TED Talks India: Nayi Baat
Arunabha Ghosh: 5 steps for clean air in India
阿魯納巴·戈許: 讓印度擁有乾淨空氣的五個步驟
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印度部分大城市的空氣質量是世界上最糟的。我們要如何補救這個事關公共健康的危機？在這場能夠化為行動的演說中，社會企業家阿魯納巴戈許提出了一個五步驟計畫，讓印度能朝更乾淨、更安全的空氣目標邁進。他也說明了每一個公民都能扮演主動的角色，協助達成目標。
Arunabha Ghosh - Social entrepreneur
Arunabha Ghosh is a public policy professional, adviser, author, columnist and institution builder. Full bio
Arunabha Ghosh is a public policy professional, adviser, author, columnist and institution builder. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
沙魯克罕：我們
垂手可得的空氣出了問題。
垂手可得的空氣出了問題。
00:13
Shah Rukh Khan: Something goes wrong
with the air that we take for granted.
with the air that we take for granted.
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我們所有人都會遭受不良的影響，
00:17
The ill effects are suffered by all,
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00:18
rich and poor, city people
and village folks,
and village folks,
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不論貧富，不論是城裏人還是鄉村人，
00:21
those inland and those on the coast.
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不論住在內陸或沿海地區。
00:23
Nobody is exempt.
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沒有人能倖免。
所以，我們要如何
讓我們的孩子有機會
讓我們的孩子有機會
00:25
So how do we give our children
the chance to grow up in a world
the chance to grow up in a world
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在一個空氣清潔的世界中成長？
00:29
where the air is clean?
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00:30
Our next speaker
addresses this vital question.
addresses this vital question.
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下一位講者就在爲我們處理
這個至關重要的問題。
這個至關重要的問題。
00:33
So join me in giving
a wholehearted welcome
a wholehearted welcome
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讓我們熱烈歡迎，
00:36
to the public policy expert and author,
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公共政策專家及作家，
00:38
the multifaceted Dr. Arunabha Ghosh.
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多才多藝的阿魯納巴·戈許博士。
00:42
(Music)
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（音樂）
00:50
Arunabha Ghosh: Let me tell you
a story from China.
a story from China.
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阿魯納巴·戈許：讓我與各位
分享一個發生在中國的故事。
分享一個發生在中國的故事。
00:53
In 2014, China declared war on pollution.
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2014 年，
中國向污染宣戰。
00:58
In November that year,
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同年十一月，
01:00
there was an international summit there.
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有一場國際峰會在中國舉行。
01:02
Presidents and prime ministers
from many countries arrived.
from many countries arrived.
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許多國家的總統和首相抵達中國，
01:05
So industries around Beijing
were shut down,
were shut down,
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因此，北京的工業被暫停下來，
01:07
half the cars were taken off the road.
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一半的車被趕下道路。
01:10
That week, I took a photograph
of the unusually blue sky in Beijing.
of the unusually blue sky in Beijing.
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那週，我拍下了北京
很不尋常的藍天。
很不尋常的藍天。
01:15
A few days later,
when the summit had ended,
when the summit had ended,
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幾天後，高峰會結束了，
01:18
the factories were humming again,
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工廠又開工，
01:20
the sky had again turned light grey.
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天空再次轉為淡灰色。
01:23
So newspapers started
urging the government
urging the government
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所以，報紙開始要求政府
01:25
to make the blue skies permanent.
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讓藍天成為永久性的。
2015 年初，
01:28
Then in early 2015, a private citizen
produced a documentary on air pollution
produced a documentary on air pollution
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一位平凡的中國公民製作了
一部關於空氣污染的紀錄片，
一部關於空氣污染的紀錄片，
01:33
called "Under the Dome."
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片名叫《穹頂之下》。
01:35
Just within four days,
it was viewed 300 million times,
it was viewed 300 million times,
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四天之內，有三億人次觀賞，
01:40
and millions more continued
discussing it on social media.
discussing it on social media.
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還有數百萬人持續
在社交媒體上討論它。
在社交媒體上討論它。
01:43
Eventually, the government acted,
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最終，政府行動了，
01:45
and by 2018,
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2018
到了 2018 年，
01:47
the bulk of the Chinese population
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衆多的中國人民
01:49
had witnessed a decline in air pollution
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見證了空氣污染指數
01:52
by 32 percent on average.
