TED2017
Rutger Bregman: Poverty isn't a lack of character; it's a lack of cash
Rutger Bregman: Fattigdom er ikke mangel på karakter, det er mangel på penge
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"Ideer kan forandre verden", siger historikeren Rutger Bregman. Hans kontroversielle forslag, er at indføre garanteret borgerløn. Hør mere om den ide, der både har 500 år på bagen og er et ignoreret moderne eksperiment, som rent faktisk fungerede! Og forestil dig, hvor meget energi og talent vi kunne frigive, hvis vi for evigt slap af med fattigdom.
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
I'd like to start with a simple question:
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Jeg vil gerne starte med
et simpelt spørgsmål:
et simpelt spørgsmål:
00:18
Why do the poor make
so many poor decisions?
so many poor decisions?
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Hvorfor tager de fattige
så mange dårlige valg?
så mange dårlige valg?
Jeg ved, at det er et svært spørgsmål,
00:23
I know it's a harsh question,
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00:25
but take a look at the data.
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men kig på dataen.
00:27
The poor borrow more, save less,
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De fattige låner mere, sparer mindre,
00:29
smoke more, exercise less, drink more
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ryger mere, træner mindre, drikker mere
00:31
and eat less healthfully.
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og spiser mindre sundt.
00:34
Why?
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Hvorfor?
00:36
Well, the standard explanation
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Tja, standardforklaringen
00:38
was once summed up by the British
Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher.
Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher.
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blev opsummeret af den britiske
premierminister, Margaret Thatcher.
premierminister, Margaret Thatcher.
00:41
And she called poverty
"a personality defect."
"a personality defect."
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Hun kaldte fattigdom
"en personlighedsbrist".
"en personlighedsbrist".
00:44
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
00:46
A lack of character, basically.
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Dybest set mangel på karakter.
00:49
Now, I'm sure not many of you
would be so blunt.
would be so blunt.
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De færreste ville være så direkte.
00:54
But the idea that there's something
wrong with the poor themselves
wrong with the poor themselves
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Men idéen om, at der er noget
i vejen med de fattige selv
i vejen med de fattige selv
00:58
is not restricted to Mrs. Thatcher.
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er fru Thatcher ikke ene om.
01:01
Some of you may believe that the poor
should be held responsible
should be held responsible
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I mener måske, at fattige er ansvarlige
01:04
for their own mistakes.
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for deres egne fejl.
01:06
And others may argue that we should
help them to make better decisions.
help them to make better decisions.
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Andre vil måske hævde, at vi burde
hjælpe dem med at træffe bedre valg.
hjælpe dem med at træffe bedre valg.
01:10
But the underlying assumption is the same:
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Men den underliggende antagelse
er den samme:
er den samme:
01:14
there's something wrong with them.
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der er noget galt med dem.
01:18
If we could just change them,
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Hvis vi kunne ændre dem,
01:19
if we could just teach them
how to live their lives,
how to live their lives,
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hvis vi kunne lære dem,
hvordan de skulle leve,
hvordan de skulle leve,
01:22
if they would only listen.
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hvis bare de lyttede.
01:25
And to be honest,
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Ærligt talt,
01:26
this was what I thought for a long time.
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var det også min holdning længe.
01:31
It was only a few years ago
that I discovered
that I discovered
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For få år siden opdagede jeg,
01:33
that everything I thought I knew
about poverty was wrong.
about poverty was wrong.
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at al min viden om fattigdom var forkert.
01:38
It all started when I accidentally
stumbled upon a paper
stumbled upon a paper
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Det hele startede,
da jeg læste en afhandling
da jeg læste en afhandling
01:40
by a few American psychologists.
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af nogle amerikanske psykologer.
01:42
They had traveled 8,000 miles,
all the way to India,
all the way to India,
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De var rejst 13.000 km.
til Indien for at foretage
til Indien for at foretage
01:45
for a fascinating study.
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en fascinerende undersøgelse.
01:47
And it was an experiment
with sugarcane farmers.
with sugarcane farmers.
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Det var et eksperiment med
bønder, der dyrkede sukkerrør.
bønder, der dyrkede sukkerrør.
01:50
You should know that these farmers
collect about 60 percent
collect about 60 percent
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Disse bønder får 60%
01:54
of their annual income all at once,
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af deres årlige indkomst på en gang,
01:56
right after the harvest.
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lige efter høsten.
01:58
This means that they're relatively
poor one part of the year
poor one part of the year
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De er altså relativt fattige
den ene del af året
den ene del af året
02:01
and rich the other.
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og rige den anden del.
02:04
The researchers asked them to do
an IQ test before and after the harvest.
an IQ test before and after the harvest.
