TEDxRainier
Rob Harmon: How to keep rivers and streams flowing
Rob Harmon: Kako tržište može držati potoke tečnim
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S potocima i rijekama koji isušuju zbog pretjeranog korištenja, Rob Harmon je implementirao genijalni tržišni mehanizam koji će vratiti vodu. Poljoprivrednici i pivske kompanije pronalaze vlastite sudbine kako se isprepliću u stoljeće staroj intrigantnoj priči o Prickly Pear potoku.
Rob Harmon - Natural resources expert
Rob Harmon is an expert on energy and natural resources policy -- looking at smart ways to manage carbon, water and the energy we use every day. Full bio
Rob Harmon is an expert on energy and natural resources policy -- looking at smart ways to manage carbon, water and the energy we use every day. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:18
This is a river.
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Ovo je rijeka.
00:20
This is a stream.
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Ovo je potok.
00:23
This is a river.
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Ovo je rijeka.
00:25
This is happening all over the country.
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Ovo se događa širom zemlje.
00:28
There are tens of thousands of miles
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Postoje desetine tisuća milja
00:30
of dewatered streams in the United States.
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isušenih potoka u Sjedinjenim Državama.
00:33
On this map,
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Na ovoj karti,
00:35
the colored areas represent water conflicts.
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obojana područja predstavljaju sukobe oko vode.
00:39
Similar problems are emerging in the east as well.
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Slični problemi se pojavljuju također na istoku.
00:42
The reasons vary state to state,
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Razlozi variraju od države do države,
00:44
but mostly in the details.
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ali uglavnom zbog detalja.
00:46
There are 4,000 miles of dewatered streams
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Postoji gotovo 6.500 km isušenih potoka
00:49
in Montana alone.
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samo u Montani.
00:52
They would ordinarily support fish and other wildlife.
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Normalno bi podržavali ribe i druge oblike divljeg života.
00:56
They're the veins of the ecosystem,
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Oni su vene ekosustava,
00:58
and they're often empty veins.
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i često su prazne vene.
01:02
I want to tell you the story
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Želim vam ispričati priču
01:04
of just one of these streams
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o samo jednom od tih potoka
01:06
because it's an archetype for the larger story.
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jer predstavlja arhetip šire priče.
01:09
This is Prickly Pear Creek.
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To je Prickly Pear potok.
01:11
It runs through a populated area
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Prolazi kroz naseljeno područje
01:13
from East Helena to Lake Helena.
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od istočne Helene do jezera Helena.
01:16
It supports wild fish
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Podržava divlje ribe
01:18
including cutthroat, brown
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uključujući pastrve glavosjek, smeđu
01:20
and rainbow trout.
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i duginu.
01:22
Nearly every year
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Gotovo svake godine
01:24
for more than a hundred years,
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više od stotinu godina,
01:27
it's looked like this in the summer.
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ovako je izgledalo tijekom ljeta.
01:30
How did we get here?
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Kako smo došli tamo?
01:32
Well, it started back in the late 1800s
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Sve je počelo kasnih 1800ih
01:35
when people started settling in places like Montana.
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kada su ljudi počeli naseljavati mjesta poput Montane.
01:39
In short, there was a lot of water
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Ukratko, bilo je puno vode,
01:41
and there weren't very many people.
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a tamo nije bilo puno ljudi.
01:44
But as more people showed up wanting water,
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Ali kako se sve više ljudi pojavljivalo tražeći vodu,
01:46
the folks who were there first got a little concerned,
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ljudi koji su tamo došli prvi su se malo zabrinuli,
01:49
and in 1865, Montana passed its first water law.
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i 1865., u Montani je donešen prvi zakon o vodi.
01:53
It basically said, everybody near the stream
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U biti je govorio, kako svatko blizu potoka
01:56
can share in the stream.
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može potok dijeliti.
01:58
Oddly, a lot of people showed up wanting to share the stream,
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Čudno, ali puno se ljudi pojavilo želeći dijeliti potok,
02:01
and the folks who were there first
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i ljudi koji su se tamo pojavili prvi
02:03
got concerned enough to bring out their lawyers.
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su se dovoljno zabrinuli da su uzeli odvjetnike.
02:05
There were precedent-setting suits
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Bilo je to vrijeme presedanskih parnica
02:07
in 1870 and 1872,
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1870. i 1872.
02:09
both involving Prickly Pear Creek.
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koje je uključivalo Prickly Pear potok.
