TEDIndia 2009
R.A. Mashelkar: Breakthrough designs for ultra-low-cost products
R.A. Mashelkar: Rancangan terobosan untuk menghasilkan produk super murah
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Insinyur RA Mashelkar berbagi tiga cerita tentang rancangan super murah dari India yang menggunakan pola pikir bottom-up, dan beberapa rekayasa yg cerdik, yang memungkinkan produk-produk mewah (mobil, prostetik) menjadi terjangkau bagi siapa saja.
R.A. Mashelkar - Scientist, innovator
Using a principle he calls “convex lens leadership,” R.A. Mashelkar’s vision has catapulted india’s talent for science and innovation onto the international stage. Full bio
Using a principle he calls “convex lens leadership,” R.A. Mashelkar’s vision has catapulted india’s talent for science and innovation onto the international stage. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
The big residual
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Perhatian utama
00:17
is always value for money.
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selalu tentang keuntungan.
00:19
All the time we are trying to get value for money.
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Selama ini kita selalu berusaha mendapatkan keuntungan.
00:22
What we don't look for
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Yang tidak kita cari
00:24
is value for many,
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adalah kegunaannya bagi orang banyak,
00:26
while we are generating value for money.
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sementara kita menghasilkan keuntungan.
00:29
Do we care about those four billion people
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Bagaimana dengan nasib 4 milyar orang
00:31
whose income levels are less than two dollars a day,
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yang tingkat pendapatannya kurang dari dua dollar sehari,
00:33
the so-called bottom of the pyramid?
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yang terpuruk di dasar piramida kemakmuran ?
00:36
What are the challenges in getting value for money
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Apa tantangan untuk mendapatkan keuntungan
00:39
as well as value for many?
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dan sekaligus kegunaan bagi orang banyak ?
00:41
We have described here
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Kami tampilkan disini
00:43
in terms of the performance
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berdasarkan kinerja
00:45
and the price.
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dan harga.
00:47
If you have money, of course, you can get the value.
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Kalau Anda punya uang, tentu, Anda bisa dapatkan yang terbaik.
00:50
You can get a Mercedes
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Anda bisa punya Mercedes
00:52
for a very high price,
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dengan harga yang sangat tinggi,
00:54
very high performance.
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kinerja yang tinggi
00:56
But if you don't have money, what happens?
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Tapi bila Anda tidak punya uang, apa yang terjadi ?
00:59
Well, you are to ride a bicycle,
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Ya, Anda bisa naik sepeda,
01:01
carrying your own weight and also some other weight,
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memikul beban Anda sendiri dan yang lainnya,
01:04
so that you can earn the bread for the day.
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untuk pergi bekerja.
01:07
Well, poor do not remain poor;
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Yang miskin tidak selamanya miskin;
01:09
they become lower-middle-class.
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mereka bisa meningkat jadi menengah ke bawah.
01:11
And if they do so,
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Dan kalau itu terjadi,
01:13
then, of course, the conditions improve,
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maka, tentu saja, kehidupannya membaik,
01:15
and they start riding on scooters.
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dan mereka mulai naik sepeda motor.
01:18
But the challenge is, again, they don't get much value,
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Tapi tantangannya lagi-lagi, mereka tidak mendapatkan banyak manfaat,
01:21
because they can't afford anything more than the scooter.
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karena mereka tidak mampu membeli apapun yang lebih dari sepeda motor.
01:25
The issue is, at that price,
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Masalahnya adalah, dengan harga itu,
01:27
can you give them some extra value?
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bisakah mereka mendapatkan yang lebih baik ?
01:30
A super value,
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Yang luar biasa baik,
01:32
in terms of their ability to ride in a car,
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seperti bisa mengendarai mobil,
01:34
to get that dignity, to get that safety,
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mendapatkan martabat dan keamanan yg sama,
01:37
looks practically impossible, isn't it.
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kelihatannya mustahil, ya tidak.
01:40
Now, this is something
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Ini adalah apa yang tampak
01:42
that we see on Indian streets
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di jalan-jalan di India
01:44
all the time.
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setiap saat.
01:46
But many people see the same thing
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Tapi banyak yang melihat hal yang sama
01:48
and think things differently,
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dan punya pikiran yang berbeda,
01:51
and one of them is here, Ratan Tata.
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salah satu dari mereka adalah, Ratan Tata.
01:56
The great thing about our leaders
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Hebatnya pemimpin-pemimpin kami
01:58
is that, should they not only have passion in their belly,
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adalah, mereka tidak saja punya gairah di perut mereka,
02:02
which practically all of them have,
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praktis semuanya begitu,
02:04
they're also very innovative.
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mereka juga sangat inovatif.
02:06
An innovator is one who does not know it cannot be done.
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Seorang pencipta adalah orang yang tidak kenal kata tidak bisa.
02:09
They believe that things can be done.
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Mereka percaya apapun bisa dilakukan.
02:11
But great leaders like Ratan
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Tapi pemimpin hebat seperti Ratan
02:13
have compassion.
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juga seorang yang pengasih.
02:15
And what you said, Lakshmi, is absolutely true:
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Dan apa yang Anda bilang, Lakshmi, adalah benar sekali:
02:17
it's not just Ratan Tata,
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Ini bukan tentang Ratan Tata saja,
02:19
it's the house of Tatas over time.
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tapi penjelmaan Pondok Tata.
02:21
Let me confirm what she said.
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Izinkan saya ulangi apa yang Lakshmi bilang
02:23
Yes, I went barefoot
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Ya, saya jalan kaki
02:26
until I was 12.
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sampai saya berumur 12.