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Forskerne testede bøndernes
intelligens før og efter høsten.
intelligens før og efter høsten.
02:09
What they subsequently discovered
completely blew my mind.
completely blew my mind.
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Deres opdagelse
overraskede mig fuldstændigt.
overraskede mig fuldstændigt.
02:15
The farmers scored much worse
on the test before the harvest.
on the test before the harvest.
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Bønderne scorede meget lavere i
testen før høsten.
testen før høsten.
02:20
The effects of living
in poverty, it turns out,
in poverty, it turns out,
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Det viser sig at leve i fattigdom
02:22
correspond to losing 14 points of IQ.
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svarer til at miste 14 point i en IK-test.
02:26
Now, to give you an idea,
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Det svarer til at mangle
02:28
that's comparable
to losing a night's sleep
to losing a night's sleep
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en nats søvn
02:30
or the effects of alcoholism.
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eller være alkoholiker.
02:34
A few months later,
I heard that Eldar Shafir,
I heard that Eldar Shafir,
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Få måneder senere
hørte jeg, at Eldar Shafir,
hørte jeg, at Eldar Shafir,
02:36
a professor at Princeton University
and one of the authors of this study,
and one of the authors of this study,
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professor ved Princeton Universitet
og medforfatter af denne afhandling,
og medforfatter af denne afhandling,
02:40
was coming over to Holland, where I live.
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kom til Holland, hvor jeg bor.
02:42
So we met up in Amsterdam
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Vi mødtes i Amsterdam
02:44
to talk about his revolutionary
new theory of poverty.
new theory of poverty.
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for at tale om hans banebrydende
nye teori om fattigdom.
nye teori om fattigdom.
02:48
And I can sum it up in just two words:
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Jeg kan sammenfatte den i et ord:
02:51
scarcity mentality.
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Knaphedsmentalitet.
Det viser sig, at mennesker
opfører sig anderledes,
opfører sig anderledes,
02:54
It turns out that people
behave differently
behave differently
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02:56
when they perceive a thing to be scarce.
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når en ting er en mangelvare.
02:59
And what that thing is
doesn't much matter --
doesn't much matter --
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Det er ligegyldigt,
hvad den ting er,
hvad den ting er,
03:01
whether it's not enough time,
money or food.
money or food.
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om det er mangel på tid,
penge eller mad.
penge eller mad.
03:05
You all know this feeling,
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Vi kender alle følelsen af
03:06
when you've got too much to do,
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at have for meget at lave,
03:08
or when you've put off breaking for lunch
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eller hvis vi har sprunget
frokosten over,
frokosten over,
03:10
and your blood sugar takes a dive.
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og vores blodsukker dykker.
03:12
This narrows your focus
to your immediate lack --
to your immediate lack --
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Det indsnævrer dit fokus
03:15
to the sandwich you've got to have now,
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til den sandwich du SKAL have nu,
03:17
the meeting that's starting
in five minutes
in five minutes
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det møde, der starter om fem minutter,
03:19
or the bills that have
to be paid tomorrow.
to be paid tomorrow.
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eller de regninger, der SKAL betales
i morgen.
i morgen.
03:23
So the long-term perspective
goes out the window.
goes out the window.
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Langtidsperspektivet forsvinder.
03:27
You could compare it to a new computer
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Det kan sammenlignes med
en ny computer,
en ny computer,
03:30
that's running 10 heavy programs at once.
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der kører ti tunge programmer
på en gang.
på en gang.
03:33
It gets slower and slower, making errors.
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Den bliver langsommere
og laver fejl.
og laver fejl.
03:35
Eventually, it freezes --
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Til sidst går den i stå -
03:37
not because it's a bad computer,
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ikke fordi det er en dårlig computer,
03:39
but because it has too much to do at once.
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men fordi den skal lave
for meget på en gang.
for meget på en gang.
03:43
The poor have the same problem.
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Fattige har det samme problem.
03:46
They're not making dumb decisions
because they are dumb,
because they are dumb,
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De træffer ikke dårlige beslutninger,
fordi de er dumme,
fordi de er dumme,
03:49
but because they're living in a context
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men fordi de lever i en sammenhæng,
03:51
in which anyone would make dumb decisions.
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hvor alle træffer dårlige beslutninger.
03:54
So suddenly I understood
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Pludselig forstod jeg,
03:57
why so many of our anti-poverty
programs don't work.
programs don't work.
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hvorfor så mange af vore anti-fattigdoms-
projekter ikke virker.
projekter ikke virker.
04:02
Investments in education, for example,
are often completely ineffective.
are often completely ineffective.
