TED Senior Fellows at TEDGlobal 2010
Peter Haas: When bad engineering makes a natural disaster even worse
Peter Haas: Katastrofa haićanskog inženjeringa
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"Haiti nije bio prirodna katastrofa," kaže TED-ov član Peter Haas: "To je bila katastrofa inženjeringa". Dok se zemlja ponovno izgrađuje poslije smrtonosnog potresa u siječnju, da li su stare prakse izgradnje stvorile novu otkucavajuću bombu? Haas-ova grupa, AIDG, pomaže haićanske graditelje naučiti modernu gradnju i inženjerske prakse, da bi složili snažnu zemlju ciglu po ciglu.
Peter Haas - Building activist
Inveterate tinkerer Peter Haas is the co-founder of AIDG, the Appropriate Infrastructure Development Group, which connect people to electricity, sanitation and clean water through a combination of business incubation, education, and outreach. Full bio
Inveterate tinkerer Peter Haas is the co-founder of AIDG, the Appropriate Infrastructure Development Group, which connect people to electricity, sanitation and clean water through a combination of business incubation, education, and outreach. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
I learned about the Haiti earthquake by Skype.
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Saznao sam za haićanski potres preko Skype-a.
00:19
My wife sent me a message,
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Žena mi je poslala poruku,
00:22
"Whoa, earthquake,"
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"Opa, potres",
00:24
and then disappeared for 25 minutes.
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i onda je nestala na 25 minuta.
00:28
It was 25 minutes of absolute terror
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Bilo je to 25 minuta potpunog terora
00:31
that thousands of people across the U.S. felt.
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kojeg su osjetile tisuće ljudi diljem Amerike.
00:36
I was afraid of a tsunami;
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Bojao sam se tsunamija.
00:39
what I didn't realize
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Ono što nisam shvatio
00:41
was there was a greater terror in Haiti,
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je da je postojao veći teror na Haitiju,
00:44
and that was building collapse.
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i to raspad zgrada.
00:47
We've all seen the photos
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Svi smo vidjeli slike
00:49
of the collapsed buildings in Haiti.
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raspadnutih zgrada na Haitiju.
00:52
These are shots my wife took
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Ovo su fotografije koje je moje žena uslikala
00:54
a couple days after the quake,
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par dana poslije potresa,
00:56
while I was making my way through the D.R. into the country.
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dok sam putovao kroz Dominikansku Republiku do Haitija.
01:00
This is the national palace --
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Ovo je nacionalna palača,
01:02
the equivalent of the White House.
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istoznačna Bijeloj kući.
01:05
This is the largest supermarket in the Caribbean
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Ovo je najveći supremarket na Karibima
01:08
at peak shopping time.
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na vrhuncu šopingiranja.
01:13
This is a nurses' college --
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Ovo je koleđ za medicinske sestre.
01:15
there are 300 nurses studying.
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Tamo je studiralo 300 medicinskih sestara.
01:19
The general hospital right next door
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Opća bolnica u neposrednoj blizini
01:21
emerged largely unscathed.
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je izašla uvelike neoštećena.
01:24
This is the Ministry of Economics and Finance.
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Ovo je ministarstvo ekonomije i financija.
01:30
We have all heard
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Svi smo čuli
01:32
about the tremendous human loss
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o ogromnom ljudskom gubitku
01:35
in the earthquake in Haiti,
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potresa na Haitiju,
01:37
but we haven't heard enough
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ali nismo čuli dovoljno
01:40
about why all those lives were lost.
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o tome zašto su svi ti životi izgubljeni.
01:43
We haven't heard about
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Nismo čuli o
01:45
why the buildings failed.
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razlogu zbog kojeg su se zgrade srušile.
01:48
After all, it was the buildings,
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U konačnici, bile su to zgrade,
01:50
not the earthquake,
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a ne potres,
01:52
that killed 220,000 people,
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koje su ubile 220.000 ljudi,
01:55
that injured 330,000,
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koje su ozlijedile 330.000,
01:58
that displaced 1.3 million people,
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koje su raselile 1,3 milijuna ljudi,
02:04
that cut off food
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koje su odsjekle hranu
02:06
and water and supplies
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i vodu i potrepštine
02:08
for an entire nation.
