TED2017
Rutger Bregman: Poverty isn't a lack of character; it's a lack of cash
Rutger Bregman: Siromaštvo nije nedostatak karaktera, već nedostatak novca
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"Ideje mogu promijeniti, i zaista mijenjaju svijet", kaže povjesničar Rutger Bregman, iznoseći svoje argumente za jednu provokativnu ideju: zajamčen osnovni prihod. Saznajte više o 500-godišnjoj povijesti ideje i zaboravljenom suvremenom eksperimentu u kojem je, zapravo, bila uspješna -- i zamislite koliko energije i talenta bismo oslobodili, ako bismo se riješili siromaštva jednom zauvijek.
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
I'd like to start with a simple question:
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Želio bih započeti jednostavnim pitanjem:
00:18
Why do the poor make
so many poor decisions?
so many poor decisions?
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Zašto siromašni donose
toliko loših odluka?
toliko loših odluka?
00:23
I know it's a harsh question,
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Znam da je pitanje malo grubo,
00:25
but take a look at the data.
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ali pogledajte podatke.
00:27
The poor borrow more, save less,
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Siromašni više posuđuju, manje štede,
00:29
smoke more, exercise less, drink more
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više puše, manje vježbaju, više piju
00:31
and eat less healthfully.
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i manje zdravo se hrane.
00:34
Why?
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Zašto?
00:36
Well, the standard explanation
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Pa, uobičajeno objašnjenje
00:38
was once summed up by the British
Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher.
Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher.
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jednom je sažela bivša
britanska premijerka, Margaret Thatcher.
britanska premijerka, Margaret Thatcher.
00:41
And she called poverty
"a personality defect."
"a personality defect."
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Nazvala je siromaštvo "manom ličnosti."
00:44
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
00:46
A lack of character, basically.
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U osnovi, nedostatkom karaktera.
00:49
Now, I'm sure not many of you
would be so blunt.
would be so blunt.
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Siguran sam da je malo vas
koji biste bili toliko izravni.
koji biste bili toliko izravni.
00:54
But the idea that there's something
wrong with the poor themselves
wrong with the poor themselves
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No, zamisao da nešto
nije u redu sa siromašnima
nije u redu sa siromašnima
00:58
is not restricted to Mrs. Thatcher.
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nije svojstvena samo gđi. Thatcher.
01:01
Some of you may believe that the poor
should be held responsible
should be held responsible
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Neki od vas možda vjeruju
da bi siromašni trebali biti odgovorni
da bi siromašni trebali biti odgovorni
01:04
for their own mistakes.
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za vlastite greške.
01:06
And others may argue that we should
help them to make better decisions.
help them to make better decisions.
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A drugi tvrde da bismo im
trebali pomoći da donose bolje odluke.
trebali pomoći da donose bolje odluke.
01:10
But the underlying assumption is the same:
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No, u biti je pretpostavka ista:
01:14
there's something wrong with them.
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nešto s njima nije u redu.
01:18
If we could just change them,
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Kad bismo ih samo mogli promijeniti,
kad bismo ih samo mogli naučiti
kako da žive svoje živote,
kako da žive svoje živote,
01:19
if we could just teach them
how to live their lives,
how to live their lives,
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01:22
if they would only listen.
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kada bi samo slušali.
01:25
And to be honest,
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I da budem iskren,
01:26
this was what I thought for a long time.
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ovako sam i ja razmišljao vrlo dugo.
01:31
It was only a few years ago
that I discovered
that I discovered
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Prije samo nekoliko godina sam otkrio
01:33
that everything I thought I knew
about poverty was wrong.
about poverty was wrong.
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da je sve što sam mislio da znam
o siromaštvu -- pogrešno.
o siromaštvu -- pogrešno.
01:38
It all started when I accidentally
stumbled upon a paper
stumbled upon a paper
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Sve je počelo kad sam slučajno
nabasao na stručni rad
nabasao na stručni rad
01:40
by a few American psychologists.
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nekoliko američkih psihologa.
01:42
They had traveled 8,000 miles,
all the way to India,
all the way to India,
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Proputovali su čak
13.000 kilometara, sve do Indije,
13.000 kilometara, sve do Indije,
01:45
for a fascinating study.
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zbog fascinantnog istraživanja.
01:47
And it was an experiment
with sugarcane farmers.
with sugarcane farmers.
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A radilo se o eksperimentu
s uzgajivačima šećerne trske.
s uzgajivačima šećerne trske.
01:50
You should know that these farmers
collect about 60 percent
collect about 60 percent
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Trebali biste znati
da ovi zemljoradnici prikupe oko 60%
da ovi zemljoradnici prikupe oko 60%
01:54
of their annual income all at once,
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svog ukupnog godišnjeg prihoda odjednom,
01:56
right after the harvest.
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odmah nakon žetve.
01:58
This means that they're relatively
poor one part of the year
poor one part of the year
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Ovo znači da su jedan dio godine
relativno siromašni,
relativno siromašni,
02:01
and rich the other.