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Hvorfor investering i uddannelse
ofte er ineffektivt.
ofte er ineffektivt.
04:07
Poverty is not a lack of knowledge.
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Fattigdom er ikke mangel på viden.
04:10
A recent analysis of 201 studies
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En nylig analyse af 201 undersøgelser
04:13
on the effectiveness
of money-management training
of money-management training
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af effekten af kurser i finanshåndtering,
04:15
came to the conclusion
that it has almost no effect at all.
that it has almost no effect at all.
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viste at de nærmest ingen effekt havde.
04:19
Now, don't get me wrong --
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Misforstå mig ikke -
04:20
this is not to say the poor
don't learn anything --
don't learn anything --
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det betyder ikke, at de fattige
ikke lærer noget ...
ikke lærer noget ...
04:23
they can come out wiser for sure.
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de bliver ofte klogere.
04:26
But it's not enough.
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Men det er ikke nok.
04:27
Or as Professor Shafir told me,
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Eller -
som professor Shafir fortalte mig -
som professor Shafir fortalte mig -
04:30
"It's like teaching someone to swim
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"Det er ligesom at lære nogen at svømme
04:32
and then throwing them in a stormy sea."
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og så smide dem ud i et stormfyldt hav."
04:36
I still remember sitting there,
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Jeg husker, at jeg sad der,
04:39
perplexed.
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forvirret.
04:41
And it struck me
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Og det slog mig,
04:42
that we could have figured
this all out decades ago.
this all out decades ago.
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at vi kunne have opdaget det
for årtier siden.
for årtier siden.
04:45
I mean, these psychologists didn't need
any complicated brain scans;
any complicated brain scans;
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Disse psykologer behøvede ingen
komplicerede hjernescanninger.
komplicerede hjernescanninger.
04:48
they only had to measure the farmer's IQ,
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At måle bøndernes IK var nok,
04:50
and IQ tests were invented
more that 100 years ago.
more that 100 years ago.
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og IK-test blev opfundet for
over 100 år siden
over 100 år siden
04:53
Actually, I realized I had read about
the psychology of poverty before.
the psychology of poverty before.
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Jeg har tidligere læst
om fattigdommens psykologi.
om fattigdommens psykologi.
04:57
George Orwell, one of the greatest
writers who ever lived,
writers who ever lived,
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George Orwell, en af verdens
største forfattere,
største forfattere,
05:01
experienced poverty
firsthand in the 1920s.
firsthand in the 1920s.
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oplevede fattigdom på egen krop
i 1920'erne.
i 1920'erne.
05:04
"The essence of poverty,"
he wrote back then,
he wrote back then,
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"Kernen i fattigdom,"
skrev han dengang,
skrev han dengang,
05:07
is that it "annihilates the future."
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er, at den "udsletter fremtiden."
05:11
And he marveled at, quote,
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Han undrede sig:
05:13
"How people take it for granted
they have the right to preach at you
they have the right to preach at you
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"Hvordan folk tager det for givet,
at de har ret til at prædike
at de har ret til at prædike
05:17
and pray over you
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og bestemme over dig,
05:18
as soon as your income falls
below a certain level."
below a certain level."
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så snart din indtægt kommer
under et vist niveau."
under et vist niveau."
05:20
Now, those words are every bit
as resonant today.
as resonant today.
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Disse ord gælder stadig.
05:27
The big question is, of course:
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Det store spørgsmål er:
05:29
What can be done?
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Hvad kan vi gøre?
05:30
Modern economists have
a few solutions up their sleeves.
a few solutions up their sleeves.
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Moderne økonomer ryster
løsninger ud af ærmet.
løsninger ud af ærmet.
Vi kunne hjælpe de fattige med
deres regnskaber
deres regnskaber
05:33
We could help the poor
with their paperwork
with their paperwork
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05:35
or send them a text message
to remind them to pay their bills.
to remind them to pay their bills.
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eller minde dem om
at betale deres regninger.
at betale deres regninger.
05:38
This type of solution is hugely popular
with modern politicians,
with modern politicians,
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Den slags løsninger er enormt populære
blandt moderne politikere,
blandt moderne politikere,
05:43
mostly because,
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især fordi ...
05:44
well, they cost next to nothing.
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de koster så lidt.
05:48
These solutions are, I think,
a symbol of this era
a symbol of this era
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Sådanne løsninger er typiske for vor tid.
05:52
in which we so often treat the symptoms,
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Vi behandler symptomerne,
05:54
but ignore the underlying cause.
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men ignorerer årsagen.
05:57
So I wonder:
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Så jeg spørger:
05:59
Why don't we just change the context
in which the poor live?
in which the poor live?