02:11
And in 1921,
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A 1921.,
02:13
the Montana Supreme Court
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vrhovni sud Montane
02:15
ruled in a case involving Prickly Pear
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donio je presudu koja je uključivala Prickly Pear
02:18
that the folks who were there first
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da ljudi koji su tamo došli prvi
02:20
had the first, or "senior water rights."
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imaju prioritetna, pretpostavljena, vodena prava.
02:24
These senior water rights are key.
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Ta priroritetna prava su ključ.
02:27
The problem is that all over the west now
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Problem je što sada cijeli Zapad
02:29
it looks like this.
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izgleda tako.
02:31
Some of these creeks
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Neki od tih potoka
02:33
have claims for 50 to 100 times more water
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imaju zahtjeva za 50 do 100 puta više vode
02:35
than is actually in the stream.
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nego što je ima u potoku.
02:38
And the senior water rights holders,
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I oni koji imaju prioritetna prava,
02:40
if they don't use their water right,
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ako oni ne iskoriste svoja vodena prava,
02:43
they risk losing their water right,
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riskiraju da ih izgube,
02:45
along with the economic value that goes with it.
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zajedno s ekonomskom vrijednosti koja ide s njima.
02:48
So they have no incentive to conserve.
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Tako da oni nemaju poticaj za očuvanjem.
02:52
So it's not just about the number of people;
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Dakle radi se samo o broju ljudi;
02:55
the system itself creates a disincentive to conserve
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sustav sam po sebi stvara osjetljivost na očuvanje
02:58
because you can lose your water right if you don't use it.
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jer možeš izgubiti svoja vodena prava ako ih ne koristiš.
03:03
So after decades of lawsuits
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Nakon desetljeća parnica
03:05
and 140 years, now, of experience,
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i 140 godina iskustva,
03:07
we still have this.
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još uvijek imamo to.
03:10
It's a broken system.
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To je slomljeni sustav.
03:12
There's a disincentive to conserve,
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Postoji osjetljivost na očuvanje,
03:14
because, if you don't use your water right,
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jer, ako ne koristiš svoja vodena prava,
03:16
you can lose your water right.
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možeš ih izgubiti.
03:18
And I'm sure you all know, this has created significant conflicts
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I siguran sam kako svi znate, to je kreiralo značajne sukobe
03:21
between the agricultural and environmental communities.
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između poljoprivrednih i ekoloških zajednica.
03:25
Okay. Now I'm going to change gears here.
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Dobro. Sada ću promijeniti brzine.
03:28
Most of you will be happy to know
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Većina vas će biti sretna znati
03:30
that the rest of the presentation's free,
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kako je ostatak prezentacije slobodan.
03:33
and some of you'll be happy to know that it involves beer.
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I neki od vas će biti sretni znati kako uključuje pivo.
03:36
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
03:39
There's another thing happening around the country,
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Još jedna stvar se događa širom zemlje,
03:41
which is that companies are starting to get concerned
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a to je da su se kompanije počele brinuti
03:43
about their water footprint.
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o svojem vodenom otisku.
03:46
They're concerned about securing an adequate supply of water,
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One su zabrinute oko osiguranja adekvatnih zaliha vode,
03:49
they're trying to be really efficient with their water use,
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one pokušavaju biti stvarno efikasne prilikom korištenja vode,
03:52
and they're concerned about how their water use
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i zabrinute su kako njihovo korištenje vode
03:54
affects the image of their brand.
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utječe na imidž njihove tržišne marke.
03:57
Well, it's a national problem,
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To je nacionalni problem,
03:59
but I'm going to tell you another story from Montana,
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ali ja ću vam ispričati još jednu priču iz Montane,
04:01
and it involves beer.
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i ona uključuje pivo.
04:03
I bet you didn't know, it takes about 5 pints of water
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Kladim se da niste znali, kako je potrebno oko tri litre vode
04:06
to make a pint of beer.
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kako biste napravili pola litre piva.
04:08
If you include all the drain,
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Ako uključite svu drenažu
04:10
it takes more than a hundred pints of water to make a pint of beer.
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potrebno je više od 55 litara vode za pola litre piva.
04:13
Now the brewers in Montana
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Pivari u Montani
04:15
have already done a lot
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su već napravili puno
04:17
to reduce their water consumption,
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kako bi smanjili potrošnju vode,
04:19
but they still use millions of gallons of water.
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ali još uvijek koriste milijune litara vode.
04:21
I mean, there's water in beer.
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Mislim, u pivu ima vode.
04:25
So what can they do
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Dakle što oni mogu učiniti
04:28
about this remaining water footprint
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s tim ostatkom vodenog otiska
04:31
that can have serious effects
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koji može imati ozbiljne posljedice
04:33
on the ecosystem?
