TED2007
Carolyn Porco: This is Saturn
Carolyn Porco vodi nas do Saturna
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Planetologinja Carolyn Porco pokazuje slike s putovanja letjelice Casssini do Saturna s fokusom na njegov najveći mjesec, Titan i zaleđeni Enkelad s kojeg, čini se, izlaze mlazovi leda.
Carolyn Porco - Planetary scientist
As the leader of the Imaging Team on the Cassini mission to Saturn, Carolyn Porco interprets and shares the pictures coming back from this fascinating planet, its rings and its moons. Full bio
As the leader of the Imaging Team on the Cassini mission to Saturn, Carolyn Porco interprets and shares the pictures coming back from this fascinating planet, its rings and its moons. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:25
In the next 18 minutes, I'm going to take you on a journey.
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U slijedećih 18 minuta povest ću vas na putovanje.
00:28
And it's a journey that you and I have been on for many years now,
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To je putovanje na kojem smo vi i ja već mnogo godina,
00:33
and it began some 50 years ago, when humans first stepped off our planet.
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a počelo je prije otprilike 50 godina, kada su ljudi iskoračili s ovog planeta.
00:39
And in those 50 years, not only did we literally, physically set foot on the moon,
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U tih 50 godina, ne samo da smo doslovno zakoračili na Mjesec,
00:46
but we have dispatched robotic spacecraft to all the planets -- all eight of them --
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nego smo poslali robotske letjelice na sve planete Sunčevog sustava -- svih osam --
00:53
and we have landed on asteroids, we have rendezvoused with comets,
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sletjeli smo i na asteroide, susreli se s kometima,
00:57
and, at this point in time, we have a spacecraft on its way to Pluto,
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a trenutno imamo letjelicu na putu za Pluton,
01:02
the body formerly known as a planet.
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nebesko tijelo nekada poznato kao planet.
01:05
And all of these robotic missions are part of a bigger human journey:
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A sve te robotske misije dio su još većeg putovanja čovječanstva:
01:11
a voyage to understand something, to get a sense of our cosmic place,
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putovanja do razumijevanja, kako bi razvili dojam o našem mjestu u svemiru,
01:18
to understand something of our origins, and how Earth, our planet,
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da shvatimo nešto o našem porijeklu, o porijeklu Zemlje, našeg planeta,
01:23
and we, living on it, came to be.
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pa i nas, koji na njoj živimo.
01:25
And of all the places in the solar system that we might go to
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Od svih mjesta u Sunčevu sustavu na koja bismo mogli otići
01:28
and search for answers to questions like this,
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i tražiti odgovore na pitanja poput ovih,
01:32
there's Saturn. And we have been to Saturn before --
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imamo Saturn. A na Saturnu smo već bili --
01:35
we visited Saturn in the early 1980s --
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posjetili smo Saturn u ranim 1980-ima --
01:38
but our investigations of Saturn have become far more in-depth in detail
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ali istraživanja Saturna postala su daleko dublja i detaljnija
01:43
since the Cassini spacecraft, traveling across interplanetary space
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otkad je letjelica Cassini, koja putuje interplanetarnim prostorom
01:47
for seven years, glided into orbit around Saturn in the summer of 2004,
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već 7 godina, na ljeto 2004. ušla u Saturnovu orbitu
01:53
and became at that point the farthest robotic outpost
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i time postala najudaljenija robotska stanica
01:56
that humanity had ever established around the Sun.
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koju je čovječanstvo ikada uspostavilo u okolici Sunca.
01:59
Now, the Saturn system is a rich planetary system.
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Saturnov sustav je bogat planetarni sustav.
02:04
It offers mystery, scientific insight and obviously splendor beyond compare,
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Nudi tajnovitost, mogućnost znanstvenog uvida i neusporedivu ljepotu i sjaj,
02:11
and the investigation of this system has enormous cosmic reach.
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a istraživanje ovog sustava ima velik kozmološki značaj.
02:15
In fact, just studying the rings alone, we stand to learn a lot
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Zapravo, samo proučavajući Saturnove prstene naučili smo puno
02:19
about the discs of stars and gas that we call the spiral galaxies.
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o diskovima zvijezda i plina koje nazivamo spiralnim galaksijama.
02:24
And here's a beautiful picture of the Andromeda Nebula,
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Ovo je prekrasna slika maglice Andromeda,
02:26
which is our closest, largest spiral galaxy to the Milky Way.
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najbliže spiralne galaksije našem Mliječnom putu.
02:30
And then, here's a beautiful composite of the Whirlpool Galaxy,
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Ovo je kompozitni snimak predivne galaksije Vrtlog
02:33
taken by the Hubble Space Telescope.