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Hvorfor ændrer vi ikke
de fattiges levevilkår?
de fattiges levevilkår?
06:03
Or, going back to our computer analogy:
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Som i eksemplet med computeren:
06:05
Why keep tinkering around
with the software
with the software
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Hvorfor lappe softwaren,
06:08
when we can easily solve the problem
by installing some extra memory instead?
by installing some extra memory instead?
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hvis vi nemt løser problemet ved
at installere mere hukommelse?
at installere mere hukommelse?
06:12
At that point, Professor Shafir
responded with a blank look.
responded with a blank look.
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Professor Shafir fik et tomt blik i øjnene
06:16
And after a few seconds, he said,
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og svarede efter nogle sekunder:
06:18
"Oh, I get it.
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"Åh, jeg forstår.
06:21
You mean you want to just hand out
more money to the poor
more money to the poor
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Giver vi flere penge til de fattige,
06:26
to eradicate poverty.
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så udrydder vi fattigdom.
06:28
Uh, sure, that'd be great.
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Det ville være godt.
06:31
But I'm afraid that brand
of left-wing politics
of left-wing politics
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Men den venstreorienterede politik,
06:34
you've got in Amsterdam --
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I har i Amsterdam...
06:36
it doesn't exist in the States."
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findes ikke i Amerika."
06:38
But is this really
an old-fashioned, leftist idea?
an old-fashioned, leftist idea?
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Men er det virkelig en
gammeldags, venstreorienteret ide?
gammeldags, venstreorienteret ide?
Jeg husker, jeg læste om
en gammel plan ...
en gammel plan ...
06:43
I remembered reading about an old plan --
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06:45
something that has been proposed
by some of history's leading thinkers.
by some of history's leading thinkers.
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Den blev foreslået af
historiens førende tænkere.
historiens førende tænkere.
06:48
The philosopher Thomas More
first hinted at it in his book, "Utopia,"
first hinted at it in his book, "Utopia,"
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Filosoffen Thomas More var den første til
at skrive om det i sin bog "Utopia"
at skrive om det i sin bog "Utopia"
06:52
more than 500 years ago.
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for mere end 500 år siden.
06:55
And its proponents have spanned
the spectrum from the left to the right,
the spectrum from the left to the right,
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Fortalerne er kommet fra hele
spektret fra venstre til højre,
spektret fra venstre til højre,
06:58
from the civil rights campaigner,
Martin Luther King,
Martin Luther King,
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fra borgerrettighedsfortaleren
Martin Luther KIng,
Martin Luther KIng,
07:01
to the economist Milton Friedman.
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til økonomen Milton Friedman.
07:05
And it's an incredibly simple idea:
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Det er en utrolig enkel ide:
07:09
basic income guarantee.
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Borgerløn, garanteret basisindtægt.
07:13
What it is?
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Hvad er det?
07:15
Well, that's easy.
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Det er nemt.
07:16
It's a monthly grant, enough to pay
for your basic needs:
for your basic needs:
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En månedlig udbetaling,
der dækker dine basale behov:
der dækker dine basale behov:
07:19
food, shelter, education.
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Mad, husleje, uddannelse.
07:21
It's completely unconditional,
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Uden betingelser,
07:23
so no one's going to tell you
what you have to do for it,
what you have to do for it,
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ingen fortæller dig,
hvad du skal yde for den,
hvad du skal yde for den,
07:26
and no one's going to tell you
what you have to do with it.
what you have to do with it.
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og ingen fortæller dig,
hvad du skal bruge den til.
hvad du skal bruge den til.
07:29
The basic income
is not a favor, but a right.
is not a favor, but a right.
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Borgerløn er ikke
en gave, men en rettighed.
en gave, men en rettighed.
07:31
There's absolutely no stigma attached.
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Det er ingen skam at modtage den.
07:34
So as I learned about the true
nature of poverty,
nature of poverty,
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Så mens jeg lærte om
fattigdommens sande natur,
fattigdommens sande natur,
07:37
I couldn't stop wondering:
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tænkte jeg hele tiden:
07:39
Is this the idea
we've all been waiting for?
we've all been waiting for?
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Er det den ide, vi alle
har ventet på?
har ventet på?
07:42
Could it really be that simple?
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Kan det virkelig være så enkelt?
07:46
And in the three years that followed,
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De næste tre år
07:48
I read everything I could find
about basic income.
about basic income.
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læste jeg alt om borgerløn.
07:50
I researched the dozens of experiments
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Jeg undersøgte dusinvis
07:52
that have been conducted
all over the globe,
all over the globe,
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af eksperimenter fra hele verden.