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平均改善了 32%。
01:54
When will we demand clean air in India?
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在印度，我們何時
才會要求獲得乾淨的空氣？
才會要求獲得乾淨的空氣？
01:59
I have a six-year-old daughter.
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我有一個六歲女兒。
02:01
Every morning, when I drop her
to the school bus stop,
to the school bus stop,
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每天早上，我送她到
學校公車的車站，
學校公車的車站，
02:03
I have to remind her
not to take off her mask.
not to take off her mask.
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我都得提醒她不要把口罩拿下來。
02:06
That's the kind of world we live in.
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我們就生活在這樣的世界裡。
02:08
One day she pointed me to an advertisement
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有一天，她指著一個
洗面乳的廣告給我看，
洗面乳的廣告給我看，
02:10
for a face wash,
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02:12
which claimed that the polluting particles
lodged deeply in our skin
lodged deeply in our skin
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廣告聲稱，用這個產品
能奇蹟式地清洗掉
能奇蹟式地清洗掉
留在我們皮膚深處的污染粒子。
02:16
could be miraculously washed off.
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02:18
But what of the particles
lodged in our lungs?
lodged in our lungs?
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但留在我們肺中的粒子怎麼辦呢？
02:22
When it's difficult
to make out the difference
to make out the difference
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當我們很難區別出
02:25
between the lung of a smoker
and the lung of a nonsmoker,
and the lung of a nonsmoker,
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抽菸者的肺和非抽菸者的肺時，
02:28
we have a real problem,
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我們就有真正的麻煩了，
02:29
because I can run an air purifier at home,
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因為我在家可以開啟空氣清淨機，
02:32
but can I lock up my daughter at home?
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但我能把我女兒鎖在家裡嗎？
02:35
Air pollution is the great leveler.
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空氣污染能讓大家變平等。
02:38
It affects us all,
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它會影響所有人，不論貧富，
02:40
rich and poor,
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02:41
city dweller or village folk,
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不論是城裏人或鄉村的人民，
02:44
those living inland
or those living on the coast,
or those living on the coast,
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不論住在內陸或沿海地區，
02:46
and it's affecting our health,
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且它會影響我們的健康、
02:48
our economic growth, our quality of life.
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我們的經濟成長、
我們的生活品質。
我們的生活品質。
02:51
In 2017, more than
1.2 million deaths in India
1.2 million deaths in India
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2017 年，
印度有超過一百二十萬人的死亡
02:56
were attributable to air pollution.
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和空氣污染有關。
02:58
That's more than those deaths
caused by HIV/AIDS,
caused by HIV/AIDS,
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造成的死亡人數超越了愛滋病、
03:01
tuberculosis, malaria or diarrhea.
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結核病、瘧疾、痢疾。
03:04
At the Council on Energy,
Environment and Water,
Environment and Water,
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在「能源，環境
和水理事會 (CEEW)」，
和水理事會 (CEEW)」，
03:07
my colleagues find that today,
one in two Indians is breathing air
one in two Indians is breathing air
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我同事發現，現今，
兩個印度人中就有一個會呼吸到
兩個印度人中就有一個會呼吸到
03:11
that does not meet
our air quality standards.
our air quality standards.
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不合我們空氣品質標準的空氣。
03:15
And the economic impact
of this public health crisis
of this public health crisis
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這種公共健康危機對經濟的影響，
03:18
is more than 80 billion
dollars every year.
dollars every year.
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每年超過八百億美金。
03:21
At CEEW, my colleagues find
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在 CEEW，我同事發現
03:24
that 80 percent of Indians
can breathe clean air
can breathe clean air
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如果我們採用嚴格的污染控制，
就有八成的印度人
能呼吸到乾淨的空氣。
能呼吸到乾淨的空氣。
03:27
if we adopted stringent
pollution controls.
pollution controls.
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03:30
So here is my vision for India.
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所以，我對印度的遠景如下。
03:34
In 2027,
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到 2027 年，
03:36
when we are celebrating
our 80th year of independence,
our 80th year of independence,
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當我們慶祝印度獨立八十週年時，
03:40
can we ensure that, by then,
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那時我們是否能確保
03:42
80 cities in India have reduced
air pollution by 80 percent?
air pollution by 80 percent?
