TEDIndia 2009
R.A. Mashelkar: Breakthrough designs for ultra-low-cost products
R.A. Mashelkar:超低成本產品的突破性設計
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工程師RA Mashelkar分享來自於印度的三個故事，在其中他們透過由下而上的反思，配合一些聰明的工程，把原本昂貴的產品（汽車、義肢）轉變為人人都負擔得起。
R.A. Mashelkar - Scientist, innovator
Using a principle he calls “convex lens leadership,” R.A. Mashelkar’s vision has catapulted india’s talent for science and innovation onto the international stage. Full bio
Using a principle he calls “convex lens leadership,” R.A. Mashelkar’s vision has catapulted india’s talent for science and innovation onto the international stage. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
The big residual
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可以遺留下來的東西
00:17
is always value for money.
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總是有價值的
00:19
All the time we are trying to get value for money.
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我們總是試著去獲取金錢的價值
00:22
What we don't look for
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而在我們創造金錢價值的時候
00:24
is value for many,
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我們所沒有做到的
00:26
while we are generating value for money.
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是追求大眾的價值
00:29
Do we care about those four billion people
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我們是否曾關心
00:31
whose income levels are less than two dollars a day,
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那些每天收入不到2元美金的40億人口
00:33
the so-called bottom of the pyramid?
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也就是所謂的金字塔底層的人們？
00:36
What are the challenges in getting value for money
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在我們獲取金錢的價值，也同時去爭取大眾價值的時候
00:39
as well as value for many?
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其中所產生的挑戰是什麼？
00:41
We have described here
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在此
00:43
in terms of the performance
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我們將以性能和價格的角度
00:45
and the price.
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來闡述這個議題
00:47
If you have money, of course, you can get the value.
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如果你擁有金錢，理所當然你可以獲得價值
00:50
You can get a Mercedes
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你可以用很高的價錢
00:52
for a very high price,
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去買一部賓士車
00:54
very high performance.
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它有非常優異的性能
00:56
But if you don't have money, what happens?
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但是如果你沒有錢的話,那會怎樣？
00:59
Well, you are to ride a bicycle,
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那你就必須騎著腳踏車
01:01
carrying your own weight and also some other weight,
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承載你自己的重量，加上其他物品的重量
01:04
so that you can earn the bread for the day.
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這樣你才可以賺取日常所需的麵包
01:07
Well, poor do not remain poor;
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儘管貧窮不會永遠保持貧窮
01:09
they become lower-middle-class.
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他們可以變成中低階層
01:11
And if they do so,
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如果真的可以這樣
01:13
then, of course, the conditions improve,
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那生活的條件就得以改善
01:15
and they start riding on scooters.
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然後他們就開始騎摩托車
01:18
But the challenge is, again, they don't get much value,
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然而同樣地，其中的挑戰是他們並沒有獲得太多的價值
01:21
because they can't afford anything more than the scooter.
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因為他們無法負擔其他價錢超過摩托車的東西
01:25
The issue is, at that price,
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問題是，在這個價格之下
01:27
can you give them some extra value?
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你是否可以給予他們額外的價值？
01:30
A super value,
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那是一種超級的價值
01:32
in terms of their ability to ride in a car,
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讓他們可以藉由開車
01:34
to get that dignity, to get that safety,
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而獲得尊嚴、獲得安全
01:37
looks practically impossible, isn't it.
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這看起來在實務上並不可行，不是嗎？
01:40
Now, this is something
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接下來
01:42
that we see on Indian streets
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這就是我們在印度的街頭上
01:44
all the time.
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常常可以看到的景象
01:46
But many people see the same thing
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但是許多人看到同樣的事情之後
01:48
and think things differently,
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然後產生有不同的想法
01:51
and one of them is here, Ratan Tata.
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其中之一便是Ratan Tata
01:56
The great thing about our leaders
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我們的領導人有一件為大的事蹟
01:58
is that, should they not only have passion in their belly,
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就是他們不只要有滿腹的熱情
02:02
which practically all of them have,
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實際上他們都是這樣做
02:04
they're also very innovative.
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另一方面, 他們還非常有創造性
02:06
An innovator is one who does not know it cannot be done.
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所謂創造者就是那些不知道事情無法完成的人
02:09
They believe that things can be done.
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他們相信事情可以完成
02:11
But great leaders like Ratan
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但是像Ratan這樣的偉大領導人
02:13
have compassion.
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懷抱著熱情
02:15
And what you said, Lakshmi, is absolutely true:
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豐盛女神Lakshmi，您所說的話是百分之百正確的
02:17
it's not just Ratan Tata,
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不只是 Ratan Tata
02:19
it's the house of Tatas over time.
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還有整個Tatas之家
02:21
Let me confirm what she said.