07:54
and it didn't take long before I stumbled
upon a story of a town
upon a story of a town
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Hurtigt faldt jeg over
en fortælling om en by,
en fortælling om en by,
07:57
that had done it --
had actually eradicated poverty.
had actually eradicated poverty.
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der havde indført det ...
og udryddet fattigdom.
og udryddet fattigdom.
08:00
But then ...
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Men så ...
08:02
nearly everyone forgot about it.
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glemte næsten alle det.
Byen var Dauphin i Canada.
08:05
This story starts in Dauphin, Canada.
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08:09
In 1974, everybody in this small town
was guaranteed a basic income,
was guaranteed a basic income,
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I 1974 fik alle indbyggere
udbetalt en basal indtægt,
udbetalt en basal indtægt,
08:14
ensuring that no one fell
below the poverty line.
below the poverty line.
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så ingen kom under
fattigdomsgrænsen.
fattigdomsgrænsen.
08:17
At the start of the experiment,
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I begyndelsen af eksperimentet
08:19
an army of researchers
descended on the town.
descended on the town.
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ankom en hær af forskere til byen.
08:23
For four years, all went well.
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I fire år gik alt godt.
08:26
But then a new government
was voted into power,
was voted into power,
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Men så blev der valgt en ny regering,
08:29
and the new Canadian cabinet saw
little point to the expensive experiment.
little point to the expensive experiment.
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og den nye canadiske regering så
ingen mening i det dyre eksperiment.
ingen mening i det dyre eksperiment.
08:33
So when it became clear there was
no money left to analyze the results,
no money left to analyze the results,
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Der var ingen penge til at
analysere resultaterne,
analysere resultaterne,
08:37
the researchers decided to pack
their files away in some 2,000 boxes.
their files away in some 2,000 boxes.
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så forskerne pakkede deres
papirer ned i 2.000 kasser.
papirer ned i 2.000 kasser.
08:44
Twenty-five years went by,
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Der gik 25 år
08:46
and then Evelyn Forget,
a Canadian professor,
a Canadian professor,
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før Evelyn Forget,
en canadisk professor,
en canadisk professor,
08:49
found the records.
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fandt optegnelserne.
08:50
For three years, she subjected the data
to all manner of statistical analysis,
to all manner of statistical analysis,
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I tre år analyserede hun data
08:54
and no matter what she tried,
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og ligegyldigt hvad hun prøvede
08:56
the results were the same every time:
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blev resultatet det samme.
08:59
the experiment had been
a resounding success.
a resounding success.
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Eksperimentet var en stor succes.
09:05
Evelyn Forget discovered
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Evelyn Forget opdagede,
09:06
that the people in Dauphin
had not only become richer
had not only become richer
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at indbyggerne i Dauphin
ikke bare var blevet rigere,
ikke bare var blevet rigere,
09:09
but also smarter and healthier.
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men også klogere og sundere.
09:10
The school performance of kids
improved substantially.
improved substantially.
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Børnenes evner i skolen var klart bedre.
09:15
The hospitalization rate decreased
by as much as 8.5 percent.
by as much as 8.5 percent.
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Antal indlagte på hospitalet
var op til 8,5% lavere
var op til 8,5% lavere
09:20
Domestic violence incidents were down,
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Vold i hjemmet var faldende
09:21
as were mental health complaints.
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ligesom psykisk sygdom.
09:24
And people didn't quit their jobs.
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Og folk sagde ikke deres job op.
09:26
The only ones who worked a little less
were new mothers and students --
were new mothers and students --
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De eneste, der arbejdede lidt mindre,
var nybagte mødre og studerende,
var nybagte mødre og studerende,
09:30
who stayed in school longer.
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som gik længere tid i skole.
Lignende resultater er opnået
09:32
Similar results have since been found
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1875
09:34
in countless other experiments
around the globe,
around the globe,
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2396
i utallige andre eksperimenter globalt
09:37
from the US to India.
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fra USA til Indien.
09:41
So ...
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Så ...
09:43
here's what I've learned.
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1334
hvad har jeg lært.
Når det drejer sig om fattigdom,
09:45
When it comes to poverty,
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skal vi rige holde op
med at være bedrevidende,
med at være bedrevidende,
09:48
we, the rich, should stop
pretending we know best.
pretending we know best.
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holde op med at sende sko
og bamser til fattige,
og bamser til fattige,
09:54
We should stop sending shoes
and teddy bears to the poor,
and teddy bears to the poor,
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2754
09:56
to people we have never met.
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vi aldrig har mødt.