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a drugi dio godine bogati.
02:04
The researchers asked them to do
an IQ test before and after the harvest.
an IQ test before and after the harvest.
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Istraživači su tražili od njih da ispune
test inteligencije prije i poslije žetve.
test inteligencije prije i poslije žetve.
02:09
What they subsequently discovered
completely blew my mind.
completely blew my mind.
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Ono što su zatim otkrili,
potpuno me raspametilo.
potpuno me raspametilo.
02:15
The farmers scored much worse
on the test before the harvest.
on the test before the harvest.
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Zemljoradnici su prije žetve imali
mnogo slabije rezultate na testu.
mnogo slabije rezultate na testu.
02:20
The effects of living
in poverty, it turns out,
in poverty, it turns out,
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Učinci života u siromaštvu,
ispostavilo se,
ispostavilo se,
02:22
correspond to losing 14 points of IQ.
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odgovaraju gubitku 14 bodova
kvocijenta inteligencije.
kvocijenta inteligencije.
02:26
Now, to give you an idea,
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Da budem slikovit,
02:28
that's comparable
to losing a night's sleep
to losing a night's sleep
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to je usporedivo s gubitkom noćnog sna,
02:30
or the effects of alcoholism.
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ili s učincima alkoholizma.
Nekoliko mjeseci kasnije,
čuo sam da Eldar Shafir,
čuo sam da Eldar Shafir,
02:34
A few months later,
I heard that Eldar Shafir,
I heard that Eldar Shafir,
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02:36
a professor at Princeton University
and one of the authors of this study,
and one of the authors of this study,
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profesor na Sveučilištu Princeton,
jedan od autora ovog istraživanja,
jedan od autora ovog istraživanja,
02:40
was coming over to Holland, where I live.
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dolazi u Nizozemsku, gdje ja živim.
02:42
So we met up in Amsterdam
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Sreli smo se u Amsterdamu
kako bismo razgovarali o njegovoj novoj,
revolucionarnoj teoriji siromaštva.
revolucionarnoj teoriji siromaštva.
02:44
to talk about his revolutionary
new theory of poverty.
new theory of poverty.
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02:48
And I can sum it up in just two words:
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I mogu je sažeti u dvije riječi:
02:51
scarcity mentality.
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mentalitet oskudice.
02:54
It turns out that people
behave differently
behave differently
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Ispada da se ljudi različito ponašaju
02:56
when they perceive a thing to be scarce.
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kada smatraju za nešto da je oskudno.
02:59
And what that thing is
doesn't much matter --
doesn't much matter --
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A o čemu se radi, nije naročito važno,
03:01
whether it's not enough time,
money or food.
money or food.
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bilo da nemaju dovoljno vremena,
novca ili hrane.
novca ili hrane.
03:05
You all know this feeling,
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Svima vam je poznat taj osjećaj,
03:06
when you've got too much to do,
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kada imate previše obaveza,
03:08
or when you've put off breaking for lunch
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ili kada odlažete pauzu za ručak
03:10
and your blood sugar takes a dive.
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i šećer u krvi vam padne.
03:12
This narrows your focus
to your immediate lack --
to your immediate lack --
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Ovo vam sužava fokus
na trenutni nedostatak,
na trenutni nedostatak,
03:15
to the sandwich you've got to have now,
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na sendvič koji morate dobiti odmah,
03:17
the meeting that's starting
in five minutes
in five minutes
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na sastanak koji počinje za pet minuta,
03:19
or the bills that have
to be paid tomorrow.
to be paid tomorrow.
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ili račune koje morate sutra platiti.
03:23
So the long-term perspective
goes out the window.
goes out the window.
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I tako dugoročna perspektiva
nestaje s vidika.
nestaje s vidika.
03:27
You could compare it to a new computer
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Možete to usporediti s novim računalom,
03:30
that's running 10 heavy programs at once.
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na kojem odjednom radi
deset zahtjevnih programa.
deset zahtjevnih programa.
03:33
It gets slower and slower, making errors.
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Postaje sve sporiji, čineći greške.
03:35
Eventually, it freezes --
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Naposlijetku se zamrzne,
03:37
not because it's a bad computer,
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ne zato što je računalo loše,
03:39
but because it has too much to do at once.
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već zato što ima
previše toga za obaviti odjednom.
previše toga za obaviti odjednom.
03:43
The poor have the same problem.
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Siromašni imaju isti problem.
03:46
They're not making dumb decisions
because they are dumb,
because they are dumb,
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Ne donose oni glupe odluke
zato što su glupi,
zato što su glupi,
03:49
but because they're living in a context
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već zato što žive u kontekstu,
03:51
in which anyone would make dumb decisions.
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u kojem bi bilo tko donosio glupe odluke.
03:54
So suddenly I understood
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I iznenada sam shvatio
03:57
why so many of our anti-poverty
programs don't work.
programs don't work.