02:28
I struggled to [unclear] day
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Saya kesusahan mendapatkan makanan dua kali sehari
02:30
was a huge issue.
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masalah yang sangat berat.
02:32
And when I finished my SSC, the eleventh standard,
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Ketika saya menyelesaikan SSC saya, kelas sebelas (setara UAN untuk SMA)
02:35
I stood eleventh among 125,000 students.
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Saya ranking 11 dari 125.000 siswa.
02:38
But I was about to leave the school,
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Tapi saya hampir meninggalkan sekolah
02:40
because my poor mother couldn't afford schooling.
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karena ibu saya terlalu miskin untuk membiayai sekolah saya.
02:42
And it was [unclear] Tata Trust, which gave me six rupees per month,
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dan Dana Tata lah yang memberi saya 6 rupees per bulan,
02:45
almost a dollar per month for six years.
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hampir sedolar per bulan selama enam tahun.
02:48
That's how I'm standing before you.
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Begitulah cara saya sampai disini.
02:50
So that is the House of Tata.
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Berkat Pondok Tata.
02:52
(Applause)
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(tepuk tangan)
02:55
Innovation, compassion and passion.
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Inovasi, kasih dan gairah.
02:57
They combine all that.
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Mereka memadukan semua itu.
02:59
And it was that compassion which bothered them,
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Dan sisi kasih itulah yang mengusik mereka,
03:02
because when he saw -- in fact, he told me about eight or nine years ago
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karena ketika dia melihat -- pernah, dia bilang pada saya delapan sembilan tahun yang lalu
03:05
how he was driving his own car --
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ketika sedang mengendarai mobil --
03:08
he drives his own car by the way --
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dia menyetir mobilnya sendiri --
03:11
and he saw in the rain,
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dia melihat di tengah hujan,
03:13
a family like the one that I showed to you
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satu keluarga seperti yang baru saya tampilkan
03:15
getting drenched with an infant.
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basah kuyup terguyur termasuk bayinya.
03:17
And then he said, "Well, I must give them a car that they can afford,
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Dia bilang, "Saya harus berikan mereka mobil dengan harga yang bisa mereka jangkau,
03:20
one lakh car, $2,000 car."
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mobil seharga satu lakh, seharga USD 2000."
03:23
Of course, as soon as you say something like this
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Tentu saja, mendengar hal seperti ini
03:25
people say it is impossible,
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kebanyakan orang bilang itu mustahil,
03:27
and that's what was said by Suzuki.
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termasuk Suzuki.
03:29
He said, oh, probably he is going to build a three-wheeler
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Dia bilang, "Oh, mungkin dia hanya mau membuat mobil roda 3
03:32
with stepney.
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dengan satu ban cadangan"
03:34
And you can see the cartoon here.
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Bisa dilihat di kartun ini.
03:36
Well they didn't build that. They built a proper car. Nano.
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Bukan itu yang mereka buat. Mereka membuat mobil sungguhan. Nano.
03:40
And mind you, I'm six feet half an inch,
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Dan tahu tidak, saya ini tingginya enam kaki setengah inci,
03:42
Ratan is taller than me,
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Ratan lebih tinggi lagi,
03:44
and we have ample space in the front
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tapi kami punya ruang lega di depan
03:47
and ample space in the back in this particular car.
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dan ruang lega di belakang.
03:50
And incredible car.
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Mobil yang hebat.
03:52
And of course, nothing succeeds like success;
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Tentu saja, ada gula ada semut;
03:55
the cynics then turned around,
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yang tadinya sinis berbalik 180 derajat,
03:58
and one after the other
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satu per satu
04:00
they also started saying, "Yes, we also want to make a car in the Nano Segment.
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mulai bilang, "Wah, kami juga mau bikin mobil di segment Nano.
04:03
We'll manufacture a car in the Nano Segment."
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Kita akan produksi mobil di segmen Nano."
04:06
How did this great story unfold,
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Bagaimana cerita hebat ini terjadi,
04:09
the making of Nano?
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terciptanya Nano ?
04:11
Let me tell you a bit about it.
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Saya akan ceritakan.
04:13
For example, how we started:
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Misalnya, bagaimana kami memulainya:
04:16
Ratan just began with a five-engineer team,
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Ratan memulai dengan tim yg terdiri dari 5 insinyur
04:19
young people in their mid-twenties.
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anak muda umur 20-an.
04:22
And he said,
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Dia bilang,
04:24
"Well, I won't define the vehicle for you,
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"Saya tidak akan jelaskan seperti apa mobilnya,
04:26
but I will define the cost for you.
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tapi saya tentukan harganya
04:28
It is one lakh, 100,000 rupees,
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Harganya 1 lakh, 100.000 rupees,
04:30
and you are to make it within that."
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buat mobil seharga itu."
04:32
And he told them,
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Dia menambahkan,
04:34
"Question the unquestionable.
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"Pertanyakan yang tidak mungkin.
04:36
Stretch the envelope."
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Hemat apa yang bisa dihemat."
04:38
And at a point in time,
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Saat itu
04:40
he got so engrossed in the whole challenge,
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begitu terlibatnya dia dengan tantangan ini,
04:42
that he himself became a member of the team.
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dia terjun sendiri menjadi anggota timnya.
04:44
Can you believe it?
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Dapatkah Anda mempercayainya?
04:46
I still am told about this story
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Saya belum ceritakan
04:48
of that single wiper design in which he participated.
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tentang wiper tunggal yang dia ikut ciptakan.
04:51
Until midnight, he'd be thinking.
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Dia memeras otak hingga tengah malam.
04:53
Early morning he'll be coming back with sort of solutions.
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Dan datang dengan berbagai solusi esok paginya
04:56
But who was the team leader?