09:58
And we should get rid of the vast
industry of paternalistic bureaucrats
industry of paternalistic bureaucrats
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Vi bør afskaffe alle bureaukraterne,
10:02
when we could simply
hand over their salaries
hand over their salaries
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og give deres lønninger
10:04
to the poor they're supposed to help.
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1806
til de fattige, som de skulle hjælpe.
10:06
(Applause)
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(Bifald)
10:08
Because, I mean, the great
thing about money
thing about money
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Det gode ved penge er,
10:11
is that people can use it
to buy things they need
to buy things they need
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at folk kan bruge dem
til at købe ting, de behøver
til at købe ting, de behøver
10:13
instead of things that self-appointed
experts think they need.
experts think they need.
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i stedet for ting,
som eksperterne tror, de behøver.
som eksperterne tror, de behøver.
10:17
Just imagine how many brilliant scientists
and entrepreneurs and writers,
and entrepreneurs and writers,
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4404
Tænk hvor mange dygtige forskere,
entreprenører og forfattere
entreprenører og forfattere
10:22
like George Orwell,
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1151
som George Orwell,
10:23
are now withering away in scarcity.
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der sygner hen i fattigdom.
Tænk hvor meget energi og
talent vi kunne frigøre,
talent vi kunne frigøre,
10:26
Imagine how much energy
and talent we would unleash
and talent we would unleash
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2456
10:28
if we got rid of poverty once and for all.
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2739
hvis vi udryddede fattigdom for altid.
10:31
I believe that a basic income would work
like venture capital for the people.
like venture capital for the people.
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4352
Jeg tror, at borgerløn vil få folk
til at investere mere i dem selv.
til at investere mere i dem selv.
Vi har ikke råd til at lade værd
10:37
And we can't afford not to do it,
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2044
10:39
because poverty is hugely expensive.
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2845
for fattigdom er utrolig dyrt.
10:42
Just look at the cost of child poverty
in the US, for example.
in the US, for example.
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3392
Se bare på omkostningerne ved
børnefattigdom i USA.
børnefattigdom i USA.
10:45
It's estimated at 500 billion
dollars each year,
dollars each year,
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Den beregnes til 500 milliarder
dollars om året,
dollars om året,
10:50
in terms of higher health care
spending, higher dropout rates,
spending, higher dropout rates,
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2948
på grund af højere omkostninger
til sundhedspleje,
til sundhedspleje,
10:53
and more crime.
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1383
flere der dropper ud og mere
kriminalitet.
kriminalitet.
10:54
Now, this is an incredible waste
of human potential.
of human potential.
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3880
Det er et utroligt spild af
menneskeligt potentiale.
menneskeligt potentiale.
Men lad os tale om "elefanten
i rummet".
i rummet".
11:00
But let's talk about
the elephant in the room.
the elephant in the room.
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2201
11:03
How could we ever afford
a basic income guarantee?
a basic income guarantee?
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Hvordan får vi råd
til garanteret borgerløn?
til garanteret borgerløn?
11:07
Well, it's actually a lot cheaper
than you may think.
than you may think.
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655052
3099
Det er faktisk billigere,
end man skulle tro.
end man skulle tro.
11:10
What they did in Dauphin is finance it
with a negative income tax.
with a negative income tax.
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I Dauphin indførte de
negativ indkomstskat.
negativ indkomstskat.
11:13
This means that your income is topped up
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661763
2008
Dvs. at indtægten stiger,
11:15
as soon as you fall
below the poverty line.
below the poverty line.
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2412
i det øjeblik du kommer under
fattigdomsgrænsen.
fattigdomsgrænsen.
11:18
And in that scenario,
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Det scenarie -
11:19
according to our economists'
best estimates,
best estimates,
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2514
ifølge økonomernes bedste skøn -
11:22
for a net cost of 175 billion --
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3025
vil det koste 175 milliarder,
11:25
a quarter of US military spending,
one percent of GDP --
one percent of GDP --
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673204
4907
en fjerdedel af USA's millitærbudget,
én procent af BNP,
én procent af BNP,
11:30
you could lift all impoverished Americans
above the poverty line.
above the poverty line.
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678135
3554
at løfte alle fattige amerikanere
op over fattigdomsgrænsen.
op over fattigdomsgrænsen.
11:34
You could actually eradicate poverty.
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3141
Man kan faktisk udrydde fattigdom.
11:38
Now, that should be our goal.
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1802
Det burde være vores mål.
11:40
(Applause)
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(Bifald)
11:41
The time for small thoughts
and little nudges is past.
and little nudges is past.
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2932
Tiden for små tanker og almisser er forbi
11:44
I really believe that the time has come
for radical new ideas,
for radical new ideas,
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3308
Tiden er inde til radikalt nye ideer,
11:48
and basic income is so much more
than just another policy.
than just another policy.