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za cijelu naciju.
02:11
This is the largest metropolitan-area disaster
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Ovo je najveća katastrofa metropolitanskog područja
02:16
in decades,
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zadnjih desetljeća.
02:19
and it was not a natural disaster --
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I to nije bila prirodna nepogoda.
02:22
it was a disaster of engineering.
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To je bila katastrofa inženjeringa.
02:25
AIDG has worked in Haiti
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AIDG radi na Haitiju
02:27
since 2007,
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od 2007. godine,
02:29
providing engineering and business support
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osiguravajući inženjersku i poslovnu potporu
02:31
to small businesses.
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malim poduzetništvima.
02:33
And after the quake, we started bringing in earthquake engineers
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I nakon potresa, započeli smo s dovođenjem geoloških inženjera
02:37
to figure out why the buildings collapsed,
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da bi otkrili zašto su se zgrade srušile,
02:39
to examine what was safe and what wasn't.
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da bi istražili što je bilo sigurno a što ne.
02:42
Working with MINUSTAH,
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Radeći sa MINUSTAH-om,
02:45
which is the U.N. mission in Haiti,
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koji je misija ujedinjenih naroda na Haitiju,
02:47
with the Ministry of Public Works,
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s mnistarstvom javnih radova,
02:49
with different NGOs,
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s različitim nevladinim udrugama,
02:51
we inspected over 1,500 buildings.
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proveli smo inspekciju preko 1.500 zgrada.
02:55
We inspected schools
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Proveli smo inspekciju škola
02:57
and private residencies.
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i privatnih rezidencija.
02:59
We inspected medical centers
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Proveli smo inspekciju medicinskih centara
03:01
and food warehouses.
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i skladišta hrane.
03:03
We inspected government buildings.
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Proveli smo inspekciju vladinih zgrada.
03:05
This is the Ministry of Justice.
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Ovo je ministarstvo pravosuđa.
03:07
Behind that door
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Iza ovih vrata
03:09
is the National Judicial Archives.
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su Nacionalni Sudski Arhivi.
03:12
The fellow in the door, Andre Filitrault --
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Momak na vratima, Andre Filitrault,
03:14
who's the director
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koji je direktor
03:16
of the Center for Interdisciplinary Earthquake Engineering Research
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centra za istraživanje interdisciplinarnog geološkog inženjerstva
03:20
at the University of Buffalo --
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na sveučilištu Buffalo,
03:23
was examining it to see if it was safe
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je provjeravao da li je sigurno
03:25
to recover the archives.
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povratiti arhive.
03:27
Andre told me,
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Andre mi je rekao,
03:29
after seeing these buildings fail
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vidjevši pad ovih zgrada
03:31
again and again in the same way,
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ponovno i ponovno na isti način,
03:34
that there is no new research here.
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da ovdje nema novog istraživanja.
03:37
There is nothing here that we don't know.
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Ovdje nema ničega što nismo znali.
03:40
The failure points were the same:
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Točke propadanja su bile iste --
03:43
walls and slabs not tied properly into columns --
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zidovi i ploče koji nisu bili propisno vezani u stupove --
03:46
that's a roof slab hanging off the building --
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to je krovna ploča koja visi sa zgrade --
03:51
cantilevered structures,
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gredne strukture,
03:53
or structures that were asymmetric,
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ili strukture koje su asimetrične,
03:55
that shook violently and came down,
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koje su se tresle i otpale,
03:59
poor building materials,
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loši građevinski materijali,
04:01
not enough concrete,
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nedovoljno cementa,
04:03
not enough compression in the blocks,
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nedovoljno kompresije na blokovima,
04:07
rebar that was smooth,
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glatko betonsko željezo,
04:09
rebar that was exposed to the weather and had rusted away.
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betonsko željezo koje je bilo eksponirano vremenu i zahrđalo.
04:12
Now there's a solution
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Postoji rješenje
04:15
to all these problems.
