kind of tools?
that are using these kind of tools?
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嗯，首先
05:02
Well, the first thing is,
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05:03
there's a community
of engineering professors,
of engineering professors,
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從劍橋到京都，有一群工程的教授
05:06
from Cambridge to Kyoto,
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他們正在研發電子工程方面的工程內容
05:08
who are developing engineering content
in electrical engineering
in electrical engineering
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並建立大規模的超級教科書
05:12
to develop what you can think of
as a massive, super textbook
as a massive, super textbook
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這教科書範圍涵蓋整個電機領域
05:16
that covers the entire area
of electrical engineering.
of electrical engineering.
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不僅如此，它還可以被客製化
05:19
And not only that --
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05:20
it can be customized for use in each
of their own individual institutions.
of their own individual institutions.
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以適用於每一個特定的機構。
像Kitty Jones 這樣的人，也就是我說的被隔離在外的人
05:26
If people like Kitty Jones, a shut-out --
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一個私人音樂老師、來自伊利諾州的母親
05:29
a private music teacher and mom
from Champagne, Illinois,
from Champagne, Illinois,
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05:34
who wanted to share her fantastic
music content with the world,
music content with the world,
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想要與世界分享她美妙的音樂
或是分享如何教孩子演奏音樂。
05:37
on how to teach kids how to play music --
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她的教材現在每個月被使用超過六十萬次
05:39
Her material is now used
over 600,000 times per month.
over 600,000 times per month.
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非常驚人的使用量
05:45
Tremendous use.
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05:46
In fact, a lot of this use coming
from United States K-12 schools,
from United States K-12 schools,
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事實上很多使用者都來自美國，從幼稚園到高中所有階段
05:50
because anyone who's involved
in a school scale back,
in a school scale back,
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所有參與過學校經費預算縮減的人都知道
最先被砍掉的就是音樂課程
05:55
the first thing that's cut
is the music curriculum.
is the music curriculum.
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而這情況正證明了大量對於這種課程
05:58
And so this is just indicating
the tremendous thirst
the tremendous thirst
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以及免費教材的需求。
06:00
for this kind of open, free content.
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06:02
A lot of teachers are using this stuff.
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許多的教師正使用這些東西，那麼，甚麼是拆解
06:05
What about ripping?
What about copying, reusing?
What about copying, reusing?
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甚麼又是複製以及再利用呢？
德州大學埃爾帕索分校的一群志願者
06:08
A team of volunteers
at the University of Texas at El Paso --
at the University of Texas at El Paso --
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一群研究生正在翻譯這個工程的超級教科書
06:11
graduate students translating
this engineering super textbook ideas.
this engineering super textbook ideas.
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在一個禮拜之內，讓這成為了我們最受歡迎的教材
06:16
And within about a week,
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06:18
having this be some
of our most popular material
of our most popular material
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在拉丁美洲，特別在墨西哥受到了普及的使用
06:20
in widespread use all over Latin America,
and in particular in Mexico,
and in particular in Mexico,
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06:24
because of the open,
extensible nature of this.
extensible nature of this.
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由於這開放可擴展的本質。
06:27
People, volunteers and even companies
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一般人、志願者甚至是公司
06:30
that are translating materials
into Asian languages
into Asian languages
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正在翻譯教材成亞洲語言
像是中文、日文或泰文
06:33
like Chinese, Japanese and Thai,
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使這些知識散播得更廣更遠。
06:35
to spread the knowledge even further.
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好，那麼那些在做混合的人呢？混和是甚麼意思？
06:39
OK, what about people who are mixing?
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06:41
What does "mixing" mean?
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混和指的是建造客製化的課程
06:42
"Mixing" means
building customized courses,
building customized courses,
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06:44
means building customized books.
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建造客製化的課本
像是國家儀器這類公司
06:48
Companies like National Instruments,
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正在把很強大的互動模擬裝置內嵌到教材裡
06:50
who are embedding very powerful,
interactive simulations
interactive simulations
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06:55
into the materials,
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以至於讓我們可以跳脫傳統的教科書
06:56
so that we can go way beyond
our regular kind of textbook
our regular kind of textbook
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而體驗到全新的教學材料
06:59
to an experience
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07:00
that all the teaching materials
are things you can actually interact with
are things you can actually interact with
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你都可以與其互動、寓教於樂
07:04
and play around with
and actually learn as you do.
and actually learn as you do.