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slikan svemirskim teleskopom Hubble.
02:35
So the journey back to Saturn is really part of and is also a metaphor
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Prema tome, putovanje do Saturna zapravo je dio -- ali i metafora za
02:41
for a much larger human voyage
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-- puno veće putovanje čovječanstva
02:43
to understand the interconnectedness of everything around us,
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ka razumijevanju međusobne povezanosti svega oko nas,
02:47
and also how humans fit into that picture.
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kao i toga kako se ljudi uklapaju u tu sliku.
02:50
And it pains me that I can't tell you all that we have learned with Cassini.
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I boli me što vam ne mogu ispričati sve što smo naučili pomoću Cassinija --
02:57
I can't show you all the beautiful pictures that we've taken
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ne mogu vam pokazati sve te lijepe slike koje smo uslikali
03:00
in the last two and a half years, because I simply don't have the time.
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kroz zadnjih dvije i pol godine zato što mi jednostavno nedostaje vremena.
03:03
So I'm going to concentrate on two of the most exciting stories
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Zato ću se usredotočiti na dvije najuzbudljivije priče
03:07
that have emerged out of this major exploratory expedition
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koje su nastale u ovoj velikoj istraživačkoj ekspediciji
03:11
that we are conducting around Saturn,
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koju provodimo u okolici Saturna
03:13
and have been for the past two and a half years.
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već dvije i pol godine.
03:16
Saturn is accompanied by a very large and diverse collection of moons.
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Saturn prati vrlo velika i raznolika grupa mjeseca.
03:20
They range in size from a few kilometers across to as big across as the U.S.
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Imaju raspon promjera od nekoliko kilometara do otprilike veličine SAD-a.
03:25
Most of the beautiful pictures we've taken of Saturn, in fact,
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Neke od najlijepših slika Saturna zapravo
03:28
show Saturn in accompaniment with some of its moons. Here's Saturn with Dione,
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prikazuju Saturn zajedno s nekima od njegovih mjeseca. Ovo je Saturn s Dionom,
03:33
and then, here's Saturn showing the rings edge-on,
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a ovo je Saturn s vertikalno postavljenim prstenom gdje
03:36
showing you just how vertically thin they are, with the moon Enceladus.
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vidite koliko je zapravo prsten tanak, tu je i mjesec Enkelad.
03:40
Now, two of the 47 moons that Saturn has are standouts.
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Od 47 Saturnovih mjeseca, dva se ističu.
03:45
And those are Titan and Enceladus. Titan is Saturn's largest moon,
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To su Titan i Enkelad. Titan je Saturnov najveći mjesec,
03:50
and, until Cassini had arrived there,
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i dok Cassini nije stigao ondje,
03:52
was the largest single expanse of unexplored terrain
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bio je to najveći pojedinačni dio neistraženog terena
03:56
that we had remaining in our solar system.
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koji nam je ostao u Sunčevu sustavu.
04:00
And it is a body that has long intrigued people who've watched the planets.
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Ovo nebesko tijelo je dugo intrigiralo ljude koji su promatrali planete.
04:04
It has a very large, thick atmosphere,
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Ima vrlo obilnu, gustu atmosferu.
04:08
and in fact, its surface environment was believed to be
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Zapravo, vjerovali smo da je okoliš na njegovoj površini
04:12
more like the environment we have here on the Earth,
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sličniji okolišu kakvog imamo na Zemlji
04:16
or at least had in the past, than any other body in the solar system.
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ili bar okolišu kakav je bio na Zemlji u prošlosti, od bilo kojeg drugog nebeskog tijela u Sunčevom sustavu.
04:20
Its atmosphere is largely molecular nitrogen, like you are breathing here in this room,
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Njegovu atmosferu velikim dijelom čine molekule dušika, kakve udišemo i u ovoj prostoriji,
04:25
except that its atmosphere is suffused with
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samo što je ta atmosfera ispunjena
04:27
simple organic materials like methane and propane and ethane.
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jednostavnim organskim spojevima poput metana, propana i etana.
04:31
And these molecules high up in the atmosphere of Titan
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Ove molekule se sakupljaju visoko u Titanovoj atmosferi
04:34
get broken down, and their products join together to make haze particles.
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razgrade se, a njihovi proizvodi se spoje u čestice sumaglice.
04:39
This haze is ubiquitous. It's completely global and enveloping Titan.
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Ova sumaglica je sveprisutna, potpuno globalna i obavija Titan.
04:44
And that's why you cannot see down to the surface
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I to je razlog zašto ne možemo vidjeti površinu
04:47
with our eyes in the visible region of the spectrum.
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svojim očima, u vidljivom dijelu spektra.
