TEDMED 2015
Melissa Walker: Art can heal PTSD's invisible wounds
梅麗莎．沃克: 藝術創作能使「創傷後應激障礙」之無形傷口痊癒
Filmed:
Readability: 4.5
999,307 views
創傷能杜絕受害者之心靈溝通能力，藝術治療專家梅麗莎沃克說，但藝術創作能幫助在戰爭中心靈受到傷害的軍人，舒緩他們內心的壓抑，開啟療癒之旅。在這振奮人心的演講中，沃克描述如何藉由做面具來幫助受害的男女軍兵，探索內心創傷的源頭：到最後，他們如何能釋放一切。
Melissa Walker - Creative arts therapist
Melissa Walker helps military service members recover from traumatic brain injury and mental illness. Full bio
Melissa Walker helps military service members recover from traumatic brain injury and mental illness. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
You are a high-ranking
military service member
military service member
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假想你是高層軍官
被派駐阿富汗。
00:16
deployed to Afghanistan.
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00:19
You are responsible for the lives
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你要為上百個男兵女兵
00:22
of hundreds of men and women,
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的生命負責。
00:24
and your base is under attack.
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你基地受到侵襲，
00:27
Incoming mortar rounds
are exploding all around you.
are exploding all around you.
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迫擊砲彈在你四周爆炸，
00:32
Struggling to see
through the dust and the smoke,
through the dust and the smoke,
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在塵埃和煙霧中，掙扎著想要看清，
00:35
you do your best to assist the wounded
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奮身救助傷者
00:38
and then crawl to a nearby bunker.
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再爬到附近的掩體。
00:41
Conscious but dazed by the blasts,
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雖有知覺，但砲浪使你發呆，
00:44
you lay on your side and attempt
to process what has just happened.
to process what has just happened.
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你躺在一邊試著思考剛才的經歷，
00:49
As you regain your vision,
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當你視覺恢復時，
00:52
you see a bloody face
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一個血腥面孔就在眼前，
00:54
staring back at you.
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瞠視著你。
00:57
The image is terrifying,
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這一幕令人極恐懼，
01:00
but you quickly come to understand
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但你很快就察覺到，
01:02
it's not real.
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它不是真的。
01:06
This vision continues to visit you
multiple times a day and in your sleep.
multiple times a day and in your sleep.
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但它每天數次浮現在腦海，也在夢中。
01:11
You choose not to tell anyone
for fear of losing your job
for fear of losing your job
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你決定不說，怕失掉工作
或被視為懦弱。
01:14
or being seen as weak.
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01:18
You give the vision a name,
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這畫面你稱為
「掩體的血臉」
01:20
Bloody Face in Bunker,
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01:22
and call it BFIB for short.
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或縮寫為BFIB。
01:25
You keep BFIB locked away in your mind,
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你把BFIB鎖在心靈深處，
不為人知地侵擾著你，
01:29
secretly haunting you,
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01:30
for the next seven years.
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七年不停。
現在閉上眼睛，
01:35
Now close your eyes.
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01:39
Can you see BFIB?
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你能看到BFIB嗎？
01:43
If you can, you're beginning
to see the face
to see the face
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如果你能看到，你就能夠開始感覺
01:46
of the invisible wounds of war,
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戰爭無形的傷口，
01:48
commonly known
as post-traumatic stress disorder
as post-traumatic stress disorder
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通稱為「創傷後應激障礙」
01:51
and traumatic brain injury.
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或「創傷性腦損傷」。
01:54
While I can't say I have
post-traumatic stress disorder,
post-traumatic stress disorder,
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我雖沒親歷過創傷後應激障礙，
01:57
I've never been a stranger to it.
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但我也對它不陌生。
01:59
When I was a little girl, I would visit
my grandparents every summer.
my grandparents every summer.
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我小時候每個夏天都會探訪祖父母，
是我的祖父
02:04
It was my grandfather
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02:06
who introduced me to the effects
of combat on the psyche.
of combat on the psyche.
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讓我領會到戰爭帶來的心靈影響。
02:10
While my grandfather was serving
as a Marine in the Korean War,
as a Marine in the Korean War,
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當祖父在韓戰服役海軍時，
02:14
a bullet pierced his neck
and rendered him unable to cry out.
and rendered him unable to cry out.
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一顆子彈穿入脖子令他不能發聲，
02:19
He watched as a corpsman passed him over,
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他眼睜睜盯著走過的醫護兵
02:21
declaring him a goner,
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以為他無藥可治，
把他留下等待死亡。
02:23
and then leaving him to die.
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02:26
Years later, after his
physical wounds had healed
physical wounds had healed
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多年後，他身上的傷都痊癒了，
回到了家，
02:29
and he'd returned home,
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在他清醒的幾乎從不談那經歷。
02:31
he rarely spoke of his
experiences in waking life.
experiences in waking life.