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通過實作進行學習
我們一直在與“教師無國界”組織合作
07:08
We've been working
with Teachers Without Borders,
with Teachers Without Borders,
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他們對於混和教材非常有興趣
07:10
who are very interested
in mixing our materials.
in mixing our materials.
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他們將使用Connexions作為他們的平台
07:13
They're going to be using
Connexions as their platform
Connexions as their platform
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07:15
to develop and deliver teaching materials
for teaching teachers how to teach
for teaching teachers how to teach
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來開發或傳送他們的教材
教導教師如何教書
這些教師分佈在世界上的84個國家。
07:21
in 84 countries around the world.
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在美國國際發展署的支持下，教師無國界目前正在伊拉克培訓兩萬多名教師
07:23
TWB is currently in Iraq,
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07:26
training 20,000 teachers
supported by USAID.
supported by USAID.
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對他們來說，能夠混合
07:31
And to them, this idea
of being able to remix
of being able to remix
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以及為當地客製化教材是極重要的事情
07:34
and customize to the local context
is extraordinarily important,
is extraordinarily important,
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07:39
because just providing
free content to people
free content to people
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因為若只是提供人們免費的教材
07:41
has actually been likened
by people in the developing world
by people in the developing world
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在發展中國家，已被人們視為
07:44
to a kind of cultural imperialism --
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與某種文化帝國主義聯繫
也就是說，如果你不讓那些人
07:47
that if you don't empower people
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07:48
with the ability
to re-contextualize the material,
to re-contextualize the material,
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有能力重新組織教材
翻譯成自己的語言並擁有自己的權利
07:51
translate it into their own language
and take ownership of it,
and take ownership of it,
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那是不好的。
07:54
it's not good.
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另外我們也跟加州大學梅瑟分校合作
07:56
OK, other organizations
we've been working with, UC Merced --
we've been working with, UC Merced --
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人們都知道加州大學梅瑟分校
08:00
people know about UC Merced.
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這是一個加州的新大學，位於中央谷地
08:02
It's a new university in California,
in the Central Valley,
in the Central Valley,
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與社區大學合作緊密
08:06
working very closely
with community colleges.
with community colleges.
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08:08
They're actually developing
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他們正在開發許多科學與工程的課程
08:10
a lot of their science
and engineering curriculum
and engineering curriculum
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用我們的系統向世界各地傳遞
08:12
to spread widely
around the world in our system.
around the world in our system.
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他們也正在研發自己的開放式資源的軟體。
08:17
And they're also trying to develop
all of their software tools
all of their software tools
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08:20
completely open-source.
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我們也一直在跟AMD合作進行一項名為50/15的計畫
08:21
We've been working with AMD,
which has a project called 50x15,
which has a project called 50x15,
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這計畫嘗試在2015年前要將網路連結
08:26
which is trying to bring
Internet connectivity
Internet connectivity
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帶給世界上一半的人口。
08:29
to 50 percent of the world's
population by 2015.
population by 2015.
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我們也將提供以許多不同語言的
08:32
We're going to be
providing content to them
providing content to them
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內容給他們
08:34
in a whole range of different languages.
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08:36
And we've also been working
with a number of other organizations.
with a number of other organizations.
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我們也在跟其他許多不同的組織合作
08:40
In particular, a bunch of the projects
that are funded by Hewlett Foundation,
that are funded by Hewlett Foundation,
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特別是，有一些計畫
是由Hewlett基金會所資助的
此基金會在開放式內容的領域裡居於領導的角色。
08:44
who have taken a real leadership role
in this area of open content.
in this area of open content.
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好接下來，重製，我認為這是很有趣的一點
08:48
OK, burn -- I think
this is, sort of, quite interesting.
this is, sort of, quite interesting.
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重製是將這些課程之一化為實體的一個想法
08:52
"Burn" is the idea of trying
to create the physical instantiation
to create the physical instantiation
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08:56
of one of these courses.
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而我想你們很多人已經收到這樣的東西了
08:57
And I think a lot of you received --
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我想所以的人在你們的禮物包裡已經收到一本音樂書。
08:59
I think all of you received one
of these music books in your gift pack.
of these music books in your gift pack.
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這是給你們的一個小禮物
09:05
A little present for you.