04:49
But these haze particles, it was surmised,
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Te čestice sumaglice, bar se tako pretpostavljalo
04:52
before we got there with Cassini, over billions and billions of years,
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prije što smo tamo stigli s Cassinijem, su milijardama godina
04:56
gently drifted down to the surface and coated the surface
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lagano klizile ka površini i formirale omotač
05:00
in a thick organic sludge.
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debelog organskog mulja.
05:01
So like the equivalent, the Titan equivalent, of tar, or oil, or what -- we didn't know what.
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Nešto poput Titanovog ekvivalenta katrana, nafte ili nečeg -- nismo znali čega.
05:08
But this is what we suspected. And these molecules,
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Ali na to smo sumnjali. Te molekule,
05:10
especially methane and ethane, can be liquids at the surface temperatures of Titan.
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posebice metan i etan, mogu biti u tekućem stanju na temperaturama površine Titana.
05:19
And so it turns out that methane is to Titan what water is to the Earth.
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Prema tome, metan je Titanu ono što je voda Zemlji.
05:24
It's a condensable in the atmosphere,
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Može se kondenzirati u atmosferi,
05:26
and so recognizing this circumstance brought to the fore
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pa je prepoznavanje ove okolnosti dovelo do izražaja
05:31
a whole world of bizarre possibilities. You can have methane clouds, OK,
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čitav niz bizarnih mogućnosti. Mogu postojati oblaci metana,
05:36
and above those clouds, you have this hundreds of kilometers of haze,
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a iznad njih stotine kilometara sumaglice
05:39
which prevent any sunlight from getting to the surface.
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koja onemogućava da imalo Sunčeva svjetla dopre do površine.
05:41
The temperature at the surface is some 350 degrees below zero Fahrenheit.
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Temperatura površine iznosi otprilike -175 stupnjeva celzijusa.
05:47
But despite that cold, you could have rain falling down on the surface of Titan.
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No bez obzira na ovu hladnoću, mogla bi padati kiša po površini Titana.
05:53
And doing on Titan what rain does on the Earth: it carves gullies; it forms rivers
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I činiti na Titanu ono što kiša radi na Zemlji, urezuje kanale, formira rijeke
05:56
and cataracts; it can create canyons; it can pool in large basins and craters.
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i vodopade. Može stvarati kanjone, formirati velika porječja i grotla.
06:03
It can wash the sludge off high mountain peaks and hills,
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Može ispirati mulj s vrhova planina i s brda niže,
06:06
down into the lowlands. So stop and think for a minute.
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u nizine. Zaustavite se i razmislite za minutu.
06:09
Try to imagine what the surface of Titan might look like.
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Pokušajte zamisliti kako bi površina Titana mogla izgledati.
06:13
It's dark. High noon on Titan is as dark as deep earth twilight on the Earth.
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Mračno je -- podne na Titanu jednako je mračno kao ponoć na Zemlji.
06:18
It's cold, it's eerie, it's misty,
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Hladno je, jezivo je, magla,
06:20
it might be raining, and you might be standing
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moguće da pada kiša, moguće da stojite
06:23
on the shores of Lake Michigan brimming with paint thinner. (Laughter)
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na obalama jezera Michigan obliveni razrjeđivačem za boju.
06:27
That is the view that we had of the surface of Titan before we got there with Cassini,
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Ovako smo zamišljali površinu Titana prije no što smo tamo došli s Cassinijem,
06:32
and I can tell you that what we have found on Titan, though it is not the same in detail,
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i mogu vam reći da je ono što smo pronašli na Titanu, makar se detalji razlikuju,
06:39
is every bit as fascinating as that story is.
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jednako fascinirajuće kao i ova priča.
06:42
And for us, it has been like -- the Cassini people --
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A nama je to bilo kao -- za Cassinijeve ljude
06:44
it has been like a Jules Verne adventure come true.
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bilo je kao da se Jules Verneova avantura ostvaruje.
06:48
As I said, it has a thick, extensive atmosphere.
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Kao što sam rekla, ima gustu, obilnu atmosferu.
06:50
This is a picture of Titan, backlit by the Sun, with the rings as a beautiful backdrop.
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Ovo je slika Titana straga obasjanog Suncem i prstenima kao predivnom pozadinom.
06:55
And yet another moon there --
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I još jedan mjesec --
06:57
I don't even know which one it is. It's a very extensive atmosphere.
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čak niti ne znam koji točno. Atmosfera je vrlo obilna.
07:00
We have instruments on Cassini which can see down to the surface
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Na Cassiniju imamo instrumente kojima možemo vidjeti do površine
07:03
through this atmosphere, and my camera system is one of them.