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印度的八十個城市
都將空氣污染減低 80%？
都將空氣污染減低 80%？
03:47
Let's called this Mission 80-80-80,
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咱們就把它稱為
「80-80-80 任務」，
「80-80-80 任務」，
03:51
and this is possible,
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這是有可能實現的，
但公民的角色非常關鍵。
但公民的角色非常關鍵。
03:53
but the role of citizens
is going to be critical.
is going to be critical.
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03:55
To combat air pollution,
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要對抗空氣污染，
03:57
we have to create a democratic demand
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我們得要針對乾淨的空氣，
做出民主的要求。
04:02
for clean air.
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04:03
We can make this happen.
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我們能讓這個夢成真。
04:05
First, we have to educate ourselves.
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首先，我們需要教育我們自己，
04:08
Low-cost sensors give us real-time
information about the air quality,
information about the air quality,
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成本很低的感測器就能讓我們
取得即時的空氣質量資訊，
取得即時的空氣質量資訊，
04:12
but we still need information
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但我們仍然需要
04:14
about how to interpret it and how to act.
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如何詮釋它及如何行動的資訊。
04:18
So we need to target information
to schools and children,
to schools and children,
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所以我們得要把資訊的對象
設定為學校和孩童、
設定為學校和孩童、
04:21
to resident welfare associations,
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居民福利組織、
04:23
to the elderly, who are more at risk.
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風險比較高的老人。
04:25
You know, when the temperature outside
is 30 degrees versus 40 degrees,
is 30 degrees versus 40 degrees,
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當外面的氣溫是三十到四十度時，
04:29
we know how to dress,
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我們知道該穿什麼，
知道該做什麼、不該做什麼。
知道該做什麼、不該做什麼。
04:31
we know what to do, what not to do.
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04:32
We need, similarly, information
on what precautions to take
on what precautions to take
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同樣，我們也需要資訊告訴我們，
該採取什麼預防措施來因應
該採取什麼預防措施來因應
04:36
when the air quality outside is poor,
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外面的空氣品質很糟、
非常糟、嚴重、有害時的狀況。
非常糟、嚴重、有害時的狀況。
04:38
very poor, severe or hazardous.
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04:41
Second, we need to become active monitors.
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第二，
我們得要主動監視。
04:47
Today, most Indian cities
and much of rural India
and much of rural India
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現今，印度大部分的城市
以及許多鄉村地區
以及許多鄉村地區
04:49
have no air quality monitoring at all.
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完全沒有空氣質量監控。
04:52
So we need to demand
that air quality sensors
that air quality sensors
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所以我們得去要求
在所有選舉區裝設
空氣質量感測器。
空氣質量感測器。
04:55
are installed in every constituency.
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04:57
Today, in Parliament,
who is going to stand up for us
who is going to stand up for us
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現今，在國會，
有誰會為我們站出來，
有誰會為我們站出來，
05:01
as the air quality warrior?
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扮演空氣質量戰士？
05:03
When enforcement agencies
land up at polluting sites
land up at polluting sites
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當執法單位到了污染地點
05:06
or dust-spewing construction sites,
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或是釋放塵土的工地時，
05:09
their whack-a-mole approach
doesn't always work,
doesn't always work,
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他們的「打地鼠」方法
不見得都會有用，
不見得都會有用，
05:11
because as soon as their attention
turns somewhere else,
turns somewhere else,
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因為只要他們一把
注意力轉到其他地方，
注意力轉到其他地方，
05:14
the offenders go back
to business as usual.
to business as usual.
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違法者又會變回原形。
05:17
We citizens have to become
the fire alarms.
the fire alarms.
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我們公民得要成為火警警報器。
05:21
We have to demand
emergency call-in numbers
emergency call-in numbers
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我們得要要求設立緊急熱線電話
05:24
and specialized task forces
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以及專門工作小組，
05:26
that can respond in real time
to pollution sites.
to pollution sites.
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能夠即時針對污染地點做出因應。
05:29
So we need not just the authority
but the enforcement strength
but the enforcement strength
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所以，我們需要
當權者以及執法人員
當權者以及執法人員
05:33
to crack down.