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很快的跟你們說明一下，這是一本工程的教科書
09:07
Just to tell you quickly about it:
this is an engineering textbook.
this is an engineering textbook.
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大概有三百多頁的精裝本
09:10
It's about 300 pages long, hardbound.
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而這要多少錢呢？有沒有人要猜猜看？
09:15
This costs -- anybody guess?
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這在書店需要賣多少錢？
09:19
How much would it cost in a bookstore?
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65塊錢
09:21
(Audience) 65 dollars.
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09:22
Richard Baraniuk:
OK. This costs 22 dollars to the student.
OK. This costs 22 dollars to the student.
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這要花學生22塊錢
為什麼這要花22塊錢
09:27
Why does it cost 22 dollars?
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09:28
Because it's published on demand
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因為它是應需求而出版的
09:30
and it's developed
from this repository of open materials.
from this repository of open materials.
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而且它是由開放式材料的儲藏庫所發展出來的
如果這本書是由一般的出版社所出版的話
09:34
If this book were to be published
by a regular publisher,
by a regular publisher,
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它將會要價至少122塊錢。
09:37
it would cost at least 122 dollars.
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所以我們在這裡所看到的，就是將重製
09:40
So what we're seeing
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09:41
is moving this burning
or publication process
or publication process
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從由單一作者而來的一般出版程序
09:44
from the regular,
sort of single-authored book
sort of single-authored book
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過渡到了社群撰寫的材料
09:47
towards community-authored materials
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這是一種模組，可以對每一個不同的班級客製化
09:50
that are modular, that are customized
to each individual class
to each individual class
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並依照需求出版且價格不貴
09:54
and published on demand
very inexpensively,
very inexpensively,
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09:56
either pushed out through Amazon
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可以通過亞馬遜網站推出
或直接通過需要的出版社，比如Coop出版
09:59
or published directly
through an on-demand press, like QOOP.
through an on-demand press, like QOOP.
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我認為，這是一個非常有趣的領域
10:03
And I think that this is
an extraordinarily interesting area
an extraordinarily interesting area
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10:06
because there is tremendous area
under this long tail in publishing.
under this long tail in publishing.
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因為在這出版的長尾之下 ，還有一塊極大的領域
我們不是在討論哈利波特的完結篇，那在左邊這一塊
10:12
We're not talking
about the Harry Potter end,
about the Harry Potter end,
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10:14
right at the left side.
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我們是在討論像超幾何偏微分方程這樣的書籍。
10:16
We're talking about books
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10:17
on hypergeometric
partial differential equations.
partial differential equations.
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這樣的書一年也許只能賣出一百本或一千本
10:20
Books that might sell
100 copies a year, 1,000 copies a year.
100 copies a year, 1,000 copies a year.
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但確實存在極大持續性的收入
10:24
There is tremendous
sustaining revenue under this long tail
sustaining revenue under this long tail
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在這長尾之下支持像我們這樣開放式的計畫
10:29
to sustain open projects like ours,
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也支持應這種新需求而產生的出版社
10:31
but also to sustain this new emergence
of on-demand publishers,
of on-demand publishers,
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像是出版了這兩本書的Coop出版社
10:36
like QOOP, who produced these two books.
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10:38
And I think one of the things
that you should take away from this talk
that you should take away from this talk
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我認為你們今天從我的談話裡，應該認識到一點
就是中間人即將要被移除了，是吧
10:42
is that there's an impending
cut-out-the-middle-man disintermediation,
cut-out-the-middle-man disintermediation,
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非居間化，這件事即將發生在出版業當中
10:46
that's going to be happening
in the publishing industry.
in the publishing industry.
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並在接下來幾年這情況會越來越明顯
10:48
And it's going to reach a crescendo
over the next few years,
over the next few years,
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而我認為這對我們有利，也對世界有利。
10:51
and I think that it's for our benefit,
really, and for the world's benefit.
really, and for the world's benefit.
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那麼，是甚麼促使這一切發生
10:55
OK, so what are the enablers?
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到底是甚麼讓這一切發生？
10:57
What's really making all of this happen?
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這中間有大量的技術
10:59
There's tons of technology,
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11:00
and the only piece of technology
that I really want to talk about is XML.
that I really want to talk about is XML.
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而我真的想談的是XML技術
11:04
How many people know about XML?
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有多少人知道XML？
11:06
Oh, great.
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哦，很好，對，它是網路的未來
11:07
So it's the future of the web, right?