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za ekosustav?
04:35
These ecosystems are really important
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Ti ekosustavi su stvarno jako važni
04:37
to the Montana brewers and their customers.
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za pivare iz Montane i njihove kupce.
04:39
After all, there's a strong correlation
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Napokon, postoji snažna korelacija
04:41
between water and fishing,
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između vode i ribolova.
04:43
and for some, there's a strong correlation
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I za neke, postoji snažna korelacija
04:45
between fishing and beer.
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između pecanja i pive.
04:47
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
04:49
So the Montana brewers and their customers are concerned,
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Tako su pivari iz Montane i njihovi kupci zabrinuti,
04:52
and they're looking for some way to address the problem.
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i gledaju na načine kako riješiti problem.
04:55
So how can they address this remaining water footprint?
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Dakle kako mogu riješiti taj ostatak vodenog otiska?
04:58
Remember Prickly Pear.
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Sjećate se Prickly Peara.
05:00
Up until now,
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Do sada,
05:02
business water stewardship
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poslovno upravljanje vode
05:04
has been limited to measuring and reducing,
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ograničeno je na mjerenje i smanjivanje,
05:08
and we're suggesting that the next step
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i mi predlažemo da je slijedeći korak
05:10
is to restore.
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obnoviti.
05:12
Remember Prickly Pear.
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Sjećate se Prickly Peara.
05:14
It's a broken system.
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Njegov slomljeni sustav.
05:16
You've got a disincentive to conserve,
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Imate destimulaciju za očuvanje,
05:18
because if you don't use your water right, you risk losing your water right.
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jer ako ne koristite vodena prava, riskirate da ih izgubite.
05:21
Well, we decided to connect these two worlds --
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Mi smo odlučili spojiti ta dva svijeta --
05:23
the world of the companies
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poslovni svijet
05:25
with their water footprints
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s njihovim vodenim otiscima
05:27
and the world of the farmers
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i svijet poljoprivrednika
05:29
with their senior water rights on these creeks.
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s njihovim pravima prvenstva na te potoke.
05:31
In some states,
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U nekim državama,
05:33
senior water rights holders
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držatelji prava prvenstva na vodu
05:35
can leave their water in-stream
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mogu ostaviti svoju vodu u potoku
05:38
while legally protecting it from others
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pravno je braneći od drugih
05:41
and maintaining their water right.
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i zadržavajući pravo na vodu.
05:44
After all,
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Napokon,
05:46
it is their water right,
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to je njihovo pravo na vodu,
05:48
and if they want to use that water right
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i ako žele koristiti to pravo
05:50
to help the fish grow in the stream,
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kako bi pomogli rast ribe u potoku,
05:52
it's their right to do so.
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njihovo je pravo da to učine.
05:55
But they have no incentive to do so.
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Ali nemaju nikakav poticaj za to.
05:59
So, working with local water trusts,
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Radeći s lokalnim vodenim trustovima,
06:02
we created an incentive to do so.
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stvorili smo poticaje za to.
06:05
We pay them to leave their water in-stream.
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Plaćamo im da ostave svoju vodu u potoku.
06:08
That's what's happening here.
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To se događa ovdje.
06:10
This individual has made the choice
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Ovaj pojedinac je napravio odluku
06:13
and is closing this water diversion,
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i zatvara tu vodenu podjelu,
06:15
leaving the water in the stream.
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ostavljajući vodu u potoku.
06:17
He doesn't lose the water right,
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On ne gubi pravo na vodu,
06:19
he just chooses to apply that right,
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samo izabire kako će primjeniti to pravo,
06:22
or some portion of it,
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ili neki njegov dio,
06:24
to the stream, instead of to the land.
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na potok, umjesto na zemlju.
06:27
Because he's the senior water rights holder,
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Jer je on prioritetni imatelj prava na vodu,
06:29
he can protect the water from other users in the stream.
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on može očuvati vodu od drugih korisnika u potoku.
06:33
Okay?
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Dobro?
06:35
He gets paid to leave the water in the stream.
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Njemu se plaća da ostavi vodu u potoku.
06:38
This guy's measuring the water
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Ovaj momak mjeri vodu
06:40
that this leaves in the stream.
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koju on ostavi u potoku.
06:43
We then take the measured water,
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Onda uzmemo izmjerenu vodu,
06:46
we divide it into thousand-gallon increments.
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podijelimo je na tisućite dijelove litre.