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3200
og borgerløn er mere end blot ny politik.
11:51
It is also a complete rethink
of what work actually is.
of what work actually is.
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Den påvirker også hvad arbejde er.
11:55
And in that sense,
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Og på den måde
11:57
it will not only free the poor,
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1792
vil den ikke kun gavne de fattige
12:00
but also the rest of us.
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1468
men også alle os andre.
I vore dage føler mange
12:03
Nowadays, millions of people feel
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2246
at deres job ikke giver mening
eller ingen betydning har.
eller ingen betydning har.
12:05
that their jobs have little
meaning or significance.
meaning or significance.
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713531
2506
12:08
A recent poll among 230,000 employees
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2817
Fornylig viste en afstemning
blandt 230.000 lønarbejdere
blandt 230.000 lønarbejdere
12:10
in 142 countries
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1906
i 142 lande,
12:12
found that only 13 percent of workers
actually like their job.
actually like their job.
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4665
at kun 13 % af de ansatte
holdt af deres job.
holdt af deres job.
12:18
And another poll found that as much
as 37 percent of British workers
as 37 percent of British workers
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726600
3667
En anden afstemning viste,
at 37 % af britiske arbejdere
at 37 % af britiske arbejdere
12:22
have a job that they think
doesn't even need to exist.
doesn't even need to exist.
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730291
2930
har et job, som de ikke mener
behøver at findes.
behøver at findes.
12:26
It's like Brad Pitt says in "Fight Club,"
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2294
For at citere Brad Pitt i "Fight Club":
"Alt for ofte har vi et arbejde, som vi
hader, for at købe møg, vi ikke behøver."
hader, for at købe møg, vi ikke behøver."
12:28
"Too often we're working jobs we hate
so we can buy shit we don't need."
so we can buy shit we don't need."
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3656
12:32
(Laughter)
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1478
(Latter)
12:33
Now, don't get me wrong --
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1397
Misforstå mig ikke...
12:35
I'm not talking about the teachers
and the garbagemen
and the garbagemen
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2554
Jeg taler ikke om lærere, skraldemænd
12:37
and the care workers here.
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745886
1482
eller plejepersonale.
12:39
If they stopped working,
253
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1614
Hvis de holdt op med at arbejde,
12:41
we'd be in trouble.
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1317
ville vi have et problem.
12:42
I'm talking about all those well-paid
professionals with excellent résumés
professionals with excellent résumés
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3625
Jeg taler om de højtlønnede
professionelle med strålende CV'er,
professionelle med strålende CV'er,
12:46
who earn their money doing ...
256
754639
1805
som tjener deres løn ved at afholde
12:48
strategic transactor peer-to-peer meetings
257
756468
2036
strategiske peer-to-peer-møder,
12:50
while brainstorming the value
add-on of disruptive co-creation
add-on of disruptive co-creation
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3032
mens de udregner værdiforøgelsen af
disruptivt samarbejde
disruptivt samarbejde
12:53
in the network society.
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1173
i deres netværk.
12:54
(Laughter)
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1023
(Latter)
(Bifald)
12:55
(Applause)
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1018
Eller noget i den retning.
12:56
Or something like that.
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1202
12:58
Just imagine again how much
talent we're wasting,
talent we're wasting,
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2924
Tænk hvor meget talent vi mister,
13:01
simply because we tell our kids
they'll have to "earn a living."
they'll have to "earn a living."
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769044
3840
når vi fortæller vore børn, at de
skal "tjene til livets opretholdelse".
skal "tjene til livets opretholdelse".
13:05
Or think of what a math whiz working
at Facebook lamented a few years ago:
at Facebook lamented a few years ago:
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3742
En nørd, der arbejdede på Facebook,
beklagede sig for få år siden:
beklagede sig for få år siden:
13:09
"The best minds of my generation
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777404
1862
"De bedste hjerner i min generation
13:11
are thinking about how
to make people click ads."
to make people click ads."
267
779290
3113
udtænker metoder til at få
folk til at klikke på annoncer."
folk til at klikke på annoncer."
13:16
I'm a historian.
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1245
Jeg er historiker.
13:18
And if history teaches us anything,
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2069
Og hvis historien lærer os nogen,
13:21
it is that things could be different.
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2792
er det, at ting kan være anderledes.
13:23
There is nothing inevitable
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1391
Vi kan sagtens ændre
13:25
about the way we structured our society
and economy right now.
and economy right now.
272
793316
2957
strukturerne i samfundet og økonomien.
13:28
Ideas can and do change the world.