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zašto toliko mnogo naših programa
protiv siromaštva ne funkcionira.
protiv siromaštva ne funkcionira.
04:02
Investments in education, for example,
are often completely ineffective.
are often completely ineffective.
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Ulaganja u obrazovanje, na primjer,
često su potpuno nedjelotvorna.
često su potpuno nedjelotvorna.
04:07
Poverty is not a lack of knowledge.
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Siromaštvo nije nedostatak znanja.
04:10
A recent analysis of 201 studies
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Nedavna analiza 201 istraživanja
04:13
on the effectiveness
of money-management training
of money-management training
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o učincima obuke upravljanja novcem,
04:15
came to the conclusion
that it has almost no effect at all.
that it has almost no effect at all.
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došla je do zaključka,
da obuka nije imala skoro nikakav učinak.
da obuka nije imala skoro nikakav učinak.
04:19
Now, don't get me wrong --
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Nemojte me pogrešno shvatiti,
04:20
this is not to say the poor
don't learn anything --
don't learn anything --
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to ne znači da siromašni ništa ne nauče,
04:23
they can come out wiser for sure.
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oni zasigurno mogu biti mudriji.
04:26
But it's not enough.
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Ali to nije dovoljno.
04:27
Or as Professor Shafir told me,
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Ili, kako mi je rekao profesor Shafir,
04:30
"It's like teaching someone to swim
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"To je kao da nekoga učite plivati,
04:32
and then throwing them in a stormy sea."
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a onda ga bacite u olujno more."
04:36
I still remember sitting there,
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Još se sjećam kako sam sjedio tamo,
04:39
perplexed.
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zbunjen.
04:41
And it struck me
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A onda mi je sinulo
04:42
that we could have figured
this all out decades ago.
this all out decades ago.
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da smo ovo mogli shvatiti
desetljećima ranije.
desetljećima ranije.
Ovi psiholozi nisu trebali
nikakva složena skeniranja mozga;
nikakva složena skeniranja mozga;
04:45
I mean, these psychologists didn't need
any complicated brain scans;
any complicated brain scans;
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samo su morali izmjeriti IQ zemljoradnika,
04:48
they only had to measure the farmer's IQ,
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a testovi inteligencije su izumljeni
prije više od 100 godina.
prije više od 100 godina.
04:50
and IQ tests were invented
more that 100 years ago.
more that 100 years ago.
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04:53
Actually, I realized I had read about
the psychology of poverty before.
the psychology of poverty before.
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Zapravo, shvatio sam da sam već čitao
o psihologiji siromaštva.
o psihologiji siromaštva.
04:57
George Orwell, one of the greatest
writers who ever lived,
writers who ever lived,
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George Orwell, jedan od najvećih
pisaca koji je ikada postojao,
pisaca koji je ikada postojao,
05:01
experienced poverty
firsthand in the 1920s.
firsthand in the 1920s.
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iz prve ruke je iskusio
siromaštvo 1920-ih.
siromaštvo 1920-ih.
05:04
"The essence of poverty,"
he wrote back then,
he wrote back then,
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"Bit siromaštva", pisao je tada,
05:07
is that it "annihilates the future."
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"je u tome što ono poništava budućnost."
05:11
And he marveled at, quote,
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I čudio se, citiram:
"Kako ljudi uzimaju zdravo za gotovo,
da vam mogu držati prodike
da vam mogu držati prodike
05:13
"How people take it for granted
they have the right to preach at you
they have the right to preach at you
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i moliti se za vas,
čim vam prihodi padnu
čim vam prihodi padnu
05:17
and pray over you
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05:18
as soon as your income falls
below a certain level."
below a certain level."
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ispod određene razine."
05:20
Now, those words are every bit
as resonant today.
as resonant today.
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Svaka ova riječ i danas ima odjeka.
05:27
The big question is, of course:
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Naravno, veliko pitanje glasi:
05:29
What can be done?
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Što se može učiniti?
Suvremeni ekonomisti imaju
nekoliko rješenja na raspolaganju.
nekoliko rješenja na raspolaganju.
05:30
Modern economists have
a few solutions up their sleeves.
a few solutions up their sleeves.
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Možemo pomoći siromašnima
s papirologijom,
s papirologijom,
05:33
We could help the poor
with their paperwork
with their paperwork
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ili im poslati tekstualnu poruku
kao podsjetnik da plate račune.
kao podsjetnik da plate račune.
05:35
or send them a text message
to remind them to pay their bills.
to remind them to pay their bills.
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05:38
This type of solution is hugely popular
with modern politicians,
with modern politicians,
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Ovaj tip rješenja je uveliko popularan
kod suvremenih političara,
kod suvremenih političara,
05:43
mostly because,
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uglavnom stoga što
05:44
well, they cost next to nothing.
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ne koštaju gotovo ništa.