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Tapi siapa pemimpin timnya ?
04:58
The team leader was Girish Wagh,
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Pemimpin timnya adalah Girish Wagh,
05:00
a 34 year-old boy in [unclear].
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Pria berumur 34 tahunan dari Pura.
05:02
And the Nano team average age
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Dan umur rata-rata anggota tim Nano
05:04
was just 27 years.
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hanya 27 tahun.
05:06
And they did innovation in design and beyond.
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Dan mereka berinovasi dalam rancangan dan segalanya.
05:10
Broke many norms of the standard conventions for the first time.
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Melanggar semua aturan baku untuk pertama kalinya.
05:13
For example, that a two-cylinder gas engine
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Misalnya ketika motor bakar dua silinder
05:16
was used in a car with a single balancer shaft.
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dipakai di mobil dengan poros pengimbang tunggal.
05:19
Adhesives were replacing the rivets.
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Lem menggantikan paku.
05:22
There was a co-creation, a huge co-creation,
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Ada kerja sama, ada banyak kerja sama
05:25
with vendors and suppliers.
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dengan pemasok dan penjual.
05:27
All ideas on board were welcome.
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Semua ide diterima.
05:29
100 vendors were co-located adjacent to the plant,
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100 pemasok dibangun dekat pabrik
05:32
and innovative business models for automobile dealerships were developed.
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dan lahirlah model bisnis untuk distributor otomotif.
05:35
Imagine that a fellow
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Bayangkan orang ini
05:37
who sells cloth, for example, will be selling Nano.
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yang biasanya menjual kain, misalnya, jadi jualan Nano.
05:40
I mean, it was incredible innovation.
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Sungguh inovasi yang hebat
05:43
Seeking solutions for non-auto sectors.
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Menemukan solusi bagi sektor non-auto.
05:46
It was an open innovation,
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Sebuah inovasi terbuka,
05:48
ideas from all over were welcome.
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ide dari mana saja diterima.
05:50
The mechanism of helicopters seats and windows was used, by the way,
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Rancangan tempat duduk dan jendela helikopter dipakai, tahu tidak,
05:53
as well as a dashboard
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termasuk dasboardnya
05:55
that was inspired by two-wheelers.
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itu diilhami kendaraan roda dua.
05:57
The fuel lines and lamps
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Jalur bahan bakar dan lampunya
05:59
were as in two-wheelers.
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juga diilhami kendaraan roda dua.
06:02
And the crux of the matter was, however,
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Inti dari semuanya adalah
06:04
getting more from less.
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mendapatkan lebih banyak menggunakan lebih sedikit.
06:07
All the time, you have been given an envelope.
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Karena dibatasi pengeluarannya.
06:09
You can't cross that envelope,
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Yang tidak boleh dilanggar
06:11
which is 100,000 rupees, 2,000 dollars.
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yaitu sebesar 100.000 rupees, 2000 dollar.
06:14
And therefore, each component
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Maka, setiap komponen
06:16
had to have a dual functionality.
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harus dwi fungsi.
06:19
And the seat riser, for example,
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Penopang bangkunya misalnya
06:21
serving as a mounting for the seat
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selain dudukan bangku
06:23
as well as a structural part
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berfungsi sebagai chassis juga
06:25
of the functional rigidity.
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untuk menjaga kegetasan.
06:27
Half the number of parts
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Hanya diperlukan separo komponen
06:29
are contained in Nano
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pada Nano
06:31
in comparison to a typical passenger car.
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dibandingkan mobil yang biasa.
06:34
The length is smaller by eight percent by the way.
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Panjangnya lebih pendek 8 persen.
06:36
But the current entry-level cars
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Tapi dibandingkan mobil kelas bawah
06:38
in comparison to that is eight percent less,
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panjang yang 8 persen lebih pendek itu
06:40
but 21 percent more inside space.
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memberikan 21 persen ruang lebih.
06:45
And what happened
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Yang terjadi adalah
06:47
was that -- more from less --
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lebih banyak dengan mengurangi
06:49
you can see how much more for how much less.
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Anda bisa lihat berapa lebihnya dari berapa kurangya.
06:52
When the Model T was launched --
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Ketika model T diluncurkan --
06:54
and this is, by the way, all the figures
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dan ini, ngomong-ngomong, angka-angkanya
06:56
that are adjusted to 2007 dollar prices --
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semua disesuaikan dengan nilai dollar tahun 2007 --
06:59
Model T was 19,700 by Ford.
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Model T -nya Ford harganya 19.000
07:02
Volkswagon was 11,333.
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Volkswagon 11.333
07:05
And British Motor was around 11,000.
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British Motor sekitar 11.000
07:08
And Nano was, bang, 2,000 dollars.
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dan Nano, dor, 2000.
07:12
This is why
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Ini sebabnya
07:14
you started
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kita memulai
07:16
actually a new paradigm shift,
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perubahan paradigma
07:19
where the same people
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ketika orang yang sama
07:22
who could not dream of sitting in a car,
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yang tadinya tidak dapat bermimpi punya mobil,
07:24
who were carrying their entire family in a scooter,
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yang mengangkut semua keluarganya dengan sepeda motor,
07:26
started dreaming of being in a car.
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mulai bermimpi bisa punya mobil.
07:29
And those dreams are getting fulfilled.
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Dan mimpi itu terpenuhi.
07:32
This is a photograph
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Ini foto
07:34
of a house and a driver and a car
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sebuah rumah, supir dan mobil
07:36
near my own home.
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dekat rumah saya sendiri.
07:38
The driver's name is Naran.
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Supirnya bernama Naran.