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za sve ove probleme.
04:17
And we know how to build properly.
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I znamo kako propisno graditi.
04:20
The proof of this came in Chile,
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Dokaz toga je došao u Čileu,
04:23
almost a month later,
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skoro poslije mjesec dana,
04:26
when 8.8 magnitude earthquake
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kada je potres magnitude 8,8
04:30
hit Chile.
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udario Čile.
04:32
That is 500 times
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To je 500 puta
04:34
the power of the 7.0
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snage od 7,0
04:36
that hit Port-au-Prince --
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koje su udarile Port-au-Prince --
04:39
500 times the power,
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500 puta snage,
04:41
yet only under a thousand casualties.
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ali s ispod tisuću žrtava.
04:46
Adjusted for population density,
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Prilagođeno gustoći naseljenosti,
04:48
that is less than one percent
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to je manje od jedan posto
04:50
of the impact of the Haitian quake.
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udara haićanskog potresa.
04:54
What was the difference
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Koje je bila razlika
04:56
between Chile and Haiti?
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između Čilea i Haitija?
04:59
Seismic standards
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Seizmički standardi
05:01
and confined masonry,
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i ograničeno zidarstvo,
05:04
where the building acts as a whole --
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gdje zgrade postaju cjelina --
05:06
walls and columns
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zidovi i stupovi
05:08
and roofs and slabs
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i krovovi i ploče
05:10
tied together to support each other --
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vezani zajedno da bi se međusobno podupirali,
05:13
instead of breaking off into separate members and failing.
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umjesto razlomljavanja u različite skupove i otpadanje.
05:18
If you look at this building in Chile,
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Ukoliko pogledate ovu zgradu u Čileu,
05:21
it's ripped in half,
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prepolovljena je,
05:23
but it's not a pile of rubble.
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ali nije pretvorena u hrpu ruševinskog šljunka.
05:27
Chileans have been building with confined masonry
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Čileanci su gradili ograničenim zidarstvom
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for decades.
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desetljećima.
05:32
Right now, AIDG is working with KPFF Consulting Engineers,
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Trenutačno, AIDG radi s KPFF konzultantskim inženjerima,
05:36
Architecture for Humanity,
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Arhitekturom za Čovječanstvo,
05:38
to bring more confined masonry training
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kako bi donijela više treninga ograničenog zidarstva
05:41
into Haiti.
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na Haiti.
05:45
This is Xantus Daniel;
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Ovo je Xantus Daniel.
05:47
he's a mason,
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On je zidar,
05:49
just a general construction worker, not a foreman,
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samo generalni građevinski radnik, ne nadzornik,
05:52
who took one of our trainings.
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koji je pohađao jedan od naših treninga.
05:54
On his last job he was working with his boss,
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Na svom zadnjem poslu je radio sa svojim šefom,
05:57
and they started pouring the columns wrong.
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i započeli su lijevati stupove pogrešno.
06:00
He took his boss aside,
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Odveo je svog šefa postrance,
06:02
and he showed him the materials on confined masonry.
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i pokazao mu materijal o ograničenom zidarstvu.
06:05
He showed him, "You know, we don't have to do this wrong.
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Pokazao mu je, "Znate, ne moramo ovo raditi krivo.
06:08
It won't cost us any more
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Neće nas koštati više
06:10
to do it the right way."
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ako napravimo posao na pravi način".
06:13
And they redid that building.
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I ponovno su izgradili zgradu.
06:15
They tied the rebar right,
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Povezali su armirani beton kako treba.
06:17
they poured the columns right,
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Lijevali su stupove kako treba.
06:19
and that building will be safe.
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I ta zgrada će biti sigurna.
06:21
And every building
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I svaka zgrada
06:23
that they build going forward
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koju izgrade idući naprijed
06:25
will be safe.
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će biti sigurna.
06:28
To make sure these buildings are safe,
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Da bi osigurali ove zgrade,
06:30
it's not going to take policy --
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nije potreban pravilnik,
06:33
it's going to take reaching out
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potrebno je pružiti ruku
06:35
to the masons on the ground
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zidarima na lokaciji
06:38
and helping them learn the proper techniques.