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kroz ovu atmosferu, takva je i moja kamera.
07:07
And we have taken pictures like this.
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Uslikali smo slike poput ove.
07:09
And what you see is bright and dark regions, and that's about as far as it got for us.
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Ono što vidite su svijetle i tamne regije, a to je otprilike onoliko koliko smo i mi mogli vidjeti.
07:14
It was so mystifying: we couldn't make out what we were seeing on Titan.
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To je bilo toliko tajnovito -- ni mi nismo mogli shvatiti što zapravo gledamo na Titanu.
07:18
When you look closer at this region, you start to see things
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Kada se zagledate bliže u ovu regiju, onda vidite stvari poput
07:23
like sinuous channels -- we didn't know. You see a few round things.
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vijugavih kanala, nismo znali. Vidite nekoliko okruglih stvari.
07:27
This, we later found out, is, in fact, a crater,
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Ovo, kasnije smo saznali, je zapravo krater,
07:29
but there are very few craters on the surface of Titan,
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ali vrlo je malo kratera na površini Titana,
07:32
meaning it's a very young surface.
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što znači da se radi o vrlo mladoj površini.
07:34
And there are features that look tectonic.
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Tu su i značajke koje djeluju tektonski.
07:36
They look like they've been pulled apart.
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Izgledaju kao da su se razdvojile.
07:38
Whenever you see anything linear on a planet,
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Kad god vidite nešto linearno na planetu,
07:40
it means there's been a fracture, like a fault.
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znači da je došlo do frakture, poput nedostatka.
07:44
And so it's been tectonically altered.
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Prema tome, tektonski se promijenilo.
07:46
But we couldn't make sense of our images,
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Ali nismo mogli otkriti što to točno slike prikazuju,
07:48
until, six months after we got into orbit,
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dok se, šest mjeseci nakon što smo dospjeli u orbitu,
07:52
an event occurred that many have regarded
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nije zbio događaj kojeg mnogi smatraju
07:54
as the highlight of Cassini's investigation of Titan.
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vrhuncem Cassinijevog istraživanja Titana.
07:57
And that was the deployment of the Huygens probe,
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A to je bilo postavljanje sonde Huygens,
08:00
the European-built Huygens probe that Cassini had carried
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u Europi napravljene sonde Huygens koju je Cassini nosio
08:03
for seven years across the solar system. We deployed it to the atmosphere of Titan,
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sedam godina Sunčevim sustavom. Izbacili smo je u atmosferu Titana,
08:07
it took two and a half hours to descend, and it landed on the surface.
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trebalo je dva i pol sata da se spusti i sletjela je na površinu.
08:11
And I just want to emphasize how significant an event this is.
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I samo želim nagalsiti koliko je značajan ovaj događaj.
08:15
This is a device of human making,
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Ovaj uređaj, kojeg su napravili ljudi,
08:18
and it landed in the outer solar system for the first time in human history.
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sletio je po prvi put u ljudskoj povijesti u vanjskome dijelu Sunčeva sustava.
08:22
It is so significant that, in my mind,
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Ovo je toliko značajno da se, bar po meni,
08:26
this was an event that should have been celebrated
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ovaj događaj trebao proslaviti
08:28
with ticker tape parades in every city across the U.S. and Europe,
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kičastim paradama u svakom gradu u SADu i Europi,
08:33
and sadly, that wasn't the case.
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ali nažalost, tome nije bilo tako.
08:35
(Laughter).
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(Smijeh)
08:37
It was significant for another reason. This is an international mission,
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Značajno je iz još jednog razloga. Ovo je međunarodna misija,
08:40
and this event was celebrated in Europe, in Germany,
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i ovaj događaj se proslavio u Europi, u Njemačkoj,
08:43
and the celebratory presentations were given in English accents,
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a poslavne prezentacije su se držale na engleskom jeziku,
08:47
and American accents, and German accents, and French and Italian and Dutch accents.
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na njemačkom, francuskom, talijanskom i nizozemskom jeziku.
08:53
It was a moving demonstration of what the words
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Bila je to dirljiva demonstracija onoga što bi riječi
08:57
"united nations" are supposed to mean:
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"Ujedinjeni narodi" trebale značiti:
08:59
a true union of nations joined together in a colossal effort for good.
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istinska unija naroda spojenih zajedno u kolosalnom trudu za opće dobro.
09:05
And, in this case, it was a massive undertaking to explore a planet,
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U ovom slučaju je to bio ogroman pothvat da se istraži planet
09:09
and to come to understand a planetary system
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i da se shvati jedan planetarni sustav
09:12
that, for all of human history, had been unreachable,
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koji je kroz cijelu povijest čovječanstvu bio nedostižan,
09:16
and now humans had actually touched it.