07:40
He has bought his own Nano.
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Dia baru beli Nano-nya sendiri.
07:42
And you can see, there is a physical space
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Dan bisa dilihat, ada ruang ekstra
07:44
that has been created for him,
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yang dibuat untuknya
07:46
parking that car, along with the owner's car,
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untuk memarkir mobilnya disamping mobil tuannya,
07:49
but more importantly, they've created
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tapi yang lebih penting, ada ruang ekstra
07:52
a space in their mind that
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dalam pikiran tuannya
07:54
"Yes, my chauffeur is going to come in his own car and park it."
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"Wah, supirku datang dengan mobilnya sendiri dan bisa memarkirnya."
07:57
And that's why I call it a transformational innovation.
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Inilah yang saya sebut inovasi transformasional.
08:01
It is not just technological,
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Tidak melulu teknologi,
08:04
it is social innovation that we talk about.
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tapi inovasi sosial yg sering kita bicarakan.
08:07
And that is where, ladies and gentlemen,
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Dan disinilah, bapak ibu sekalian,
08:10
this famous theme
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slogan terkenal ini
08:12
of getting more from less for more
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mendapatkan lebih dengan mengurangi
08:15
becomes important.
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jadi penting.
08:17
I remember talking about this for the first time in Australia,
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Saya ingat membicarakan ini pertama kali di Australia
08:20
about one and a half years ago,
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sekitar satu setengah tahun yg lalu
08:22
when their academy honored me with a fellowship.
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ketika perguruan tinggi mereka menganugrahi saya gelar kesarjanaan.
08:25
And unbelievably, in 40 years,
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Dan cukup menakjubkan, dalam 40 tahun,
08:27
I was the first Indian to be honored.
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saya orang India pertama yg mendapat kehormatan ini.
08:29
And the title of my talk
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Judul presentasi saya waktu itu
08:31
was therefore "Indian innovation
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karenanya adalah "Inovasi India
08:33
from Gandhi to Gandhian engineering."
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dari Gandhi ke rekayasa Gandhi."
08:36
And I titled this more from less for more and more people
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Dan saya perkenalkan konsep lebih banyak dengan lebih sedikit untuk lebih banyak orang ini
08:39
as Gandhian engineering.
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sebagai rekayasa Gandhi.
08:41
And Gandhian engineering, in my judgment,
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Rekayasa Gandhi, menurut saya
08:43
is the one which is going to take the world forward,
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akan memajukan dunia,
08:46
is going to make a difference,
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akan membuat perubahan,
08:48
not just for a few, but for everyone.
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tidak hanya bagi beberapa, tapi buat semua orang.
08:50
Let me move from mobility in a car to individual mobility
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Dari mobilitas kendaraan izinkan saya membicarakan mobilitas individu
08:53
for those unfortunates
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bagi yang kurang beruntung
08:55
who have lost their legs.
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yang kehilangan kakinya.
08:57
Here is an American citizen and his son
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Ini adalah warga Amerika dan putranya
09:00
having an artificial foot.
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menggunakan kaki buatan
09:02
What is its price? 20,000 dollars.
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Berapa harganya ? USD 20.000
09:05
And of course, these feet are so designed
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Dan kaki buatan ini dirancang
09:08
that they can walk only on
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hanya untuk berjalan
09:11
such perfect pavement or roads.
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di jalan yang sempurna
09:13
Unfortunately, that's not the case in India.
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Sayangnya, di India tidak begitu
09:16
You can see him walk barefoot
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Anda bisa lihat dia berjalan
09:18
on an awkward land, sometimes in a marshy land,
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bertelanjang kaki di tanah yang jelek dan becek
09:20
and so on and so forth.
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dan lain-lain
09:22
More importantly,
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Parahnya lagi,
09:24
they not only walk far to work,
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mereka tidak hanya harus berjalan jauh ke tempat bekerja
09:26
and not only do they cycle to work,
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dan bukan hanya mengayuh ke tempat bekerja,
09:28
but they cycle for work, as you can see here.
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tapi kadang mengayuh untuk bekerja, seperti ini.
09:31
And they climb up for their work.
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Mereka juga memanjat untuk bekerja.
09:34
You have to design an artificial foot for such conditions.
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Anda harus merancang kaki buatan untuk kondisi itu.
09:37
A challenge, of course.
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Sebuah tantangan, tentu saja.
09:39
Four billion people, their incomes are less then two dollars a day.
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Empat milyar orang, punya pendapatan kurang dari 2 dollar sehari.
09:42
And if you talk about a 20,000-dollar shoe,
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Sepatu seharga 20.000 dollar
09:44
you're talking about 10,000 days of income.
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itu setara pendapatan 10.000 hari
09:47
You just don't have it.
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Tidak mungkin tercapai.
09:49
And therefore, you ought to look at alternatives.
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Karenanya, harus ada alternatifnya.
09:51
And that is how Jaipur Foot was created in India.
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Dan inilah awal berdirinya Jaipur Foot di India.
09:54
It had a revolutionary prosthetic fitment and delivery system,
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Yang menghasilkan sistem pengepasan dan pengiriman prostetik yang revolusioner,
09:58
a quick molding and modular components,
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komponen standar dan pengecoran kilat,
10:01
enabling custom-made, on-the-spot limb fitments.
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memungkinkan perangkaian tungkai buatan langsung di tempat.
10:05
You could feel it actually in an hour, by the way,
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Anda bisa langsung mencobanya dalam hitungan jam
10:07
whereas the equivalent other feet
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dibanding kaki buatan satunya
10:09
took something like a day, as so on.
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yang membutuhkan waktu sehari.