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i pomoći im naučiti propisne tehnike.
06:43
Now there are many groups doing this.
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Sada postoje mnoge grupe koje se time bave.
06:45
And the fellow in the vest there,
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Ovaj momak u odjelu ovdje,
06:47
Craig Toten,
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Craig Toten,
06:49
he has pushed forward
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progurao je naprijed
06:51
to get documentation out to all the groups that are doing this.
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dostavu dokumentacije svim grupama koje rade na tome.
06:55
Through Haiti Rewired,
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Kroz Haiti Rewired,
06:57
through Build Change, Architecture for Humanity,
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kroz Build Change, Architecture for Humanity,
07:00
AIDG,
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AIDG,
07:02
there is the possibility
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postoji mogućnost
07:04
to reach out
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posegnuti
07:07
to 30,000 -- 40,000 masons
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prema 30.000, 40.000 zidara
07:10
across the country
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diljem zemlje
07:12
and create a movement of proper building.
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i stvoriti pokret propisne izgradnje.
07:17
If you reach out to the people on the ground
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Ako pružite ruku ljudima na lokaciji
07:19
in this collaborative way
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na suradnički način
07:21
it's extremely affordable.
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to je izuzetno isplativo.
07:24
For the billions spent on reconstruction,
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Za milijarde potrošene na rekonstrukciju,
07:28
you can train masons
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možete obučiti zidare
07:30
for dollars on every house
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za dolare na svakoj kući
07:32
that they end up building over their lifetime.
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koju u konačnici izgrade tokom svog života.
07:37
Ultimately, there are two ways
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Na kraju, postoje dva načina
07:39
that you can rebuild Haiti;
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kako obnoviti Haiti,
07:41
the way at the top
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način na vrhu
07:43
is the way that Haiti's been building for decades.
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je način na koji se je Haiti gradio desetljećima.
07:46
The way at the top
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Način na vrhu
07:48
is a poorly constructed building
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je loša konstrukcija gradnje
07:50
that will fail.
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koja će propasti.
07:52
The way at the bottom is a confined masonry building,
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Način na dnu je ograničena zidarska gradnja,
07:55
where the walls are tied together,
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gdje su zidovi povezani zajedno,
07:57
the building is symmetric,
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zgrada je simetrična,
07:59
and it will stand up to an earthquake.
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i opstat će nakon potresa.
08:02
For all the disaster,
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Za svu katastrofu,
08:04
there is an opportunity here
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ovdje je mogućnost
08:07
to build better houses
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izgradnje boljih kuća
08:09
for the next generation,
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za sljedeće generacije,
08:11
so that when the next earthquake hits,
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tako da kad sljedeći potres grune,
08:14
it is a disaster --
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to će biti katastrofa,
08:16
but not a tragedy.
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ali ne i tragedija.
08:19
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Peter Haas - Building activistInveterate tinkerer Peter Haas is the co-founder of AIDG, the Appropriate Infrastructure Development Group, which connect people to electricity, sanitation and clean water through a combination of business incubation, education, and outreach.
Why you should listen
In 2005, Peter Haas co-founded AIDG -- the Appropriate Infrastructure Development Group -- an organization helping individuals and communities get affordable and environmentally sound access to electricity, sanitation and clean water through a combination of business incubation, education, and outreach. (Also on the board: TED Best-of-the-Web star Cat Laine.) Since co-founding AIDG, Haas has become an active voice for poverty issues, speaking at the World Bank, Harvard, MIT and other forums on technology, entrepreneurship and SME finance. He was named a TEDGlobal Fellow in 2009 and is now part of the three-year TED Senior Fellows program.
Before founding AIDG, Haas worked both in the information technology field and on an organic farm and horse ranch doing infrastructure improvement work. He tinkers in water systems, electrical systems, electronic systems, masonry, plumbing, biogas, irrigation, welding, metal casting and sustainable building.
Peter Haas | Speaker | TED.com