05:48
These solutions are, I think,
a symbol of this era
a symbol of this era
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Mislim da su ova rješenja
simbol našeg doba,
simbol našeg doba,
05:52
in which we so often treat the symptoms,
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u kojem se toliko često bavimo simptomima,
05:54
but ignore the underlying cause.
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a ignoriramo osnovni uzrok.
05:57
So I wonder:
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Stoga se pitam:
05:59
Why don't we just change the context
in which the poor live?
in which the poor live?
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Zašto samo ne izmjenimo kontekst
u kojem siromašni žive?
u kojem siromašni žive?
06:03
Or, going back to our computer analogy:
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Ili, vraćajući se na
računalnu analogiju:
računalnu analogiju:
06:05
Why keep tinkering around
with the software
with the software
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Zašto nastojimo popraviti softver,
06:08
when we can easily solve the problem
by installing some extra memory instead?
by installing some extra memory instead?
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kada problem možemo lako riješiti
instaliranjem dodatne memorije?
instaliranjem dodatne memorije?
06:12
At that point, Professor Shafir
responded with a blank look.
responded with a blank look.
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U tom momentu, profesor Shafir
je odgovorio praznim pogledom.
je odgovorio praznim pogledom.
06:16
And after a few seconds, he said,
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I nakon nekoliko sekundi je rekao:
06:18
"Oh, I get it.
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"A, razumijem.
06:21
You mean you want to just hand out
more money to the poor
more money to the poor
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Misliš, želiš jednostavno dati
više novca siromašnima
više novca siromašnima
06:26
to eradicate poverty.
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kako bi iskorijenio siromaštvo.
06:28
Uh, sure, that'd be great.
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Ah, naravno, to bi bilo sjajno.
06:31
But I'm afraid that brand
of left-wing politics
of left-wing politics
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Ali, bojim se da ta vrsta
ljevičarske politike
ljevičarske politike
06:34
you've got in Amsterdam --
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koju imate u Amsterdamu,
06:36
it doesn't exist in the States."
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ne postoji u SAD-u."
06:38
But is this really
an old-fashioned, leftist idea?
an old-fashioned, leftist idea?
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Međutim, je li to zaista
staromodna, ljevičarska ideja?
staromodna, ljevičarska ideja?
Sjetio sam se čitanja
o nekom starom planu,
o nekom starom planu,
06:43
I remembered reading about an old plan --
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nešto što su predložili
neki od vodećih povijesnih mislioca.
neki od vodećih povijesnih mislioca.
06:45
something that has been proposed
by some of history's leading thinkers.
by some of history's leading thinkers.
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06:48
The philosopher Thomas More
first hinted at it in his book, "Utopia,"
first hinted at it in his book, "Utopia,"
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Filozof Thomas More to je prvi puta
nagovjestio u svojoj knjizi "Utopija",
nagovjestio u svojoj knjizi "Utopija",
06:52
more than 500 years ago.
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prije više od 500 godina.
06:55
And its proponents have spanned
the spectrum from the left to the right,
the spectrum from the left to the right,
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A zagovornici toga protežu se
čitavim spektrom, od lijevog do desnog,
čitavim spektrom, od lijevog do desnog,
06:58
from the civil rights campaigner,
Martin Luther King,
Martin Luther King,
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od borca za građanska prava,
Martina Luthera Kinga,
Martina Luthera Kinga,
07:01
to the economist Milton Friedman.
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do ekonomista Miltona Friedmana.
07:05
And it's an incredibly simple idea:
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A radi se o nevjerojatno
jednostavnoj ideji:
jednostavnoj ideji:
07:09
basic income guarantee.
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zajamčeni osnovni prihod.
07:13
What it is?
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Što je to?
07:15
Well, that's easy.
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Pa, to je lako.
To je mjesečni iznos,
dovoljan da platite osnovno:
dovoljan da platite osnovno:
07:16
It's a monthly grant, enough to pay
for your basic needs:
for your basic needs:
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hranu, smještaj, obrazovanje.
07:19
food, shelter, education.
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07:21
It's completely unconditional,
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Posve je bezuvjetan
pa vam nitko neće govoriti
što morate učiniti za to,
što morate učiniti za to,
07:23
so no one's going to tell you
what you have to do for it,
what you have to do for it,
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i nitko vam neće govoriti
što da radite s tim.
što da radite s tim.
07:26
and no one's going to tell you
what you have to do with it.
what you have to do with it.
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Osnovni prihod nije usluga, već pravo.
07:29
The basic income
is not a favor, but a right.
is not a favor, but a right.
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07:31
There's absolutely no stigma attached.
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Uz njega ne ide nikakva stigma.
07:34
So as I learned about the true
nature of poverty,
nature of poverty,
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I tako saznavši za
pravu prirodu siromaštva,
pravu prirodu siromaštva,
07:37
I couldn't stop wondering:
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nisam mogao prestati pitati se:
07:39
Is this the idea
we've all been waiting for?
we've all been waiting for?
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Je li to zamisao na koju smo svi čekali?
07:42
Could it really be that simple?