10:11
Outer socket made by using heated high-density polyethylene pipes,
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Soket luar dibuat dari pipa HDPE,
10:15
rather than using heated sheets.
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menggantikan lembaran logam.
10:18
And unique high-ankle design and human-like looks,
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Dan rancangan tumit tinggi dan tampilan yg mirip asli,
10:21
[unclear] and functions.
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tekstur dan fungsinya.
10:23
And I like to show how it looks
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Dan saya akan tunjukkan seperti apa
10:25
and how it works.
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dan bagaimana cara kerjanya.
10:33
(Music)
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(musik)
10:37
See, he jumps. You can see what stress it must have.
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Lihat, dia melompat. Bisa disaksikan tekanan yang terjadi.
10:40
(Text: ... any person with a below the knee limb could do this.
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(teks... setiap orang dengan kaki utuh dapat melakukan ini.
10:42
... above the limb, yes, it would be difficult ...
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tapi kalau tidak punya tungkai bawah, ini menjadi sulit...
10:45
"Did it hurt?"
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"Sakitkah ?"
10:47
"No ... not at all."
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"Tidak... sama sekali tidak."
10:58
... he can run a kilometer in four minutes and 30 seconds ...)
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...dia bisa tempuh satu kilometer dalam empat setengah menit...)
11:00
One kilometer in four minutes and 30 seconds.
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Satu kilometer dalam empat setengah menit.
11:02
(Applause)
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(tepuk tangan)
11:15
So that's what it is all about.
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Itulah maksud saya.
11:17
And therefore Time took notice
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Majalah Time mempublikasikan
11:19
of this 28-dollar foot, basically.
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kaki buatan seharga 28 dollar ini.
11:21
(Applause)
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(tepuk tangan)
11:24
An incredible story.
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Cerita yang luar biasa.
11:27
Let's move on to something else.
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Mari kita bicarakan hal lain.
11:29
I've been talking about getting more from less for more.
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Saya telah banyak membicarakan tentang mendapatkan lebih banyak dari lebih sedikit untuk lebih banyak orang.
11:31
Let's move to health.
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Mari kita bicara tentang kesehatan.
11:33
We've talked about mobility and the rest of it, let's talk about health.
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Kita sudah berbicara tentang mobilitas, mari kita berbicara tentang kesehatan.
11:36
What's happening in the area of health?
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Apa yang terjadi di bidang kesehatan ?
11:38
You know, you have new diseases that require new drugs.
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Setiap penyakit baru membutuhkan obat baru.
11:41
And if you look at the drug development 10 years ago and now,
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Dan kalau dilihat dari perkembangan obat-obatan 10 tahun terakhir
11:43
what has happened?
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apa yang terjadi ?
11:45
10 years ago, it used to cost about a quarter billion.
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10 tahun yang lalu, biayanya seperempat milyar.
11:47
Today it costs 1.5 billion dollars.
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Sekarang 1.5 milyar dolar.
11:51
Time taken for moving a molecule to marketplace,
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Waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk sampai ke pasar
11:54
after all the human and animal testing,
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setelah diujikan pada manusia dan hewan
11:57
was 10 years, now it is 15 years.
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adalah 10 tahun, sekarang 15 tahun.
12:00
Are you getting more drugs because you are spending more time and more money?
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Apakah Anda dapat lebih banyak obat karena punya lebih banyak waktu dan uang ?
12:03
No, I'm sorry.
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Tidak, maaf.
12:05
We used to have 40, now they have come down to 30.
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Dulu kita punya 40 sekarang 30.
12:08
So actually we are getting less from more
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Jadi kita mendapatkan lebihs sedikit dari lebih banyak
12:10
for less and less people.
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untuk makin sedikit orang.
12:12
Why less and less people? Because it is so expensive,
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Kenapa bisa makin sedikit orang ? Karena sangkin mahalnya
12:14
so very few will be able to basically afford that.
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sehingga sangat sedikit yang mampu membelinya.
12:18
Let us just take an example.
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Mari kita ambil satu contoh
12:20
Psoriasis is very dreadful
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Psoriasis adalah penyakit kulit
12:22
disease of the skin.
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yang sangat mematikan.
12:24
The cost of treatment, 20,000 dollars.
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Biaya perawatannya USD 20.000.
12:26
1,000-dollar antibody injections under the skin, by the way,
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USD 1000 untuk suntikan antibodi dibawah kulit
12:29
and 20 of them.
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sebanyak 20 kali.
12:31
Time for development -- it took around 10 years
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Waktu pengembangan -- kurang lebih 10 tahun
12:33
and 700 million dollars.
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dan 700 milyar dollar.
12:35
Let's start in the spirit
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Mari memulai dengan semangat
12:37
of more from less and more for more
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mendapatkan lebih banyak dari lebih sedikit untuk lebih banyak orang.
12:39
and start putting some targets.
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dan mencanangkan target.
12:42
For example, we don't want 20,000 dollars; we don't have it.
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Misalnya, kita tidak mau USD 20.000, kami tidak punya.
12:45
Can we do it [for] 100 dollars?
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Bisakah didapatkan dengan USD 100 ?
12:47
Time for development, not 10 years.
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Waktu pengembangan, bukan 10 tahun
12:49
We are in a hurry. Five years.
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Kita terburu-buru. Lima tahun.
12:51
Cost of development -- 300 million dollars.
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Biaya pengembangan -- 300 juta dolar.
12:53
Sorry. I can't spend more than 10 million dollars.
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Maaf, tidak bisa bayar lebih dari 10 juta dollar.
12:55
Looks absolutely audacious.
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Kelihatannya betul-betul nekad.
12:57
Looks absolutely ridiculous.