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它是內容的語義描述
11:09
It's semantic representation of content.
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11:14
And what you can really
think of XML in this case
think of XML in this case
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在我們的討論裡面，你可以把XML想做是
對於我們書頁的包裝
11:16
is it's the packaging
that we're putting around these pages.
that we're putting around these pages.
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還記得我們將書撕成一頁一頁的嗎
11:19
Remember we took the book,
tore the pages out?
tore the pages out?
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11:21
Well, what the XML is going to do
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是的，XML將要做的，就是它即將要
11:23
is it's going to turn those pages
into Lego blocks.
into Lego blocks.
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它即將要把它些書業變成樂高積木
11:27
XML are the nubs on the Lego
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XML是樂高積木上的小凸塊
11:29
that allow us to combine the content
together in a myriad different ways,
together in a myriad different ways,
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讓我們可以用無數種的方式將內容結合
11:33
and it provides us a framework
to share content.
to share content.
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它提供給我們框架來分享內容
它讓我們將這生態系統
11:37
So, it lets you take this ecosystem
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以其內容最原始的狀態
11:40
in its primordial state
of all this content,
of all this content,
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那些你從書上撕下來的書頁
11:43
all the pages you've torn out of books,
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然後創造了高度複雜的學習機制，是吧
11:45
and create highly sophisticated
learning machines:
learning machines:
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書籍、課程、課程包
11:49
books, courses, course packs.
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11:51
It gives you the ability
to personalize the learning experience
to personalize the learning experience
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它給你能力去根據每個學生的情況
讓學習經驗個人化
11:55
to each individual student,
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由此每個學生可以擁有適合自己的書或課程
11:57
so that every student
can have a book or a course
can have a book or a course
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是符合他們的學習方式以及背景
12:00
that's customized to their
learning style, their context,
learning style, their context,
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符合他們的語言和能引起他們興趣的東西
12:03
their language and the things
that excite them.
that excite them.
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它讓你可以用多種、嶄新的方式
12:06
It lets you reuse the same materials
in multiple different ways,
in multiple different ways,
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12:09
and surprising new ways.
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1976
來重複使用相同的材料。
12:11
It lets you interconnect ideas,
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1936
它讓你連結許多想法
12:13
indicating how fields
relate to each other.
relate to each other.
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並指出領域與領域間如何相互關聯
我要說一下我自己的故事。
12:18
And I'll just give you my personal story.
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我們是六年半前想出這個東西
12:20
We came up with this
six-and-a-half years ago
six-and-a-half years ago
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12:22
because I teach the stuff in the red box.
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因為我在教這樣的東西
而我的日常工作，如克里斯所說，我是一位電機學教授
12:25
And my day job, as Chris said --
I'm an electrical engineering professor.
I'm an electrical engineering professor.
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我教信號處理
12:29
I teach signal processing
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而我的挑戰是要表明，這種數學--
12:31
and my challenge
was to show that this math --
was to show that this math --
255
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12:33
Wow, about half of you
have already fallen asleep
have already fallen asleep
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哇，你們大概有一半人只看到這個方程式就睡著了
12:35
just looking at the equation.
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(笑聲)
12:37
(Laughter)
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但這個看似枯燥的數學其實是
12:38
But this seemingly dry math
259
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12:40
is actually the center
of this tremendously powerful web
of this tremendously powerful web
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這個功能極強大的網路技術核心，將科技以及
12:44
that links technology --
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非常酷的技術應用，像是音樂合成
12:46
that links really cool applications
like music synthesizers
like music synthesizers
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12:49
to tremendous economic opportunities,
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與巨大的商機連結起來
當然也受到智慧財產權的保護。
12:53
but also governed
by intellectual property.
by intellectual property.
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問題是，我意識到我沒有辦法
12:55
And the thing that I realized
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12:56
is there was no way
that I, as an engineer,
that I, as an engineer,
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做為一名工程師——我沒有辦法寫出這樣一本書，把所有相關問題都談清楚
12:59
could write this book
that would get all of this across.
that would get all of this across.
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我們需要一個社群去做這件事
13:01
We needed a community to do it
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而我們需要新的工具來連結這些想法
13:03
and we needed new tools
to be able to interconnect these ideas.
to be able to interconnect these ideas.