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a sada su ga ljudi zapravo dotaknuli.
09:18
So it was -- I mean, I'm getting goose bumps just talking about it.
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Bio je to -- mislim, naježim se na sam spomen toga,
09:22
It was a tremendously emotional event,
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bio je to vrlo emocionalan događaj,
09:24
and it's something that I will personally never forget, and you shouldn't either.
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i to je nešto što ja osobno nikada neću zaboraviti, a ne biste trebali ni vi.
09:29
(Applause).
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(Pljesak)
09:35
But anyway, the probe took measurements of the atmosphere on the way down,
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No svejedno, sonda je vršila mjerenja atmosfere dok se spuštala,
09:38
and it also took panoramic pictures.
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a napravila je i panoramske slike.
09:40
And I can't tell you what it was like to see the first pictures
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I ne mogu vam opisati kako je bilo gledati te prve slike
09:44
of Titan's surface from the probe. And this is what we saw.
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Titanove površine uslikane sondom. A ovo je ono što smo vidjeli.
09:48
And it was a shocker, because it was everything we wanted
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A bilo je šokirajuće, jer je to bilo upravo ono što smo željeli
09:51
those other pictures taken from orbit to be.
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od onih fotografija slikanih u orbiti da budu.
09:53
It was an unambiguous pattern, a geological pattern.
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Nedvosmisleno, to je bio geološki uzorak.
09:57
It's a dendritic drainage pattern that can be formed only by the flow of liquids.
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To je uzorak dendritičke drenaže kojeg može formirati jedino protok tekućine.
10:02
And you can follow these channels
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Možete pratiti ove kanale
10:04
and you can see how they all converge.
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i možete vidjeti kako se oni spajaju.
10:05
And they converge into this channel here, which drains into this region.
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A spajaju se u ovaj kanal ovdje, koji otječe u ovu regiju.
10:09
You are looking at a shoreline.
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Gledate u obalni pojas.
10:11
Was this a shoreline of fluids? We didn't know.
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Je li ovo bio obalni pojas tekućina? Nismo znali.
10:14
But this is somewhat of a shoreline.
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Ali ovo je pozamašni obalni pojas.
10:16
This picture is taken at 16 kilometers.
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Ova fotografija je uslikana na 16 kilometara.
10:18
This is the picture taken at eight kilometers, OK? Again, the shoreline.
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Ovo je fotografija uslikana na 8 kilometara. Opet, obalni pojas.
10:22
Okay, now, 16 kilometers, eight kilometers -- this is roughly an airline altitude.
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U redu, 16 kolimetara, 8 kilometara -- ovo je otprilike visina leta aviona.
10:27
If you were going to take an airplane trip across the U.S.,
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Ako biste otišli na put avionom preko SADa,
10:30
you would be flying at these altitudes.
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letjeli biste na ovim visinama.
10:32
So, this is the picture you would have at the window of Titanian Airlines
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Dakle, ovo je slika kakvu biste vidjeli kroz prozor Titan Airlinesa
10:36
as you fly across the surface of Titan. (Laughter)
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dok letite preko površine Titana. (Smijeh)
10:39
And then finally, the probe came to rest on the surface,
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I, konačno, sonda je sletjela na površinu,
10:43
and I'm going to show you, ladies and gentlemen,
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i sada ću vam pokazati, dame i gospodo,
10:45
the first picture ever taken from the surface of a moon in the outer solar system.
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prvu fotografiju ikada slikanu s površine mjeseca u vanjskom Sunčevu sustavu.
10:49
And here is the horizon, OK?
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Ovo je taj obzor.
10:53
These are probably water ice pebbles, yes?
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Ovo su vjerojatno komadići leda, da?
10:57
(Applause).
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(Pljesak)
11:02
And obviously, it landed in one of these flat, dark regions
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I očito, sletio je na jednu od onih ravnih, tamnih regija
11:06
and it didn't sink out of sight. So it wasn't fluid that we landed in.
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i nije nestao s vidika. Prema tome, ono na što smo sletjeli nije bila tekućina.
11:11
What the probe came down in was basically
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Sonda je zapravo sletjela na
11:14
the Titan equivalent of a mud flat.
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Titanov ekvivalent blata.
11:17
This is an unconsolidated ground that is suffused with liquid methane.
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To je nekonsolidirano tlo prožeto tekućim metanom.
11:22
And it's probably the case that this material
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I vjerojatno se radi o tome da se ovaj materijal
11:25
has washed off the highlands of Titan
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ispirao s visokih područja Titana
11:29
through these channels that we saw,
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kroz one kanale koje smo vidjeli,
11:30
and has drained over billions of years to fill in low-lying basins.