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02:35
But at night I would hear him
shouting obscenities
shouting obscenities
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但在深夜裡，我可聽到他的怒嚎謾罵，
從他臥室沿著走廊滲出，
02:38
from his room down the hall.
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02:41
And during the day I would announce myself
as I entered the room,
as I entered the room,
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白天我會提醒他，然後進入房間，
怕驚嚇或激怒他。
02:44
careful not to startle or agitate him.
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02:48
He lived out the remainder of his days
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祖父就這樣渡過他餘生，
02:51
isolated and tight-lipped,
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孤立，緊張，
找不到任何表達自己的方式。
02:53
never finding a way to express himself,
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02:56
and I didn't yet
have the tools to guide him.
have the tools to guide him.
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當時我也不懂如何引導他，
03:01
I wouldn't have a name
for my grandfather's condition
for my grandfather's condition
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我也不知道他的疾病的名字，
03:04
until I was in my 20s.
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直到我二十多歲時。
攻讀藝術治療的學位，
03:06
Seeking a graduate degree in art therapy,
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03:09
I naturally gravitated
towards the study of trauma.
towards the study of trauma.
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我自然傾向創傷方面之研究。
03:14
And while sitting in class learning
about post-traumatic stress disorder,
about post-traumatic stress disorder,
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當我在教室裡學習創傷後應激障礙時，
03:17
or PTSD for short,
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或縮寫為PTSD，
03:20
my mission to help service members
who suffered like my grandfather
who suffered like my grandfather
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想幫助像祖父般受害軍人
的目標就開始立定了。
03:24
began to take form.
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03:27
We've had various names
for post-traumatic stress
for post-traumatic stress
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人類把創傷後應激障礙立了不少名稱，
03:29
throughout the history of war:
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自有戰爭記錄後：
03:32
homesickness,
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思鄉症、
03:34
soldier's heart,
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神經性循環休克、
03:36
shell shock,
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砲彈休克症、
03:38
thousand-yard stare, for instance.
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一千碼的呆視等等。
03:41
And while I was pursuing my degree,
a new war was raging,
a new war was raging,
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在我修讀學位時，一場新戰爭剛爆發。
因為有了先進防彈衣和軍用車輛，
03:45
and thanks to modern body armor
and military vehicles,
and military vehicles,
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軍人爆炸受傷的存活率達到歷史新高。
03:48
service members were surviving
blast injuries they wouldn't have before.
blast injuries they wouldn't have before.
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03:53
But the invisible wounds
were reaching new levels,
were reaching new levels,
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但無形的創傷卻躍上了新高，
這驅使軍醫和學者
03:56
and this pushed military doctors
and researchers
and researchers
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更急需全面了解創傷性腦損傷，
也就是TBI，
也就是TBI，
03:59
to try and truly understand the effects
that traumatic brain injury, or TBI,
that traumatic brain injury, or TBI,
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和創傷後應激障礙對腦之影響。
04:05
and PTSD have on the brain.
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04:08
Due to advances
in technology and neuroimaging,
in technology and neuroimaging,
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因科技和神經影像學之進步，
04:12
we now know there's
an actual shutdown in the Broca's,
an actual shutdown in the Broca's,
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我們現在能確知【布羅卡區】會關閉
04:15
or the speech-language area of the brain,
after an individual experiences trauma.
after an individual experiences trauma.
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就是大腦的語言系統區，
在個人經歷創傷後。
在個人經歷創傷後。
04:21
This physiological change,
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這個生理變化
04:23
or speechless terror as it's often called,
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也常被稱為「無言之恐懼」，
04:26
coupled with mental health stigma,
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伴隨心理創傷，
04:28
the fear of being judged
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還有個人被批評
和誤會的憂慮，
04:30
or misunderstood,
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甚至調離現有職責，
04:31
possibly even removed
from their current duties,
from their current duties,
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都有可能導致軍人飽受內心煎熬。
04:34
has led to the invisible struggles
of our servicemen and women.
of our servicemen and women.
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04:39
Generation after generation of veterans
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一代一代的退伍軍人
都對他們的經歷守口如瓶，
04:43
have chosen not to talk
about their experiences,
about their experiences,
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孤獨的忍受折磨。
04:46
and suffer in solitude.
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04:50
I had my work cut out for me
when I got my first job
when I got my first job
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我第一份工作好像為我量身訂做的，
是一位藝術治療師，
在全美最大的軍人醫院
在全美最大的軍人醫院
04:53
as an art therapist at the nation's
largest military medical center,
largest military medical center,
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沃爾特列得國家軍人醫療中心。
04:57
Walter Reed.