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Betul-betul konyol.
12:59
You know something? This has been achieved in India.
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Tahukah Anda? Ini sudah tercapai di India.
13:02
These targets have been achieved in India.
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Target ini sudah tercapai di India.
13:04
And how they have been achieved ...
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Dan bagaimana cara mencapainya ...
13:06
Sir Francis Bacon once said,
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Sir Francis Bacon pernah bilang
13:08
"When you wish to achieve results
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"Ketika Anda mengharapkan hasil
13:10
that have not been achieved before,
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yang belum pernah dicapai sebelumnya,
13:12
it is an unwise fancy to think
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adalah tidak bijaksana untuk berpikir
13:14
that they can be achieved by using methods
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semuanya bisa dicapai dengan metode
13:16
that have been used before."
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yang telah dipakai sebelumnya."
13:18
And therefore, the standard process,
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Jadi prosedur baku dimana Anda
13:20
where you develop a molecule, put it into mice, into men,
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mengembangkan obat, diuji pada tikus, pada manusia
13:22
are not yielding those results --
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tidak berhasil --
13:24
the billions of dollars that have been spent.
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miliaran dollar telah dihabiskan.
13:26
The Indian cleverness
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Kecerdikan orang India
13:28
was using its traditional knowledge,
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adalah menggunakan pengetahuan tradisional,
13:31
however, scientifically validating it
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tapi dengan pembuktian ilmiah
13:33
and making that journey from men to mice to men,
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dan mengujinya dengan manusia, tikus dan ke manusia lagi
13:36
not molecule to mice to men, you know.
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bukan obat, tikus dan manusia.
13:38
And that is how this difference has come.
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Itulah yang membuat perbedaan
13:40
And you can see this blending
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Anda bisa menyaksikan perpaduan
13:42
of traditional medicine, modern medicine, modern science.
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obat tradisional, obat modern dan ilmu modern.
13:44
I launched a big program
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Saya meluncurkan program besar
13:46
[unclear] CSIR about nine years ago.
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[tidak jelas] CSIR sekitar 9 tahun yg lalu.
13:49
He is giving us not just for Psoriasis,
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Yang memberi jalan tidak hanya bagi Psoriasis,
13:51
for cancer and a whole range of things, changing the whole paradigm.
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tapi bagi kanker dan lainnya, merubah semua paradigma.
13:54
And you can see this Indian Psoriasis breakthrough
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Dan terobosan psoriasis India ini
13:56
obtained by this reverse form of [unclear]
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didapat dengan bentuk terbalik dari farmakologi
13:58
by doing things differently.
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dengan melakukannya dengan cara yg berbeda
14:00
You can see before treatment and after treatment.
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Anda bisa lihat perbandingan sebelum dan sesudah perawatan.
14:03
This is really getting more from less for more and more people,
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Yang didapat makin banyak dengan mengurangi bagi makin banyak orang,
14:06
because these are all affordable treatments now.
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karena sekarang perawatan ini terjangkau.
14:09
Let me just remind you
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Izinkan saya mengingatkanAnda
14:12
of what Mahatma Gandhi had said.
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apa yang dikatakan Mahatma Gandhi.
14:14
He had said, "Earth provides enough
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Dia berkata bahwa "Bumi bisa memuaskan
14:17
to satisfy every man's need, but not every man's greed."
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kebutuhan setiap manusia, tapi tidak setiap keserakahan manusia."
14:20
So the message he was giving us
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Jadi pesan yg dia sampaikan adalah
14:22
was you must get more from less and less and less
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Anda harus mendapatkan lebih dari sumber yang sesedikit mungkin
14:25
so that you can share it for more and more people,
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supaya bisa Anda bagikan pada makin banyak orang
14:27
not only the current generation,
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tidak hanya generasi sekarang,
14:29
but the future generations.
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tapi juga generasi selanjutnya
14:31
And he also said, "I would prize every invention of science
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Gandhi juga bilang, "Saya akan hargai setiap penemuan ilmiah
14:34
made for the benefit for all."
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yang diperuntukan bagi keuntungan semua orang."
14:36
So he was giving you the message that you must have it for more and more people,
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Jadi pesannya adalah kita harus berikan pada makin banyak orang
14:39
not just a few people.
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bukan hanya beberapa.
14:41
And therefore, ladies and gentlemen,
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Karena itu, bapak ibu sekalian,
14:43
this is the theme, getting more
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inilah tema kita, mendapatkan lebih banyak
14:45
from less for more.
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dengan lebih sedikit bagi banyak orang.
14:47
And mind you,
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Dan ingat,
14:49
it is not getting just a little more for just a little less.
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ini bukan sekedar mendapatkan lebih sedikit dengan mengurangi sedikit.
14:52
It's not about low cost.
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Ini bukan tentang biaya rendah.
14:54
It's about ultra-low cost.
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Tapi biaya super rendah.
14:56
You cannot say it's a mere treatment 10,000 dollars,
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Ini bukan sekedar bilang untuk perawatan seharga USD 10.000
14:58
but because you are poor I'll give it for 9,000.
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karena Anda tidak mampu saya berikan USD 9000
15:01
Sorry, it doesn't work. You have to give it for 100 dollars, 200 dollars.
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Maaf, tidak begitu caranya. Anda harus berikan USD 100, USD 200.
15:04
Is it possible? It has been made possible, by the way,
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Apakah mungkin ? Dapat dimungkinkan
15:07
for certain other different reasons.
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dengan alasan yang berbeda.
15:10
So you are not talking about low cost, you are talking about ultra-low cost.
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Jadi ini bukan biaya murah, tapi biaya super murah.