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來取締制裁。
05:34
Third,
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第三，
05:36
we have to be prepared to pay a price,
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我們得要做好付出代價的準備，
05:38
whether it's for cars using BS6 fuel
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不論是用 BS6 燃料的車子，
05:41
or for more expensive electricity
from cleaner power plants.
from cleaner power plants.
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或者由比較乾淨的電廠
提供更貴的電力。
提供更貴的電力。
05:45
Last year, just before Diwali,
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去年，在排燈節前夕，
05:47
I took a surprise inspection
of polluting industries
of polluting industries
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我去突襲檢查造成污染的工業，
05:52
in an unauthorized industrial area
just outside of Delhi,
just outside of Delhi,
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地點是在德里外面的
未援權工業區，
未援權工業區，
05:55
and I found polluting
firecrackers were being sold.
firecrackers were being sold.
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我發現有人在販售
造成污染的鞭炮。
造成污染的鞭炮。
05:58
The Supreme Court had mandated
only green firecrackers could be sold,
only green firecrackers could be sold,
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最高法庭已經下命令，
只能販售綠色鞭炮，
只能販售綠色鞭炮，
06:02
but those were nowhere to be found.
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但卻買不到綠色鞭炮。
反而買得到會污染的鞭炮。
反而買得到會污染的鞭炮。
06:04
But the polluting ones were available.
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06:05
Why?
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為什麼？
06:07
Because we were ready to buy.
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因為我們願意購買。
06:09
As citizens, we have to reduce
the demand for these polluting products
the demand for these polluting products
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身為公民，我們得要減少
對這些污染性產品的需求，
對這些污染性產品的需求，
06:15
or be prepared to pay more
for cleaner products.
for cleaner products.
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或者準備好花更多錢
來購買比較乾淨的產品。
來購買比較乾淨的產品。
06:19
Fourth step: let's build some empathy
for our fellow citizens.
for our fellow citizens.
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第四：我們要建立
對其他公民的同理心。
對其他公民的同理心。
06:24
How much does it take
to keep a night guard warm
to keep a night guard warm
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冬天，要讓夜晚守衛能夠保暖，
06:27
rather than force them to burn rubbish
to stay warm in winter?
to stay warm in winter?
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不必被迫燃燒垃圾，
要付出多少代價？
要付出多少代價？
或以農夫為例。
06:30
Or, let's take farmers.
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06:32
You know, it's very easy to blame them
for burning the stubble
for burning the stubble
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我們很輕易可以怪罪他們
每年冬天燃燒稻作殘株
造成空氣污染。
造成空氣污染。
06:35
of the rice paddy crop every winter,
which causes air pollution.
which causes air pollution.
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06:38
It's much harder to understand
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難的是要了解
06:41
that it's the combination
of our agricultural policy
of our agricultural policy
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是因為我們的農業政策
再加上地下水危機，
再加上地下水危機，
06:44
and our groundwater crisis
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06:46
that often leaves the farmer
with no option but to burn the stubble.
with no option but to burn the stubble.
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才會導致農夫沒有選擇，
只能燃燒殘株。
只能燃燒殘株。
06:50
So we need to draw in
the urban poor laborer
the urban poor laborer
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所以，我們得要把都市的貧窮勞工
或鄉村的貧窮農夫也拉進來，
或鄉村的貧窮農夫也拉進來，
06:53
or the rural poor farmer
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06:55
into our collective call for clean air.
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和我們一起要求乾淨的空氣。
06:58
Farmers come and tell us that they
want to adopt sustainable agriculture,
want to adopt sustainable agriculture,
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農夫會來告訴我們，
他們想要採用永續農業，
他們想要採用永續農業，
07:02
but they need some help.
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但他們需要協助。
07:03
And fifth, we have to
change our lifestyles.
change our lifestyles.
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第五，
我們得要改變我們的生活方式。
07:08
Yes, public transport
is often not available,
is often not available,
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是的，公共運輸通常不方便，
07:12
but the choice to buy a cleaner,
less polluting private vehicle is ours.
less polluting private vehicle is ours.
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但我們可以選擇購買較乾淨、
污染較少的私人用車。
污染較少的私人用車。
07:16
The choice to segregate
and recycle household waste is ours.
and recycle household waste is ours.