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Može li zaista biti tako jednostavno?
I u tri godine koje su uslijedile,
07:46
And in the three years that followed,
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pročitao sam sve što sam mogao naći
o osnovnom prihodu.
o osnovnom prihodu.
07:48
I read everything I could find
about basic income.
about basic income.
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Istražio sam na desetke eksperimenata,
07:50
I researched the dozens of experiments
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koji su izvedeni diljem svijeta
07:52
that have been conducted
all over the globe,
all over the globe,
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i nije mi trebalo dugo da nabasam
na priču o gradiću koji je uspio,
na priču o gradiću koji je uspio,
07:54
and it didn't take long before I stumbled
upon a story of a town
upon a story of a town
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07:57
that had done it --
had actually eradicated poverty.
had actually eradicated poverty.
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koji je zaista iskorijenio siromaštvo.
08:00
But then ...
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Ali onda ...
08:02
nearly everyone forgot about it.
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skoro svi su zaboravili na to.
08:05
This story starts in Dauphin, Canada.
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Ova priča počinje u Dauphinu, u Kanadi.
08:09
In 1974, everybody in this small town
was guaranteed a basic income,
was guaranteed a basic income,
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1974. godine, svima u ovom gradiću
bio je zajamčen osnovni prihod,
bio je zajamčen osnovni prihod,
08:14
ensuring that no one fell
below the poverty line.
below the poverty line.
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osiguravši da nitko ne padne
ispod granice siromaštva.
ispod granice siromaštva.
08:17
At the start of the experiment,
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Na početku eksperimenta,
08:19
an army of researchers
descended on the town.
descended on the town.
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vojska istraživača je stigla u grad.
08:23
For four years, all went well.
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Četiri godine je sve išlo kako treba.
08:26
But then a new government
was voted into power,
was voted into power,
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Ali onda je na vlast došla nova vlada
08:29
and the new Canadian cabinet saw
little point to the expensive experiment.
little point to the expensive experiment.
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i novi kanadski kabinet nije vidio
mnogo smisla u skupom eksperimentu.
mnogo smisla u skupom eksperimentu.
08:33
So when it became clear there was
no money left to analyze the results,
no money left to analyze the results,
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I kada je postalo jasno da nije
preostalo novca za analizu rezultata,
preostalo novca za analizu rezultata,
08:37
the researchers decided to pack
their files away in some 2,000 boxes.
their files away in some 2,000 boxes.
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istraživači su odlučili zapakirati
svoje dokumente u nekih 2.000 kutija.
svoje dokumente u nekih 2.000 kutija.
08:44
Twenty-five years went by,
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Prošlo je 25 godina,
08:46
and then Evelyn Forget,
a Canadian professor,
a Canadian professor,
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a onda je Evelyn Forget,
kanadska profesorica,
kanadska profesorica,
08:49
found the records.
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našla zapise.
08:50
For three years, she subjected the data
to all manner of statistical analysis,
to all manner of statistical analysis,
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Tijekom tri godine, podvrgavala je podatke
svim tipovima statističke analize
svim tipovima statističke analize
08:54
and no matter what she tried,
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i bez obzira što je isprobala,
08:56
the results were the same every time:
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rezultati su svaki puta bili isti:
08:59
the experiment had been
a resounding success.
a resounding success.
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eksperiment je bio nevjerojatno uspješan.
Evelyn Forget je otkrila
09:05
Evelyn Forget discovered
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da su stanovnici Dauphina,
ne samo postali bogatiji,
ne samo postali bogatiji,
09:06
that the people in Dauphin
had not only become richer
had not only become richer
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već i pametniji te zdraviji.
09:09
but also smarter and healthier.
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Uspjeh djece u školama
se značajno popravio.
se značajno popravio.
09:10
The school performance of kids
improved substantially.
improved substantially.
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09:15
The hospitalization rate decreased
by as much as 8.5 percent.
by as much as 8.5 percent.
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Stopa hospitalizacije
smanjila se za skoro 8,5%.
smanjila se za skoro 8,5%.
09:20
Domestic violence incidents were down,
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Obiteljsko nasilje bilo je u padu,
09:21
as were mental health complaints.
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kao i pritužbe na mentalno zdravlje.
09:24
And people didn't quit their jobs.
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A ljudi nisu davali otkaz na poslu.
09:26
The only ones who worked a little less
were new mothers and students --
were new mothers and students --
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Jedini koji su malo manje radili
bili su novopečene majke i učenici,
bili su novopečene majke i učenici,
09:30
who stayed in school longer.
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koji su ostajali duže u školi.
09:32
Similar results have since been found
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Slični rezultati su kasnije otkriveni
09:34
in countless other experiments
around the globe,
around the globe,
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u bezbroj drugih eksperimenata
diljem svijeta,
diljem svijeta,
09:37
from the US to India.
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od SAD-a do Indije.
09:41
So ...
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Dakle,
09:43
here's what I've learned.
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evo šta sam naučio.