15:13
You are not talking about affordability,
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Kita tidak bicara berbicara tentang keterjangkauan
15:15
you are talking about extreme affordability.
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tapi keterjangkauan ekstrim.
15:17
Because of the four billion people whose income is under two dollars a day.
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Karena dari empat milyar orang berpendapatan kurang dari dua dollar per hari.
15:21
You're not talking exclusive innovation.
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Tidak cukup dengan inovasi eksklusif.
15:24
You're talking about inclusive innovation.
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Harus dengan inovasi inklusif.
15:27
And therefore, you're not talking about incremental innovation,
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Dan karena itu, tidak cukup dengan inovasi bertahap,
15:29
you're talking about disruptive innovation.
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tapi harus dengan inovasi radikal.
15:31
The ideas have to be such
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Idenya harus sedemikian sehingga
15:33
that you think in completely different terms.
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memaksa Anda berpikir dengan cara yang sama sekali berbeda.
15:36
And I would also add,
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Dan perlu saya tambahkan
15:38
it is not only getting more from less for more
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ini tidak hanya tentang mendapatkan lebih banyak dari lebih sedikit bagi banyak
15:40
by more and more people, the whole world working for it.
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oleh makin banyak orang, seluruh dunia bekerja untuk mewujudkannya.
15:43
I was very touched when I saw a breakthrough the other day.
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Saya sangat tersentuh ketika melihat sebuah terobosan tempo hari.
15:46
You know, incubators for infants, for example.
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Anda tahu, inkubator untuk bayi, misalnya
15:48
They're not available in Africa.
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Tidak tersedia di Afrika.
15:50
They're not available in Indian villages.
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Di desa-desa India juga tidak tersedia
15:52
And infants die.
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Dan banyak bayi meninggal karenanya.
15:54
And incubator costs 2,000 dollars.
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Harganya USD 2000.
15:57
And there's a 25-dollar incubator
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Lalu muncul inkubator seharga USD 25
15:59
giving that performance that had been created.
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Dengan kualitas yang sama.
16:01
And by whom?
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Siapakah penciptanya?
16:03
By young students from Standford University
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Mahasiswa-mahasiswa universitas Standford
16:06
on an extreme affordability project that they had, basically.
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dengan proyek beranggaran rendah.
16:09
Their heart is in the right place, like Ratan Tata.
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Nurani mereka ada di tempat yang benar, seperti Ratan Tata.
16:12
It's not just innovation, compassion and passion --
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Ini bukan hanya tentang inovasi, kasih dan gairah --
16:15
compassion in the heart and passion in the belly.
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Kasih di hati dan gairah di perut.
16:17
That's the new world that we want to create.
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Itu dunia baru yang ingin kita ciptakan.
16:20
And that is why the message is that of Gandhian engineering.
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Yang menjadi landasan rekayasa Gandhi.
16:22
Ladies and gentlemen, I'd like to end before time.
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Bapak ibu sekalian, saya ingin mengakhiri sebelum waktunya.
16:25
I was also afraid of those 18 minutes.
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Saya juga takut pada batas 18 menit itu.
16:27
I've still one and a half to go.
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Saya masih punya satu setengah menit.
16:29
The message, the final message, is this:
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Pesannya, pesan terakhirnya, adalah ini :
16:32
India gave a great gift to the world.
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India telah banyak memberkahi dunia.
16:35
What was that?
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Apa saja itu?
16:37
[In the] 20th century, we gave Gandhi to the world.
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Di abad-20, kami berikan Gandhi pada dunia.
16:40
The 21st century gift,
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Berkah di abad-21
16:42
which is very, very important for the whole world,
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yang sangat, sangat penting bagi dunia,
16:44
whether it is global economic meltdown,
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baik untuk mengatasi runtuhnya ekonomi global
16:46
whether it is climate change --
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untuk perubahan cuaca --
16:48
any problem that you talk about
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untuk masalah apa saja
16:50
is gaining more from less for more and more --
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dapat diatasi dengan prinsip mendapat lebih dengan mengurangi bagi yang banyak
16:52
not only the current generations,
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tidak hanya generasi sekarang,
16:54
for the future generations.
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tapi juga untuk generasi mendatang.
16:56
And that can come only from Gandhian engineering.
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Dan itu hanya bisa terwujud dengan rekayasa Gandhi.
16:58
So ladies and gentlemen, I'm very happy to announce,
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Jadi Bapak Ibu sekalian, dengan bahagia saya umumkan,
17:01
this gift of the 21st century
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berkah di abad ke-21
17:03
to the world from India,
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pada dunia dari India,
17:05
Gandhian engineering.
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Rekayasa Gandhi.
17:07
(Applause)
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(tepuk tangan)
17:15
Lakshmi Pratury: Thank you, Dr. Mashelkar. (R.A. Mashelkar: Thank you very much.)
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Lakshmi Pratury: Terima kasih Dr. Masheikar. (R.A Masheikar: Terima kasih banyak)
17:18
LP: A quick question for you.
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LP: Satu pertanyaan kilat buat Anda.
17:20
Now, when you were a young boy in this school,
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Semasa kecil di sekolah,
17:23
what were your thoughts, like what did you think you could become?
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apa yang Anda pikirkan, misalnya, apa cita-cita Anda ?
17:26
What do you think that drove you?
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Apa yang menggerakkan Anda ?
17:28
Was there a vision you had? What is it that drove you?
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Apakah suatu ilham ? Apa yang memotivasi Anda ?
17:31
RAM: I'll tell you a story that drove me, that transformed my life.
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RAM: Saya ceritakan apa yang menggerakkan saya, yang mengubah hidup saya.