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我們可以選擇將家庭
廢棄物分類回收。
廢棄物分類回收。
07:21
You know, in Surat after the 1994 plague,
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自 1994 年瘟疫後，
蘇拉特的市民引以為榮，
07:24
citizens there take pride
in keeping their city
in keeping their city
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該市一直保持是
全國最乾淨的城市之一，
全國最乾淨的城市之一，
07:27
one of the cleanest in the country.
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07:29
Down south in Mysore,
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在南方的邁索爾，
07:31
public-private partnerships
and citizen-led eco clubs
and citizen-led eco clubs
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公私部門間的合作
及公民領導的環保俱樂部
及公民領導的環保俱樂部
07:34
are coming together to reduce,
segregate and recycle waste in a manner
segregate and recycle waste in a manner
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都在同心協力將廢棄物
減量、分類、回收，
減量、分類、回收，
07:39
that landfills can be
eliminated altogether.
eliminated altogether.
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並能讓垃圾掩埋場也一併消失。
07:42
Now I'm not saying that officials
have no responsibility here,
have no responsibility here,
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我的意思並不是官員
在這方面沒有責任，
在這方面沒有責任，
07:46
but it is our collective apathy
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但，是我們集體的冷淡
07:49
that takes the pressure
off of our parliamentarians,
off of our parliamentarians,
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才沒有施加壓力給國會議員、
07:52
the bureaucrats
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官僚，
07:54
or the enforcement agencies.
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或執法單位。
07:56
Mission 80-80-80 will only begin
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除非我們要求，
不然 80-80-80 任務就不會開始。
08:00
when we demand it.
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08:02
We have to create
a democratic demand for clean air,
a democratic demand for clean air,
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想要乾淨空氣，
我們就得做出民主的要求，
我們就得做出民主的要求，
08:06
because citizens, you and me,
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因為你我這些公民
08:10
can decide what kind of air we breathe.
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能夠決定我們呼吸什麼樣的空氣。
08:14
Thank you.
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謝謝。
08:16
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
08:20
SRK: Thank you so much.
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沙：非常謝謝您。
08:22
Tell me something: India, our country,
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告訴我一件事：我們的國家印度
08:24
do we have any advantages?
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優勢何在？
08:27
Have we become aware of it earlier
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是否因為像你
這樣的人所做出的貢獻，
這樣的人所做出的貢獻，
08:30
because of all the inputs
from people like you?
from people like you?
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讓我們比較早意識到這個問題？
08:32
AG: Our biggest strength:
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阿：我們最大的長處：
08:35
our people and our ability to make change
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我們的人民及我們
做出改變的能力，
做出改變的能力，
08:38
without always necessarily
relying only on the government.
relying only on the government.
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我們不見得一定要
仰賴政府才能改變。
仰賴政府才能改變。
08:42
And that strength of civil society
and civil demand
and civil demand
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用公民社會和公民請求的力量
08:46
for a civilized living condition
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來爭取文明的生活條件，
08:48
is, I think, our biggest asset.
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在我看來就是我們最大的資產。
08:51
Then, all of those and more will happen.
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那時，這些都會成真，甚至更多。
08:53
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
08:54
SRK: Thank you, Dr. Ghosh.
Bless you for coming here.
Bless you for coming here.
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沙：謝謝你，戈許博士。
感謝你來這裡。
感謝你來這裡。
08:57
And it's very enlightening.
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這場演說非常有啟發性。
08:59
Thank you very much,
and all the best with 80-80-80.
and all the best with 80-80-80.
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非常謝謝你，
也祝 80-80-80 順利。
也祝 80-80-80 順利。
09:01
Dr. Ghosh, everyone.
AG: Thank you.
AG: Thank you.
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再次謝謝戈許博士。
阿：謝謝。
阿：謝謝。
09:03
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Arunabha Ghosh - Social entrepreneurArunabha Ghosh is a public policy professional, adviser, author, columnist and institution builder.
Why you should listen
Arunabha Ghosh is the founder and CEO of the Council on Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW), which, since 2010, he has led to the top ranks as one of South Asia's leading policy research institutions. CEEW was also ranked among the world's 20 best climate think-tanks in 2016. Ghosh has been actively involved in the design of the International Solar Alliance since its inception.
More profile about the speakerArunabha Ghosh | Speaker | TED.com