09:45
When it comes to poverty,
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Kada se radi o siromaštvu,
09:48
we, the rich, should stop
pretending we know best.
pretending we know best.
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mi, bogati, trebali bismo prestati
praviti se da najbolje znamo.
praviti se da najbolje znamo.
Trebali bismo prestati slati
cipele i igračke siromašnima,
cipele i igračke siromašnima,
09:54
We should stop sending shoes
and teddy bears to the poor,
and teddy bears to the poor,
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ljudima koje nikada nismo upoznali.
09:56
to people we have never met.
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09:58
And we should get rid of the vast
industry of paternalistic bureaucrats
industry of paternalistic bureaucrats
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I trebali bismo se otarasiti ogromne
količine pokroviteljskih birokrata,
količine pokroviteljskih birokrata,
kada jednostavno možemo njihove plaće
10:02
when we could simply
hand over their salaries
hand over their salaries
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dati siromašnima, kojima trebaju pomagati.
10:04
to the poor they're supposed to help.
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(Pljesak)
10:06
(Applause)
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10:08
Because, I mean, the great
thing about money
thing about money
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Jer, mislim, sjajna stvar kod novca
je što ljudi njime mogu kupiti
ono što im stvarno treba,
ono što im stvarno treba,
10:11
is that people can use it
to buy things they need
to buy things they need
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10:13
instead of things that self-appointed
experts think they need.
experts think they need.
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umjesto onoga što samoprozvani
"stručnjaci" misle da im treba.
"stručnjaci" misle da im treba.
10:17
Just imagine how many brilliant scientists
and entrepreneurs and writers,
and entrepreneurs and writers,
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Zamislite samo koliko briljantnih
znanstvenika, poduzetnika i pisaca,
znanstvenika, poduzetnika i pisaca,
10:22
like George Orwell,
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poput Georgea Orwella,
trenutno vene u oskudici.
10:23
are now withering away in scarcity.
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Zamislite koliko energije
i talenta bismo oslobodili,
i talenta bismo oslobodili,
10:26
Imagine how much energy
and talent we would unleash
and talent we would unleash
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10:28
if we got rid of poverty once and for all.
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kada bismo se riješili siromaštva
jednom i zauvijek.
jednom i zauvijek.
10:31
I believe that a basic income would work
like venture capital for the people.
like venture capital for the people.
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Vjerujem da bi osnovni prihod
bio poput rizičnog kapitala za ljude.
bio poput rizičnog kapitala za ljude.
Ali ne možemo si dozvoliti
da ga ne usvojimo,
da ga ne usvojimo,
10:37
And we can't afford not to do it,
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10:39
because poverty is hugely expensive.
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jer je siromaštvo užasno skupo.
10:42
Just look at the cost of child poverty
in the US, for example.
in the US, for example.
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Samo pogledajte, na primjer,
troškove dječjeg siromaštva u SAD-u.
troškove dječjeg siromaštva u SAD-u.
10:45
It's estimated at 500 billion
dollars each year,
dollars each year,
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Procjenjuje se na 500 milijardi
dolara godišnje,
dolara godišnje,
u vidu viših troškova zdravstva,
većih stopa ispisivanja iz škole
većih stopa ispisivanja iz škole
10:50
in terms of higher health care
spending, higher dropout rates,
spending, higher dropout rates,
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i više kriminala.
10:53
and more crime.
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10:54
Now, this is an incredible waste
of human potential.
of human potential.
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To je nevjerojatno traćenje
ljudskog potencijala.
ljudskog potencijala.
11:00
But let's talk about
the elephant in the room.
the elephant in the room.
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Ali razgovarajmo o onome
što je ovdje očito.
što je ovdje očito.
11:03
How could we ever afford
a basic income guarantee?
a basic income guarantee?
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Kako bismo si uopće mogli priuštiti
zajamčen osnovni prihod?
zajamčen osnovni prihod?
11:07
Well, it's actually a lot cheaper
than you may think.
than you may think.
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Pa, zapravo je mnogo jeftinije
nego što biste pomislili.
nego što biste pomislili.
11:10
What they did in Dauphin is finance it
with a negative income tax.
with a negative income tax.
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U Dauphinu su ga financirali
putem negativnog poreza na prihod.
putem negativnog poreza na prihod.
11:13
This means that your income is topped up
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2008
To znači da vam se prihod nadoplaćuje
čim padnete ispod granice siromaštva.
11:15
as soon as you fall
below the poverty line.
below the poverty line.
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11:18
And in that scenario,
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A u takvom scenariju,
11:19
according to our economists'
best estimates,
best estimates,
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2514
prema najboljim procjenama
naših ekonomista,
naših ekonomista,
11:22
for a net cost of 175 billion --
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za neto trošak od 175 milijardi,
11:25
a quarter of US military spending,
one percent of GDP --
one percent of GDP --
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što je četvrtina troškova
vojske SAD-a, ili 1% BDP-a,
vojske SAD-a, ili 1% BDP-a,
11:30
you could lift all impoverished Americans
above the poverty line.
above the poverty line.