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04:59
After working for a few years
on a locked-in patient psychiatric unit,
on a locked-in patient psychiatric unit,
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在精神科單位工作數年後，
我最後調職到國家勇士優越中心，NICoE
05:03
I eventually transferred to the National
Intrepid Center of Excellence, NICoE,
Intrepid Center of Excellence, NICoE,
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治療在職軍人之創傷性腦損傷。
05:08
which leads TBI care
for active duty service members.
for active duty service members.
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05:12
Now, I believed in art therapy,
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我深信藝術治療法，
但我需要說服那些軍人：
05:14
but I was going to have
to convince service members,
to convince service members,
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高大，粗獷，滿身肌肉的猛男軍兵，
05:18
big, tough, strong, manly military men,
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偶爾還有女性，
05:21
and some women too,
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來嘗試藝術創作做為心理治療方法。
05:23
to give art-making as
a psychotherapeutic intervention a try.
a psychotherapeutic intervention a try.
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05:28
The results have been
nothing short of spectacular.
nothing short of spectacular.
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結果功效非常可觀。
05:34
Vivid, symbolic artwork
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真切，象徵性的藝術
從我們的軍人親手創做出來，
05:36
is being created
by our servicemen and women,
by our servicemen and women,
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每件創作都在訴說一個故事。
05:39
and every work of art tells a story.
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05:43
We've observed that the process
of art therapy bypasses
of art therapy bypasses
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我們觀察到在藝療過程中，
它能繞過大腦的語言區的障礙。
05:46
the speech-language issue with the brain.
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05:49
Art-making accesses the same sensory
areas of the brain that encode trauma.
areas of the brain that encode trauma.
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藝療能接駁大腦存儲創傷經歷
的同一個腦區，
的同一個腦區，
05:54
Service members can use the art-making
to work through their experiences
to work through their experiences
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使治療者借創作來重審情緒經歷，
在一種無批判之氛圍中。
05:57
in a nonthreatening way.
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06:00
They can then apply words
to their physical creations,
to their physical creations,
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他們能夠再用文字來描述自己的創作，
將左腦和右腦重新結合。
06:03
reintegrating the left
and the right hemispheres of the brain.
and the right hemispheres of the brain.
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06:08
Now, we've seen this can work
with all forms of art --
with all forms of art --
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我們觀察到各類藝術媒介都有療效：
06:12
drawing, painting, collage --
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素描，油畫，拼圖
06:15
but what seems to have the most impact
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但最大療效
06:18
is mask-making.
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是做面具。
06:21
Finally, these invisible wounds
don't just have a name,
don't just have a name,
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因為無形的創傷從此不只有名稱，
06:25
they have a face.
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它更有個實質面孔了。
06:29
And when service members
create these masks,
create these masks,
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當這些軍人做這些面具時，
他們能用雙手雕塑心靈創傷，
06:31
it allows them to come to grips,
literally, with their trauma.
literally, with their trauma.
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06:35
And it's amazing
how often that enables them
how often that enables them
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驚訝地，做面具讓他們
06:38
to break through the trauma
and start to heal.
and start to heal.
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突破心靈的創傷，開始痊癒。
06:42
Remember BFIB?
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大家還記得BFIB？
06:46
That was a real experience
for one of my patients,
for one of my patients,
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那是我的一個病人的真實經歷，
當他做了面具之後，
06:49
and when he created his mask,
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他就能釋放心中的幽影。
06:50
he was able to let go
of that haunting image.
of that haunting image.
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06:54
Initially, it was a daunting process
for the service member,
for the service member,
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過程剛開始時，是極恐懼的，
06:57
but eventually he began
to think of BFIB as the mask,
to think of BFIB as the mask,
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但最終軍人會視BFIB為面具，
07:00
not his internal wound,
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不再是內在的傷口了。
07:02
and he would go to leave each session,
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他每次療程完畢時，
07:04
he would hand me the mask,
and say, "Melissa, take care of him."
and say, "Melissa, take care of him."
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他會遞那面具給我說，
“梅麗莎，照顧好他。”
“梅麗莎，照顧好他。”
07:08
Eventually, we placed BFIB in a box
to further contain him,
to further contain him,
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最後我們把BFIB放盒裡。
07:12
and when the service member
went to leave the NICoE,
went to leave the NICoE,
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當這名軍兵離開NICoE 時，
07:15
he chose to leave BFIB behind.
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他選擇把BFIB留下。
07:18
A year later, he had only seen BFIB twice,
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一年後，他只有見過BFIB兩次，
07:20
and both times BFIB was smiling
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兩次BFIB都是笑著的，
而這軍人毫無焦慮。
07:22
and the service member
didn't feel anxious.
didn't feel anxious.