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我認為某方面來說我們是嘗試要
13:07
And I think that really,
in a sense, what we're trying to do
in a sense, what we're trying to do
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讓Minsky的夢想成真
13:10
is make Minsky's dream come to a reality,
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那個夢想是想像所有圖書館的書
13:12
where you can imagine
all the books in a library
all the books in a library
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開始與彼此對話
13:14
actually starting to talk to each other.
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也與所有教書的老師對話
13:16
And people who are teachers out here --
whoever taught, you know this --
whoever taught, you know this --
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不論教的是甚麼。
13:20
it's the interconnections between ideas
that teaching is really all about.
that teaching is really all about.
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這就是思想相互之間的聯繫，也是教學的真諦。
回到數學上來，我們可以想像，這是可能的
13:24
OK, back to math.
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13:26
Imagine -- this is possible:
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在你的新電子文本中，每一個公式，只要你點擊它
13:29
that every single equation that you
click on in one of your new e-texts
click on in one of your new e-texts
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你就能對它探索與實驗
13:33
is something that you're going to be able
to explore and experiment with.
to explore and experiment with.
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所以，試著想像你小孩七年級的代數課本
13:37
So imagine your kid's
algebra textbook in seventh grade.
algebra textbook in seventh grade.
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你可以點擊每個方程式
13:41
You can click on every single equation
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13:42
and bring up a little tool
to be able to experiment with it,
to be able to experiment with it,
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這樣會彈出一個小工具，你可以對它進行實驗
13:45
tinker with it, understand it.
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探索它並了解它
13:47
Because we really
don't understand until we do.
don't understand until we do.
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因為我們必須通過做才能理解
化學可以用相同類型的標注語言，比如mathML表示
13:50
The same type of mark-up,
like MathML, for chemistry.
like MathML, for chemistry.
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13:54
Imagine chemistry textbooks
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想像一下化學教科書可以讓你真正了解
13:56
that actually understand the structure
of how molecules are formed.
of how molecules are formed.
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分子的構造是如何形成的
想像一下音樂的XML
14:00
Imagine Music XML
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可以實際地讓你探究音樂的語義結構
14:02
that actually lets you delve
into the semantic structure of music,
into the semantic structure of music,
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讓你演奏它並了解它
14:05
play with it, understand it.
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這樣大家就都能理解它，對吧？
14:07
It's no wonder that everybody's
getting into it, right?
getting into it, right?
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甚至包括古希臘三智者也都可以
14:10
Even the three wise men.
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14:11
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
而說到第二大的推動者，我在這裡說了個大謊
14:13
OK, the second big enabler,
and this is where I told a big lie.
and this is where I told a big lie.
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第二大推動者是智慧財產權
14:18
The second big enabler
is intellectual property.
is intellectual property.
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因為事實上，我在這裡
14:21
Because, in fact, I got up here
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我一直不斷地說音樂文化是多麼的棒
14:23
and I talked about how great
the music culture is.
the music culture is.
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我們可以分享、拆解、混合和重製，但事實上這是違法的。
14:25
We can share and rip, mix and burn,
but in fact, that's all illegal.
but in fact, that's all illegal.
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是的，而且我們可能會被控訴這些事情是盜版的行為
14:29
And we would be accused
of [piracy] for doing that,
of [piracy] for doing that,
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14:32
because this music has been propertized.
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因為這些音樂是有財產權的
它們現在大部分都被大企業所擁有著
14:36
It's now owned,
much of it by big industries.
much of it by big industries.
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所以，現在的關鍵是，我們不能讓這樣的事發生
14:40
So, really, the key thing here
is we can't let this happen.
is we can't let this happen.
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我們不能讓像Napster這種事在這裡發生。
14:43
We can't let this
Napster thing happen here.
Napster thing happen here.
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14:46
So, what we have to do
is get it right from the very beginning.
is get it right from the very beginning.
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所以我們需要在一開始就做對
而我們要做的是
14:48
And what we have to do
is find an intellectual property framework
is find an intellectual property framework
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找到一個智財權的規範，讓分享變得安全
14:52
that makes sharing safe
and makes it easily understandable.
and makes it easily understandable.
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並讓這個規範簡單好懂
而這靈感是來自於開放式來源的軟體
14:57
And the inspiration here
is taken from open-source software.
is taken from open-source software.
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像是Linux或GPL
15:01
Things like Linux and the GPL.
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15:04
The Creative Commons licenses.