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mogli biste uzdignuti sve osiromašene
Amerikance iznad granice siromaštva.
Amerikance iznad granice siromaštva.
11:34
You could actually eradicate poverty.
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Zapravo biste mogli
iskorijeniti siromaštvo.
iskorijeniti siromaštvo.
11:38
Now, that should be our goal.
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To bi trebalo biti naš cilj.
11:40
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
Vrijeme za ograničene misli
i male pomake je prošlo.
i male pomake je prošlo.
11:41
The time for small thoughts
and little nudges is past.
and little nudges is past.
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11:44
I really believe that the time has come
for radical new ideas,
for radical new ideas,
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3308
Zaista vjerujem da je došlo vrijeme
za radikalno nove ideje,
za radikalno nove ideje,
11:48
and basic income is so much more
than just another policy.
than just another policy.
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3200
a osnovni prihod je mnogo više
od samo još jedne uredbe zakona.
od samo još jedne uredbe zakona.
11:51
It is also a complete rethink
of what work actually is.
of what work actually is.
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Radi se i o potpuno novoj zamisli
toga šta je zaista posao.
toga šta je zaista posao.
11:55
And in that sense,
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I u tom smislu,
11:57
it will not only free the poor,
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to neće samo osloboditi siromašne,
12:00
but also the rest of us.
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već i nas ostale.
12:03
Nowadays, millions of people feel
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Danas, milijuni ljudi osjećaju,
da njihovi poslovi nisu od
nekakvog smisla ili značaja.
nekakvog smisla ili značaja.
12:05
that their jobs have little
meaning or significance.
meaning or significance.
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2506
12:08
A recent poll among 230,000 employees
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Nedavna anketa među 230.000 zaposlenih
12:10
in 142 countries
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1906
u 142 zemlje,
12:12
found that only 13 percent of workers
actually like their job.
actually like their job.
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otkrila je da svega 13% radnika
zapravo voli svoj posao.
zapravo voli svoj posao.
12:18
And another poll found that as much
as 37 percent of British workers
as 37 percent of British workers
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A druga anketa je otkrila
da gotovo 37% britanskih radnika
da gotovo 37% britanskih radnika
12:22
have a job that they think
doesn't even need to exist.
doesn't even need to exist.
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2930
ima posao za koji smatraju
da ne treba ni postojati.
da ne treba ni postojati.
12:26
It's like Brad Pitt says in "Fight Club,"
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2294
Kao što je Brad Pitt
rekao u "Klubu boraca",
rekao u "Klubu boraca",
"Prečesto radimo poslove koje mrzimo,
radi kupovanja gluposti koje ne trebamo."
radi kupovanja gluposti koje ne trebamo."
12:28
"Too often we're working jobs we hate
so we can buy shit we don't need."
so we can buy shit we don't need."
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3656
12:32
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
No, nemojte me krivo shvatiti,
12:33
Now, don't get me wrong --
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1397
12:35
I'm not talking about the teachers
and the garbagemen
and the garbagemen
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2554
ovdje ne govorim
o nastavnicima, čistačima
o nastavnicima, čistačima
12:37
and the care workers here.
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i njegovateljima.
12:39
If they stopped working,
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1614
Kada bi oni prestali raditi,
12:41
we'd be in trouble.
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bili bismo u nevolji.
12:42
I'm talking about all those well-paid
professionals with excellent résumés
professionals with excellent résumés
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Govorim o svim tim dobro plaćenim
profesionalcima s odličnim životopisima,
profesionalcima s odličnim životopisima,
12:46
who earn their money doing ...
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754639
1805
koji zarađuju baveći se ...
P2P sastancima strateških transaktora,
12:48
strategic transactor peer-to-peer meetings
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2036
dok mozgaju o vrijednosti dodatka
prekinute kokreacije
prekinute kokreacije
12:50
while brainstorming the value
add-on of disruptive co-creation
add-on of disruptive co-creation
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3032
u umreženom društvu.
12:53
in the network society.
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1173
(Smijeh)
(Pljesak)
12:54
(Laughter)
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1023
12:55
(Applause)
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1018
12:56
Or something like that.
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1202
Ili nešto poput toga.
12:58
Just imagine again how much
talent we're wasting,
talent we're wasting,
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2924
Samo zamislite još jednom
koliko talenta bacamo u vjetar,
koliko talenta bacamo u vjetar,
13:01
simply because we tell our kids
they'll have to "earn a living."
they'll have to "earn a living."
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3840
samo zato što govorimo djeci
da će morati "zarađivati za život."
da će morati "zarađivati za život."
13:05
Or think of what a math whiz working
at Facebook lamented a few years ago:
at Facebook lamented a few years ago:
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Ili razmislite o izjavi matematičkog
genija iz Facebook-a prije par godina:
genija iz Facebook-a prije par godina:
13:09
"The best minds of my generation
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"Najbolji umovi moje generacije
13:11
are thinking about how
to make people click ads."
to make people click ads."