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i odvodio se milijardama godina da bi ispunio bazene na nizinama.
11:34
And that is what the Huygens probe landed in.
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I to je ono u što je sletjela sonda Huygens.
11:37
But still, there was no sign in our images,
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Ipak, na našim slikama nije bilo znakova,
11:41
or even in the Huygens' images, of any large, open bodies of fluids.
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čak ni na slikama s Huygensa, ikakvog većeg, otvorenog tekućeg tijela.
11:46
Where were they? It got even more puzzling when we found dunes.
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Gdje su onda bili? Postalo je još i zanimljivije kada smo pronašli dine.
11:51
OK, so this is our movie of the equatorial region of Titan,
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U redu, dakle ovo je naš film ekvatorijalne regije Titana,
11:54
showing these dunes. These are dunes that are 100 meters tall,
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koji prikazuje te dine. Ovo su dine visoke 100 metara,
11:57
separated by a few kilometers,
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međusobno odvojene nekoliko kilometara,
12:00
and they go on for miles and miles and miles.
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a nastavljaju se miljama i miljama.
12:03
There's hundreds, up to a 1,000 or 1,200 miles of dunes.
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Postoje stotine, do 1000 ili 1200 milja dina.
12:06
This is the Saharan desert of Titan.
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Ovo je Sahara na Titanu.
12:09
It's obviously a place which is very dry, or you wouldn't get dunes.
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Očito je ovo vrlo suho mjesto, inače ne bi bili dina.
12:14
So again, it got puzzling that there were no bodies of fluid,
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Dakle ponovno, postalo je zagonetno što nema tekućih tijela,
12:19
until finally, we saw lakes in the polar regions.
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dok konačno nismo vidjeli jezera u polarnim regijama.
12:23
And there is a lake scene in the south polar region of Titan.
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I postoji područje jezera u južnoj polarnoj regiji Titana.
12:27
It's about the size of Lake Ontario.
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Veličine je otprilike jezera Ontario.
12:29
And then, only a week and a half ago,
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A onda, samo prije tjedan i pol,
12:30
we flew over the north pole of Titan and found, again,
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preletjeli smo preko sjevernog pola Titana i pronašli
12:34
we found a feature here the size of the Caspian Sea.
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i ovdje strukturu veličine Kaspijskoga mora.
12:39
So it seems that the liquids, for some reason we don't understand,
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Dakle, čini se da su tekućine, iz nekog razloga kojeg još ne razumijemo,
12:43
or during at least this season, are apparently at the poles of Titan.
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ili bar tijekom ovog godišnjega doba, očito na polovima Titana.
12:48
And I think you would agree that we have found Titan
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I mislim da ćete se složiti da je Titan
12:51
is a remarkable, mystical place. It's exotic, it's alien, but yet strangely Earth-like,
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osobito, mistično mjesto. Egzotičan je, stran je, ali opet čudesno nalik Zemlji,
12:58
and having Earth-like geological formations
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ima geološke strukture slične Zemljinima
13:01
and a tremendous geographical diversity,
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i ogromnu geografsku različitost,
13:05
and is a fascinating world whose only rival in the solar system
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fascinantan je to svijet čiji je jedini suparnik u Sunčevu sustavu,
13:09
for complexity and richness is the Earth itself.
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radi kompleksnosti i bogatstva, upravo Zemlja.
13:12
And so now we go onto Enceladus. Enceladus is a small moon,
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A sada prelazimo na Enkelad. Enkelad je malen mjesec,
13:17
it's about a tenth the size of Titan. And you can see it here next to England,
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velik otprilike kao desetina Titana, možete ga vidjeti ovdje pored Engleske.
13:21
just to show you the size. This is not meant to be a threat.
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Samo da bih vam pokazala veličinu; ovo nije zamišljeno da predstavlja prijetnju.
13:24
(Laughter).
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(Smijeh)
13:26
And Enceladus is very white, it's very bright,
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Enkelad je vrlo bijel, vrlo svijetao,
13:30
and its surface is obviously wrecked with fractures.
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i njegova površina je očito razorena frakturama,
13:34
It is a very geologically active body.
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ovo je geološki vrlo aktivno tijelo.
13:36
But the mother lode of discoveries on Enceladus
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Ali glavni izvor otkrića na Enkeladu
13:38
was found at the south pole -- and we're looking at the south pole here --
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pronađen je na južnom polu -- ovdje upravo gledamo južni pol --
13:41
where we found this system of fractures.
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gdje smo pronašli ovaj sustav fraktura.
13:44
And they're a different color because they're a different composition.