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還有創用CC的想法
有多少人聽過創用CC?
15:07
How many people
have heard of creative commons?
have heard of creative commons?
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如果你沒有，你一定要去看一下，Creativecommons.org.
15:09
If you have not, you must learn about it.
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1956
15:11
Creativecommons.org.
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在Connexions的每個項目底下
15:13
At the bottom of every piece
of material in Connexions
of material in Connexions
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還有許多其它的計畫，你都會發現它們的標誌
15:16
and in lots of other projects,
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15:18
you can find their logo.
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15:19
Clicking on that logo
takes you to an absolute no-nonsense,
takes you to an absolute no-nonsense,
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點擊那個標誌就會帶你到一個沒有廢話
且人類都讀得懂的文件
15:23
human-readable document, a deed,
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一個契約會告訴你可以如何對這樣東西做使用
15:26
that tells you exactly
what you can do with this content.
what you can do with this content.
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事實上，你可以自由地分享它，或做一些其它的事
15:29
In fact, you're free to share it,
to do all of these things:
to do all of these things:
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複製它、改變它甚至將它做商業性的使用
15:33
to copy it, to change it,
even to make commercial use of it,
even to make commercial use of it,
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只要你將作者標示清楚
15:36
as long as you attribute the author.
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因為在學術上的出版
15:39
Because in academic publishing
and much of educational publishing,
and much of educational publishing,
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還有許多教育上的出版
都是基於這種分享知識的想法，而這就是為什麼出版，以及做出影響
15:43
it's really this idea of sharing knowledge
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15:47
and making impact.
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這是為什麼人寫書，卻未必有錢可賺。
15:49
That's why people write,
not necessarily making bucks.
not necessarily making bucks.
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我們不是在談論哈利波特
15:53
We're not talking
about Harry Potter, right?
about Harry Potter, right?
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我們是在長尾的末端
15:55
We're at the long tail end here.
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15:56
Behind that is the legal code,
very carefully constructed.
very carefully constructed.
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在那之後是法律的規範
所以如果你想仔細地建造它
創用CC正在開始普及
16:01
And Creative Commons is taking off --
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那裡有超過四千三百萬種東西
16:03
over 43 million things out there,
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都被授予了創用CC的授權許可。
16:07
licensed with a Creative Commons license.
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2096
不只是文本，還有音樂、圖像、以及影像
16:09
Not just text,
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3096
16:12
but music, images, video.
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而真的有非常多的人加入
16:15
And there's actually a tremendous uptake
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2016
在從事授權音樂這樣的事
16:17
of the number of people
that are actually licensing music
that are actually licensing music
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16:20
to make it free for people
who do this whole idea of re-sampling,
who do this whole idea of re-sampling,
336
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讓人們可以免費地實踐這整個拆解混合的想法
拆解、混合和重製和分享。
16:24
ripping, mixing, burning and sharing.
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好的，我現在要整理出一些結論
16:26
OK, I'd like to conclude
with just the last few points.
with just the last few points.
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3696
16:30
So, we've built this idea of a commons.
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我們已經實踐這共享的想法，人們也在使用著
16:32
People are using it.
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我們一個月有超過五十萬個訪客，還只是在某個站點
16:34
We get over 500,000 unique visitors
per month, just to our particular site.
per month, just to our particular site.
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麻省理工學院的開放式課程網站，是另一個大規模的開放式內容網站
16:40
MIT OpenCourseWare,
which is another large open-content site,
which is another large open-content site,
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點擊率也跟我們差不多，但我們要如何來保護它?
16:44
gets a similar number of hits.
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16:46
But how do we protect this?
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我們該如何保護它邁向未來?
16:48
How do we protect it into the future?
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很多人第一想到很可能是品質的控管
16:50
And the first thing
that people are probably thinking
that people are probably thinking
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2736
16:53
is quality control, right?
347
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16:54
Because we're saying that anybody
can contribute things to this commons.
can contribute things to this commons.
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4696
因為我們說了任何人都可以貢獻東西上來
到這個共享網站，任何人都可以貢獻任何事情
16:59
Anybody can contribute anything.
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因此那可能會成為問題。
17:02
So that could be a problem.
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所以，沒多久
17:04
It didn't take long until people
started contributing materials,
started contributing materials,
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4216
有人開始提供像內衣相關的資料
17:09
for example, on lingerie,
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實際上這是一個很好的想法
17:11
which is actually a pretty good module.