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3113
razmišljaju kako navesti ljude
da klikaju na oglase."
da klikaju na oglase."
13:16
I'm a historian.
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1245
Ja sam povjesničar.
13:18
And if history teaches us anything,
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2069
A ako nas povijest ičemu uči,
13:21
it is that things could be different.
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2792
to je da stvari mogu biti drugačije.
13:23
There is nothing inevitable
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1391
Ništa nije neizbježno
13:25
about the way we structured our society
and economy right now.
and economy right now.
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2957
oko toga kako smo trenutno
postavili društvo i ekonomiju.
postavili društvo i ekonomiju.
13:28
Ideas can and do change the world.
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2356
Ideje mogu promijeniti,
i mijenjaju svijet.
i mijenjaju svijet.
13:30
And I think that especially
in the past few years,
in the past few years,
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2511
I mislim da je naročito
u proteklih nekoliko godina
u proteklih nekoliko godina
13:33
it has become abundantly clear
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1429
postalo i više nego jasno
13:34
that we cannot stick to the status quo --
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1953
da se ne možemo držati statusa quo,
13:36
that we need new ideas.
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da su nam potrebne nove ideje.
13:40
I know that many of you
may feel pessimistic
may feel pessimistic
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Znam da se mnogi od vas
možda osjećaju pesimistično
možda osjećaju pesimistično
13:43
about a future of rising inequality,
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zbog budućnosti rastuće nejednakosti,
13:45
xenophobia
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ksenofobije
13:47
and climate change.
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i klimatskih promjena.
Ali nije dovoljno samo znati
protiv čega smo.
protiv čega smo.
13:48
But it's not enough
to know what we're against.
to know what we're against.
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Trebamo biti i za nešto.
13:51
We also need to be for something.
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Martin Luther King nije rekao,
"Imam noćnu moru."
"Imam noćnu moru."
13:52
Martin Luther King didn't say,
"I have a nightmare."
"I have a nightmare."
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13:55
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
13:57
He had a dream.
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Imao je san.
13:58
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
13:59
So ...
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Dakle ...
14:01
here's my dream:
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ovo je moj san:
14:04
I believe in a future
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vjerujem u budućnost,
14:05
where the value of your work
is not determined
is not determined
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u kojoj vrijednost vašeg rada
nije određena
nije određena
14:08
by the size of your paycheck,
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visinom vaše plaće,
14:09
but by the amount of happiness you spread
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već količinom sreće koju širite
14:11
and the amount of meaning you give.
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i količinom smisla kojeg pružate.
14:13
I believe in a future
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Vjerujem u budućnost,
u kojoj svrha obrazovanja nije u tome
da vas pripremi za novi beskoristan posao,
da vas pripremi za novi beskoristan posao,
14:15
where the point of education is not
to prepare you for another useless job
to prepare you for another useless job
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već za život vrijedan življenja.
14:18
but for a life well-lived.
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14:21
I believe in a future
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Vjerujem u budućnost,
14:22
where an existence
without poverty is not a privilege
without poverty is not a privilege
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u kojoj život bez siromaštva
nije privilegija,
nije privilegija,
14:25
but a right we all deserve.
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već pravo koje svi zaslužujemo.
14:27
So here we are.
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Dakle, tu smo.
14:29
Here we are.
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Tu smo.
Imamo istraživanja, imamo dokaze
14:30
We've got the research,
we've got the evidence
we've got the evidence
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i imamo sredstva.
14:32
and we've got the means.
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Dakle, više od 500 godina nakon što je
Thomas More prvi pisao o osnovnom prihodu
Thomas More prvi pisao o osnovnom prihodu
14:33
Now, more than 500 years after Thomas More
first wrote about a basic income,
first wrote about a basic income,
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14:37
and 100 years after George Orwell
discovered the true nature of poverty,
discovered the true nature of poverty,
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i 100 godina nakon što je George Orwell
otkrio istinsku prirodu siromaštva,
otkrio istinsku prirodu siromaštva,
14:41
we all need to change our worldview,
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svi trebamo promijeniti
svoj pogled na svijet,
svoj pogled na svijet,
14:44
because poverty
is not a lack of character.
is not a lack of character.
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jer siromaštvo nije nedostatak karaktera.
14:47
Poverty is a lack of cash.
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Siromaštvo je nedostatak novca.
14:51
Thank you.
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Hvala.
14:52
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Rutger Bregman - HistorianRutger Bregman is the author of "Utopia for Realists."
Why you should listen
Rutger Bregman is one of Europe's most prominent young thinkers. The 28-year-old historian and author has published four books on history, philosophy and economics. His book Utopia for Realists -- on universal basic income and other radical ideas -- has been translated in more than 20 languages. His work has been featured in The Washington Post and The Guardian and on the BBC.
Rutger Bregman | Speaker | TED.com