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Različite su boje zato što su različitog sastava.
13:46
They are coated. These fractures are coated with organic materials.
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Obložene su. Ove frakture su obložene organskim materijalima.
13:51
Moreover, this whole, entire region, the south polar region,
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Štoviše, cijela ova regija, regija južnoga pola,
13:55
has elevated temperatures. It's the hottest place on the planet, on the body.
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ima povišene temperature. To je najtoplije mjesto na planetu, na tom tijelu.
13:59
That's as bizarre as finding that the Antarctic on the Earth is hotter than the tropics.
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To je jednako bizarno kao da otkrijemo da je Antarktika na Zemlji toplija od tropskog pojasa.
14:04
And then, when we took additional pictures, we discovered
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I onda, kada smo dodatno poslikali, otkrili smo
14:07
that from these fractures are issuing jets of fine, icy particles
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da iz ovih fraktura izlaze mlazovi finih ledenih čestica
14:13
extending hundreds of miles into space.
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koji se šire stotinama milja u svemir.
14:15
And when we color-code this image, to bring out the faint light levels,
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I kada obojimo ovu sliku tako da istaknemo slabe nivoe svjetla,
14:18
we see that these jets feed a plume
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vidimo da ti mlazovi snabdijevaju perijanicu
14:22
that, in fact, we see, in other images, goes thousands of miles
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koja zapravo, kako vidimo na drugim slikama, ide tisućama milja
14:26
into the space above Enceladus.
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u svemir iznad Enkelda.
14:28
My team and I have examined images like this,
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Moj tim i ja smo pregledavali slike poput ovih,
14:31
and like this one, and have thought about the other results from Cassini.
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a uzimali smo u obzir i druge rezultate s Cassinija.
14:35
And we have arrived at the conclusion
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I došli smo do zaključka da
14:39
that these jets may be erupting from pockets
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je moguće da ovi mlazovi eruptiraju iz džepova
14:42
of liquid water under the surface of Enceladus.
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tekuće vode ispod površine Enkelada.
14:46
So we have, possibly, liquid water, organic materials and excess heat.
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Dakle, moguće je da imamo tekuću vodu, organske materijale i višak topline.
14:51
In other words, we have possibly stumbled upon
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Drugim riječima, moguće je da smo zapravo naišli na
14:54
the holy grail of modern day planetary exploration,
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Sveti gral istraživanja planeta u moderno doba.
14:58
or in other words, an environment that is potentially suitable for living organisms.
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Ili drugim riječima, okoliš koji je moguće pogodan za žive organizme.
15:02
And I don't think I need to tell you that the discovery of life
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I mislim da vam ne moram niti govoriti da bi otkriće života
15:05
elsewhere in our solar system,
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drugdje u Sunčevu sustavu,
15:07
whether it be on Enceladus or elsewhere,
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bilo na Enkeladu ili drugdje,
15:09
would have enormous cultural and scientific implications.
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imalo golema kulturološke i znanstvene implikacije.
15:12
Because if we could demonstrate that genesis had occurred
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Zato što kada bismo mogli pokazati da se nastanak života dogodio
15:16
not once, but twice, independently, in our solar system,
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ne jednom, nego dvaput, neovisno u Sunčevu sustavu,
15:20
then that means, by inference, it has occurred a staggering number of times
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tada bi to značilo, slijedom logičkoga zaključivanja, da se to dogodio nebrojno puno puta
15:24
throughout the universe and its 13.7 billion year history.
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u svemiru kroz njegovih 13,7 milijardi godina povijesti.
15:29
Right now, Earth is the only planet still that we know is teeming with life.
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Trenutno, Zemlja je i dalje jedini poznati planet koji obiluje životom.
15:33
It is precious, it is unique,
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Dragocjena je, jedinstvena,
15:36
it is still, so far, the only home we've ever known.
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i dalje je jedini dom kojeg poznajemo.
15:39
And if any of you were alert and coherent during the 1960s --
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I ako su neki od vas bili na oprezu i razumni tijekom 1960ih --
15:46
and we'd forgive you, if you weren't, OK --
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a opraštamo vam ako niste, u redu --
15:48
you would remember this very famous picture
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sjetit ćete se ove slavne slike
15:50
taken by the Apollo 8 astronauts in 1968.
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koju su uslikali astronauti Apolla VIII 1968.
15:54
It was the first time that Earth was imaged from space,
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Bio je to prvi put da je Zemlja slikana iz svemira,
15:57
and it had an enormous impact on our sense of place in the universe,
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i to je imalo ogroman utjecaj na poimanje našeg mjesta u svemiru,
16:00
and our sense of responsibility for the protection of our own planet.