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07:26
Now, whenever that service member
is haunted by some traumatic memory,
is haunted by some traumatic memory,
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如今這軍人感到創傷帶來不安時，
07:29
he continues to paint.
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他就畫畫。
07:32
Every time he paints
these disturbing images,
these disturbing images,
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而每次他畫這些擾人的形像後，
07:34
he sees them less or not at all.
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這些形像就減少或停止出現了。
07:39
Philosophers have told us
for thousands of years
for thousands of years
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幾千年來哲學家已在說：
07:42
that the power to create
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創造能力
07:44
is very closely linked
to the power to destroy.
to the power to destroy.
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與破壞能力是緊連的。
07:47
Now science is showing us
that the part of the brain
that the part of the brain
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今天科學證明在大腦區
記憶創傷經歷的，
07:50
that registers a traumatic wound
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也同時能引動自癒能力，
07:52
can be the part of the brain
where healing happens too.
where healing happens too.
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07:55
And art therapy is showing us
how to make that connection.
how to make that connection.
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而藝療展現出如何啟發這互動。
08:00
We asked one of our service members
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我們請一位受治療人
說出他做面具的親身治療感受。
08:02
to describe how mask-making
impacted his treatment,
impacted his treatment,
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他說了以下的話
08:05
and this is what he had to say.
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08:07
(Video) Service Member:
You sort of just zone out into the mask.
You sort of just zone out into the mask.
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（錄音）軍人：你把自己投射在面具上
投射在圖畫上，
08:10
You zone out into the drawing,
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對我，這就能釋放壓抑的情緒
08:12
and for me, it just released the block,
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08:16
so I was able to do it.
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所以我就敢於創作。
兩天後當我再看時，我感應到
08:19
And then when I looked at it
after two days, I was like,
after two days, I was like,
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“咳！就是這圖畫，就是這鑰匙，
就是這答案。”
就是這答案。”
08:23
"Holy crap, here's the picture,
here's the key, here's the puzzle,"
here's the key, here's the puzzle,"
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從這往後，一切就通了
08:26
and then from there it just soared.
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我意思是我的治療就成功了。
08:28
I mean, from there
my treatment just when out of sight,
my treatment just when out of sight,
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作品就像是說：庫爾特解釋這個，
解釋這個…
解釋這個…
08:32
because they were like,
Kurt, explain this, explain this.
Kurt, explain this, explain this.
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二十三年來首次
08:34
And for the first time in 23 years,
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我可以無忌諱的和任何人談論。
08:36
I could actually talk about stuff
openly to, like, anybody.
openly to, like, anybody.
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我現在也能和你談論
08:39
I could talk to you about it
right now if I wanted to,
right now if I wanted to,
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因為整件事已被解開了。
08:42
because it unlocked it.
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真不可思議
08:45
It's just amazing.
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它能使我能把二十三年的PTSD
08:46
And it allowed me to put 23 years of PTSD
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08:52
and TBI stuff together in one place
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和TBI拼在一塊，
這從沒發生過。
08:58
that has never happened before.
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09:02
Sorry.
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不好意思。
09:03
Melissa Walker: Over the past five years,
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梅麗莎沃克：過去五年
我們做過一千多個面具。
09:05
we've had over 1,000 masks made.
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超乎想象！是不是？
09:09
It's pretty amazing, isn't it?
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09:12
Thank you.
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謝謝
（掌聲）
09:13
(Applause)
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09:19
I wish I could have shared
this process with my grandfather,
this process with my grandfather,
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我希望我能和祖父分享這療程，
09:23
but I know that he would be thrilled
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但我肯定他會驚喜
我們已能找到方法
09:27
that we are finding ways
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09:28
to help today's and tomorrow's
service members heal,
service members heal,
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幫助今時和未來的軍兵痊癒，
09:33
and finding the resources within them
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啟發他們本身之自癒潛能，
09:36
that they can call upon
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隨著他們的需要
來治療自己。
09:38
to heal themselves.
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09:41
Thank you.
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謝謝
（掌聲）
09:42
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Melissa Walker - Creative arts therapistMelissa Walker helps military service members recover from traumatic brain injury and mental illness.
Why you should listen
Melissa Walker is a creative arts therapist at the National Intrepid Center of Excellence, a directorate of Walter Reed National Military Medical Center. She works with active duty service members suffering from traumatic brain injury and psychological health conditions.
Dedicated to helping recovering service members safely express their deep thoughts and emotions in a creative environment, Walker designed the Healing Arts Program at the National Intrepid Center of Excellence in 2010, where she engages her patients in mask-making, a powerful mechanism for helping them express their invisible wounds. Walker received her Master's Degree in art therapy from New York University.
Melissa Walker | Speaker | TED.com