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1007360
1976
唯一的問題是，它是抄襲的
17:13
The only problem is it's plagiarized
from a major French feminist journal,
from a major French feminist journal,
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5576
抄自一份主流法國女性雜誌
17:18
and when you go
to the supposed course website,
to the supposed course website,
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2816
而當你去這個應該是課程的網站時
17:21
it points to a lingerie-selling website.
356
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4176
它卻連結到內衣的銷售網站
17:26
So this is a little bit of a problem.
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所以，這裡就有點問題
所以我們的確需要品質的管制
17:28
So we clearly need some kind
of idea of quality control
of idea of quality control
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因此我們才引入了審查和同儕審查的想法。
17:31
and this is really where the idea
of review and peer review comes in.
of review and peer review comes in.
359
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3696
17:35
You come to TED. Why do you come to TED?
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1905
嗯，大家來TED。為什麼來TED呢?
是由於克里斯和他的團隊確保了
17:37
Because Chris and his team have ensured
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17:39
that things are
very, very high quality, right?
very, very high quality, right?
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1035839
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這些是具有相當好的品質的
因此我們也需要做相同的事
17:43
And so we need to be able
to do the same thing.
to do the same thing.
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我們需要去設計一個構造
17:45
And we need to be able
to design structures,
to design structures,
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其實我們已經正在設計一個社群軟體
17:48
and what we're doing
is designing social software
is designing social software
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讓任何人都可以建造他自己的同儕審查過程
17:51
to enable anyone to build
their own peer review process,
their own peer review process,
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我們把這東西叫做"鏡頭"
17:54
and we call these things "lenses."
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它的作用就是允許任何的訪客
17:56
And basically what they allow
368
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1416
17:58
is anyone out there can develop
their own peer-review process,
their own peer-review process,
369
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建立自己的同儕審查過程
這樣他們就可以專注於庫中的內容
18:01
so that they can focus
on the content in the repository
on the content in the repository
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以及他們認為真正重要的東西
18:05
that they think is really important.
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1715
大家可以把TED視為一種潛在的鏡頭
18:07
And you can think of TED
as a potential lens.
as a potential lens.
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3277
所以我在這做個結尾
18:10
So I'd just like to end by saying:
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呼籲大家關注Connections
18:12
you can really view this
as a call to action.
as a call to action.
374
1068321
4655
18:17
Connexions and open content
is all about sharing knowledge.
is all about sharing knowledge.
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Connexions和開放式內容是有關乎分享知識。
18:22
All of you here are tremendously imbued
with tremendous amounts of knowledge,
with tremendous amounts of knowledge,
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在座的各位都是擁有
淵博知識的人
而我想要邀請每一個人
18:27
and what I'd like to do
is invite each and every one of you
is invite each and every one of you
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參與這個計畫或其他類似的計畫
18:29
to contribute to this project
and other projects of its type,
and other projects of its type,
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因為我認為靠著一起的努力，我們可以改變
18:33
because I think together
we can truly change the landscape
we can truly change the landscape
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18:36
of education and educational publishing.
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教育和教育的出版的景況
非常謝謝你們
18:39
So, thanks very much.
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Richard Baraniuk - Education visionaryRichard Baraniuk founded Connexions -- now called OpenStax -- a free, open-source, global clearinghouse of course materials. Students and educators tap into its vast store of texts on everything from engineering to ornithology to music, adapting the content as they see fit.
Why you should listen
Rice University professor Richard Baraniuk has a giant vision: to create a free global online education system that puts the power of creation and collaboration in the hands of teachers worldwide. He's realizing that vision with OpenStax (formerly named Connexions), a website that allows teachers to quickly "create, rip, mix and burn" coursework -- without fear of copyright violations. Think of it as Napster for education.
OpenStax's open-source system cuts out the textbook, allowing teachers to share course materials, modify existing work and disseminate it to their students -- all for free, thanks to Creative Commons licensing. Baraniuk envisions OpenStax as a repository where the most up-to-date material can be shared and reviewed (it's far more efficient than waiting for a textbook to be printed); it could become a powerful force in leveling the education playing field. Currently encompassing hundreds of online courses and used by a million people worldwide, Baraniuk's virtual educational system is revolutionizing the way people teach and learn.
Richard Baraniuk | Speaker | TED.com