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i našu svijest za odgovornost za zaštitu našeg planeta.
16:05
Well, we on Cassini have taken an equivalent first,
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Pa, mi na Cassiniju smo uslikali ekvivalentni prvijenac,
16:09
a picture that no human eye has ever seen before.
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fotografiju koju niti jedno ljudsko oko nije vidjelo prije.
16:13
It is a total eclipse of the Sun, seen from the other side of Saturn.
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To je potpuna pomrčina Sunca, gledana s druge strane Saturna.
16:17
And in this impossibly beautiful picture,
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I na ovoj nemoguće lijepoj slici
16:21
you see the main rings backlit by the Sun,
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vidite glavne prstene obasjane Suncem straga,
16:23
you see the refracted image of the Sun
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vidite refraktiranu sliku Sunca
16:26
and you see this ring created, in fact,
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i vidite ovaj prsten stvoren, zapravo,
16:28
by the exhalations of Enceladus.
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izbacivanjem čestica s Enkelada.
16:31
But as if that weren't brilliant enough, we can spot, in this beautiful image,
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Ali kao da ovo nije već dovoljno briljantno, možemo uočiti na ovoj prekrasnoj slici,
16:37
sight of our own planet,
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naš vlastiti planet,
16:39
cradled in the arms of Saturn's rings.
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u kolijevci Saturnovih prstena.
16:43
Now, there is something deeply moving
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Da, postoji nešto zaista dirljivo
16:45
about seeing ourselves from afar,
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u gledanju nas samih izdaleka,
16:47
and capturing the sight of our little, blue-ocean planet
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i hvatanju slike našeg malog plavog planeta
16:50
in the skies of other worlds.
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kroz neba drugih svjetova.
16:52
And that, and the perspective of ourselves that we gain from that,
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I to, i perspektiva nas samih koju dobivamo iz toga,
16:56
may be, in the end, the finest reward that we earn
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mogla bi biti, naposljetku, najbolja nagrada koju smo stekli
17:00
from this journey of discovery that started half a century ago.
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ovim putovanjem otkrića koje je počelo prije pola stoljeća.
17:03
And thank you very much.
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Hvala vam puno.
17:05
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Carolyn Porco - Planetary scientistAs the leader of the Imaging Team on the Cassini mission to Saturn, Carolyn Porco interprets and shares the pictures coming back from this fascinating planet, its rings and its moons.
Why you should listen
Planetary scientist Carolyn Porco studies and interprets the photos from NASA space missions like the renowned Voyager mission to the outer solar system in the 1980s and the Cassini-Huygens mission to Saturn. She leads a team of scientists from the US and Europe that has been analyzing the images Cassini has sent back since it left Earth in 1997. At Saturn, they have found new phenomena everywhere they've turned their cameras … in the planet’s atmosphere, within its rings and on the surfaces of its many moons. And they've produced spectacular images and animations of these marvels in the process.
Back in the early-1980s, while still working on her doctorate, Porco was drafted onto the Voyager imaging team to assist in crunching the mountains of data coming back from Voyager’s fly-by of Saturn. Her work on the planet's rings and their relation to its moons cemented her connection with Saturn. After Voyager had flown by Neptune and was nearing conclusion, she worked together with Carl Sagan in planning Voyager’s celebrated Pale Blue Dot picture of Earth.
Her ongoing work at the Cassini Imaging Central Laboratory for Operations (CICLOPs) has two goals: to process, interpret and archive Cassini’s images for other scientists, and to make sure the images -- in all their breathtaking poetry and mystery and sheer Save-Image-As-Desktop awesomeness -- connect with the general public. She is an advocate for the exploration and understanding of planetary space, and her frequent talks (as well as her "Captain's Log" memos on the CICLOPS website) speak to everyone, scientist and nonscientist alike. Her advocacy extends to Hollywood, where she was the character consultant on the 1997 movie “Contact,” and a consultant on the 2009 Paramount Pictures re-boot of “Star Trek.” In 2012, she was named one the 25 most influential people in space by TIME magazine.
Finally, in a twist on the Pale Blue Dot theme, it was she who conceived the idea to invite the people of the world to smile while Cassini imaged the Earth on July 19, 2013 in an event called “The Day the Earth Smiled.”
For more information:
Solar System Portrait: Earth as 'Pale Blue Dot'
BBC: Saturn snapped as Earth smiled
The Atlantic: The Carl Sagan of Our Time Reprises the 'Pale Blue Dot' Photo of Earth
The Day the Earth Smiled: Image
Library of Congress: Portraits of the Solar System: Talking with Carolyn Porco About Carl Sagan
Carolyn Porco | Speaker | TED.com