06:49
Each increment gets a serial number and a certificate,
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Svaki od dijelova dobije serijski broj i certifikat,
06:52
and then the brewers and others
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i onda pivari i drugi
06:54
buy those certificates
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kupuju te certifikate
06:56
as a way to return water
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na način da vrate vodu
06:58
to these degraded ecosystems.
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u te degradirane ekosustave.
07:00
The brewers pay
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Pivari plaćaju
07:02
to restore water to the stream.
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kako bi se voda vratila u potok.
07:05
It provides a simple, inexpensive
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To osigurava jednostavan, jeftin
07:07
and measurable way
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i mjerljiv način
07:09
to return water to these degraded ecosystems,
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za vraćanje vode u te degradirane ekosustave,
07:12
while giving farmers an economic choice
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dajući poljoprivrednicima ekonomski izbor
07:15
and giving businesses concerned about their water footprints
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i dajući poduzećima koju su zabrinuta za svoj vodeni otisak
07:18
an easy way to deal with them.
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lagan način da se s time bore.
07:20
After 140 years of conflict
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Nakon 140 godina sukoba
07:23
and 100 years of dry streams,
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i 100 godina suhih potoka,
07:27
a circumstance that litigation and regulation
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okolnosti koje parnice i regulacija
07:29
has not solved,
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nisu mogli riješiti,
07:32
we put together a market-based,
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stvorili smo tržišno utemeljeno,
07:34
willing buyer, willing seller solution --
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rješenje spremno za kupca, spremno za prodavatelja --
07:36
a solution that does not require litigation.
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rješenje koje ne zahtjeva parničenje.
07:41
It's about giving
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Radi se o davanju
07:43
folks concerned about their water footprints
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ljudi koji su zabrinuti za svoj vodeni otisak
07:46
a real opportunity
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stvarnoj prilici
07:48
to put water where it's critically needed,
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da stave vodu tamo gdje je kritično potrebna,
07:50
into these degraded ecosystems,
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u te degradirane ekosustave,
07:53
while at the same time
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dok u isto vrijeme
07:55
providing farmers
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osigurava poljoprivrednicima
07:57
a meaningful economic choice
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smisleni ekonomski izbor
07:59
about how their water is used.
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o tome kako se njihova voda koristi.
08:01
These transactions create allies, not enemies.
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Te transakcije stvaraju saveznike, ne neprijatelje.
08:04
They connect people rather than dividing them.
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One povezuju ljude umjesto da ih razdvajaju.
08:06
And they provide needed economic support for rural communities.
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I osiguravaju potrebnu ekonomsku podršku ruralnim zajednicama.
08:09
And most importantly, it's working.
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I ono najvažnije, stvarno rade.
08:12
We've returned more than four billion gallons of water
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Vratili smo više od 18 milijardi litara vode
08:14
to degraded ecosystems.
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u degradirane ekosustave.
08:16
We've connected senior water rights holders
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Povezali smo vlasnike prioritetnih vodenih prava
08:18
with brewers in Montana,
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s pivarima u Montani,
08:20
with hotels and tea companies in Oregon
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s hotelima i kompanijama koje proizvode čaj u Oregonu
08:23
and with high-tech companies that use a lot of water in the Southwest.
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i s visokotehnološkim kompanijama koje koriste puno vode na jugozapadu.
08:26
And when we make these connections,
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I kada radimo ta povezivanja,
08:29
we can and we do
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možemo i pretvaramo
08:31
turn this into this.
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ovo u ovo.
08:35
Thank you very much.
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Hvala vam puno.
08:37
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Rob Harmon - Natural resources expertRob Harmon is an expert on energy and natural resources policy -- looking at smart ways to manage carbon, water and the energy we use every day.
Why you should listen
Taking the true measure of our environmental footprint is something that Rob Harmon has been doing for years. Starting as an energy auditor in Massachusetts, Harmon went on to manage an international marketing effort in the wind energy industry and, in 2000, develop and launch the first carbon calculator on the Internet.
Harmon joined Bonneville Environmental Foundation (BEF) in 1999, and is credited with developing their Green Tag program. In 2004, he was awarded the national Green Power Pioneer Award for his introduction of the retail Green Tag (Renewable Energy Certificates) and his ongoing efforts to build a thriving and credible Green Tag market in the United States. He also conceptualized and directed the development of BEF's national Solar 4R Schools program. His latest venture is the creation of BEF's Water Restoration Certificate business line, which utilizes voluntary markets to restore critically de-watered ecosystems. He recently contributed chapters to the book Voluntary Carbon Markets: A Business Guide to What They Are and How They Work. Rob left BEF in November 2010 to explore his next venture, ConvenientOpportunities.com.
Rob Harmon | Speaker | TED.com