17:34
I remember, I went to a poor school,
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Saya ingat, saya pergi ke sekolah yang miskin,
17:37
because my mother could not gather the 21 rupees,
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karena ibu saya tidak bisa membayar 21 rupees,
17:40
that half a dollar that was required
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satu setengah dollar yang diperlukan
17:42
within the stipulated time.
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dalam batas waktu yang ditentukan.
17:44
It was [unclear] high school.
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Waktu itu saya sudah SMA.
17:47
But it was a poor school with rich teachers, honestly.
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Sekolahnya miskin tapi guru-gurunya kaya.
17:50
And one of them was [unclear] who taught us physics.
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Salah satunya adalah yang mengajar fisika.
17:53
One day he took us out into the sun
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Suatu hari dia mengajak kami ke bawah sinar matahari
17:55
and tried to show us how to find
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dan mencoba menunjukkan pada kami bagaimana cara mencari
17:57
the focal length of a convex lens.
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jarak fokus lensa cekung
18:00
The lens was here. The piece of paper was there. He moved it up and down.
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Lensanya di sini. Kertas di sana. Dia menggerakkannya naik turun.
18:03
And there was a bright spot up there.
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Lalu ketika muncul titik yang terang di kertas,
18:06
And then he said, "This is the focal length."
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dia berkata, "Ini jarak fokusnya."
18:08
But then he held it for a little while, Lakshmi.
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Dia memegangnya cukup lama, Laksmi
18:11
And then the paper burned.
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Dan kertasnya terbakar.
18:13
When the paper burned, for some reason he turned to me,
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Ketika kertas itu terbakar, entah mengapa, guru itu berpaling pada saya,
18:15
and he said, "Mashelkar, like this,
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dan berkata, "Mashelkar, seperti kertas ini,
18:18
if you do not diffuse your energies,
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kalau kamu tidak hamburkan energimu,
18:20
if you focus your energies,
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kalau kamu fokuskan energimu,
18:22
you can achieve anything in the world."
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kamu bisa meraih apa saja di dunia ini."
18:25
That gave me a great message: focus and you can achieve.
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Itu pesan yang mendalam buat saya. Fokus dan kamu bisa meraihnya.
18:28
I said, "Whoa, science is so wonderful,
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Saya bilang,"Wah ilmu pengetahuan itu sungguh keren,
18:30
I have to become a scientist."
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saya harus menjadi ilmuwan."
18:32
But more importantly, focus and you can achieve.
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Tapi yang lebih penting, fokus dan Anda bisa mencapainya.
18:35
And that message, very frankly,
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Pesan itu, terus terang,
18:37
is valuable for society today.
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sangat berharga buat masyarakat sekarang.
18:39
What does that focal length do?
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Apa yang jarak fokus itu lakukan ?
18:42
It has parallel lines, which are sun rays.
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Sinar matahari itu merupakan garis-garis sejajar.
18:45
And the property of parallel lines
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Sifat dari garis sejajar adalah
18:47
is that they never meet.
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mereka tidak pernah bertemu.
18:49
What does that convex lens do?
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Apa yang lensa cekung lakukan ?
18:51
It makes them meet.
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Mempertemukan garis-garis sejajar itu.
18:53
This is convex lens leadership.
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Seperti lensa cekung itulah mestinya sebuah kepemimpinan.
18:55
You know what today's leadership is doing? Concave length.
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Tahukah Anda apa yang dilakukan pemimpin sekarang ? Seperti lensa cembung.
18:58
They divide them farther.
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Membiaskan semuanya makin jauh.
19:01
So I learned the lesson
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Jadi saya belajar
19:03
of convex lens leadership from that.
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kepemimpinan seperti lensa cekung dari itu.
19:05
And when I was at National Chemical Laboratory [unclear].
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Ketika saya masih di Laboratorium Kimia Nasional [tidak jelas].
19:08
When I was at Council of Scientific Industry Research --
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Ketika saya di Dewan Riset Ilmu Pengetahuan Industri --
19:10
40 laboratories -- when two laboratories were not talking to each other,
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40 laboratorium -- ketika dua laboratorium tidak berkomunikasi,
19:12
I would [unclear].
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saya akan menjembataninya.
19:15
And currently I'm president of Global Research Alliance,
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dan saat ini saya presiden persekutuan riset global,
19:17
60,000 scientists in nine counties, right from India to the U.S.
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60.000 ilmuwan dari sembilan negara, dari India hingga AS.
19:20
I'm trying to build a global team,
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Saya mencoba membangun tim global
19:23
which will look at the global grand challenges that the world is facing.
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yang akan mengkaji tantangan global dahsyat yang dihadapi dunia.
19:26
That was the lesson. That was the inspirational moment.
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itulah pelajarannya. itulah momen penuh ilham
19:28
LP: Thank you very much. (RAM: Thank you.)
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LP: Terima kasih banyak. (RAM: Terima kasih)
19:31
(Applause)
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(Tepuk tangan)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
R.A. Mashelkar - Scientist, innovatorUsing a principle he calls “convex lens leadership,” R.A. Mashelkar’s vision has catapulted india’s talent for science and innovation onto the international stage.
Why you should listen
R.A. Mashelkar holds a long list of directorships, degrees and awards, all focused on advancing science and inclusive innovation in india. He's the president of the Global Research Alliance. While promoting and leading research agencies, he also has spearheaded efforts to protect traditional knowledge and expand intellectual property rights.
Known for his pioneering scientific contributions in polymer science, he is now propagating the principles of gandhian engineering, a system of development aligned with sustainability principles to create more useful goods and services for more people using fewer resources.
R.A. Mashelkar | Speaker | TED.com