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796297
2356
Ideer kan ændre verden - og gør det.
13:30
And I think that especially
in the past few years,
in the past few years,
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798677
2511
Især i de seneste par år
13:33
it has become abundantly clear
275
801212
1429
er det blevet indlysende,
13:34
that we cannot stick to the status quo --
276
802665
1953
at vi ikke kan fastholde status quo ...
13:36
that we need new ideas.
277
804642
1575
Vi har brug for nye ideer.
13:40
I know that many of you
may feel pessimistic
may feel pessimistic
278
808499
3213
Jeg ved, at mange af jer ikke ser lyst på
13:43
about a future of rising inequality,
279
811736
2063
den voksende ulighed,
13:45
xenophobia
280
813823
1277
fremmedhadet
13:47
and climate change.
281
815124
1196
og klimaforandringerne.
Men det er ikke nok
at vide hvad man er imod.
at vide hvad man er imod.
13:48
But it's not enough
to know what we're against.
to know what we're against.
282
816986
2218
13:51
We also need to be for something.
283
819228
1612
Vi må også gå ind for noget.
13:52
Martin Luther King didn't say,
"I have a nightmare."
"I have a nightmare."
284
820864
2534
Martin Luther King sagde ikke:
"Jeg har et mareridt."
"Jeg har et mareridt."
13:55
(Laughter)
285
823422
1873
(Latter)
13:57
He had a dream.
286
825319
1159
Han havde en drøm.
13:58
(Applause)
287
826502
1079
(Bifald)
13:59
So ...
288
827605
1152
Så ...
14:01
here's my dream:
289
829835
1225
her er min drøm:
14:04
I believe in a future
290
832303
1638
Jeg tror på en fremtid,
14:05
where the value of your work
is not determined
is not determined
291
833965
2353
hvor værdien af dit arbejde ikke afhænger
14:08
by the size of your paycheck,
292
836342
1477
af beløbet på din lønseddel,
14:09
but by the amount of happiness you spread
293
837843
2032
men af den glæde du spreder,
14:11
and the amount of meaning you give.
294
839899
1977
og de meningsfulde ting du gør.
14:13
I believe in a future
295
841900
1232
Jeg tror på en fremtid,
14:15
where the point of education is not
to prepare you for another useless job
to prepare you for another useless job
296
843156
3660
hvor formålet med uddannelse ikke
er at gøre dig klar til et unyttigt job,
er at gøre dig klar til et unyttigt job,
14:18
but for a life well-lived.
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846840
1610
men et godt liv.
14:21
I believe in a future
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849204
1279
Jeg tror på en fremtid,
14:22
where an existence
without poverty is not a privilege
without poverty is not a privilege
299
850507
3094
hvor et liv uden fattigdom
ikke er et privilegium,
ikke er et privilegium,
14:25
but a right we all deserve.
300
853625
2013
men en ret alle har.
14:27
So here we are.
301
855662
1465
Så langt,
14:29
Here we are.
302
857151
1151
så godt ...
14:30
We've got the research,
we've got the evidence
we've got the evidence
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858326
2190
Vi har forskningen,
vi har beviserne,
vi har beviserne,
14:32
and we've got the means.
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860540
1163
og vi har midlerne.
14:33
Now, more than 500 years after Thomas More
first wrote about a basic income,
first wrote about a basic income,
305
861727
3909
Mere end 500 år efter
Thomas More skrev om borgerløn,
Thomas More skrev om borgerløn,
14:37
and 100 years after George Orwell
discovered the true nature of poverty,
discovered the true nature of poverty,
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865660
4055
og 100 år efter George Orwell
opdagede sandheden om fattigdom,
opdagede sandheden om fattigdom,
14:41
we all need to change our worldview,
307
869739
2441
har vi brug for at ændre vort verdenssyn,
14:44
because poverty
is not a lack of character.
is not a lack of character.
308
872204
2989
for fattigdom er ikke
mangel på karakter.
mangel på karakter.
14:47
Poverty is a lack of cash.
309
875832
2568
Fattigdom er mangel på penge.
14:51
Thank you.
310
879321
1184
Tak.
14:52
(Applause)
311
880529
4423
(Bifald)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Rutger Bregman - HistorianRutger Bregman is the author of "Utopia for Realists."
Why you should listen
Rutger Bregman is one of Europe's most prominent young thinkers. The 28-year-old historian and author has published four books on history, philosophy and economics. His book Utopia for Realists -- on universal basic income and other radical ideas -- has been translated in more than 20 languages. His work has been featured in The Washington Post and The Guardian and on the BBC.
Rutger Bregman | Speaker | TED.com