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讓我們來看一下她說過的話
02:23
Yes, I went barefoot
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直到12歲以前
02:26
until I was 12.
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我都是光著赤腳
02:28
I struggled to [unclear] day
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我每天都要和環境對抗
02:30
was a huge issue.
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對我來說那是一件很大的事情
02:32
And when I finished my SSC, the eleventh standard,
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後來當我完成SSC,第11等級的時候
02:35
I stood eleventh among 125,000 students.
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我在12萬5千名學生中排名第11
02:38
But I was about to leave the school,
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但是我卻必須離開學校
02:40
because my poor mother couldn't afford schooling.
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因為貧窮的母親無法負擔讓我繼續上學的費用
02:42
And it was [unclear] Tata Trust, which gave me six rupees per month,
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後來是Tata 信託每個月提供給我6盧比
02:45
almost a dollar per month for six years.
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那幾乎是每個月1元美金，連續提供6年
02:48
That's how I'm standing before you.
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那也是我今天可以站在大家面前的原因
02:50
So that is the House of Tata.
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這就是Tata之家
02:52
(Applause)
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鼓掌
02:55
Innovation, compassion and passion.
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創新,憐憫與熱情
02:57
They combine all that.
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他們將這些結合起來
02:59
And it was that compassion which bothered them,
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然而憐憫, 卻也造成他們的困擾
03:02
because when he saw -- in fact, he told me about eight or nine years ago
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因為當他看到-- 事實上, 他在大概在8,9年前跟我提起
03:05
how he was driving his own car --
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他那時開著自己的車
03:08
he drives his own car by the way --
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在路上開著車
03:11
and he saw in the rain,
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然後他看到
03:13
a family like the one that I showed to you
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有一家子的人, 就像我剛剛給各位看的
03:15
getting drenched with an infant.
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在傾盆大雨中全身濕透, 其中還包括一個小嬰兒
03:17
And then he said, "Well, I must give them a car that they can afford,
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他那時想, "嗯, 我一定要給他們一部他們負擔得起的車子"
03:20
one lakh car, $2,000 car."
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一部價錢10萬盧筆的車子,換算後是2000美元
03:23
Of course, as soon as you say something like this
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想當然爾, 當你談到這種事情時
03:25
people say it is impossible,
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人們會立刻說, 這是不可能達成的
03:27
and that's what was said by Suzuki.
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Suzuki當時就這樣講的
03:29
He said, oh, probably he is going to build a three-wheeler
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他說, 喔, 他們大概是要
03:32
with stepney.
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建造一輛三輪摩托車吧！
03:34
And you can see the cartoon here.
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我們來看看這部卡通
03:36
Well they didn't build that. They built a proper car. Nano.
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他們並沒有建造一輛三輪摩托車！他們做了一台適合的汽車,名為Nano.
03:40
And mind you, I'm six feet half an inch,
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提醒你們, 我的身高有6英尺半英吋
03:42
Ratan is taller than me,
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而Ratan則比我還高
03:44
and we have ample space in the front
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當我們在這輛特別的車裡的時候
03:47
and ample space in the back in this particular car.
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我們的頭頂還有很充裕的空間,背後也有充裕的空間
03:50
And incredible car.
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這是一部很棒的車
03:52
And of course, nothing succeeds like success;
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當然, 沒有什麼事情比成功更加成功
03:55
the cynics then turned around,
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接著諷刺者出現了
03:58
and one after the other
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一個接著一個
04:00
they also started saying, "Yes, we also want to make a car in the Nano Segment.
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他們開始說"是的,我們也要在Nano的市場區隔裡做一輛車
04:03
We'll manufacture a car in the Nano Segment."
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我們也要在Nano的市場區隔裡生產一輛車""
04:06
How did this great story unfold,
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在這個這個偉大的故事裡
04:09
the making of Nano?
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他們是如何呈現Nano的製作過程？
04:11
Let me tell you a bit about it.
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讓我來稍微透露一點端倪
04:13
For example, how we started:
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例如說,這一切是如開始的
04:16
Ratan just began with a five-engineer team,
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起初Ratan跟一個5人工程師團隊
04:19
young people in their mid-twenties.
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大概25歲左右的年輕人
04:22
And he said,
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他說
04:24
"Well, I won't define the vehicle for you,
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我將不會給你們車子的定義
04:26
but I will define the cost for you.
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但我會界定出成本
04:28
It is one lakh, 100,000 rupees,
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成本是10萬盧比
04:30
and you are to make it within that."
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而你們必須在這個成本之內做出車子來
04:32
And he told them,
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他也告訴他們
04:34
"Question the unquestionable.
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去質疑原本不容質疑的事情
04:36
Stretch the envelope."
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去延伸極限
04:38
And at a point in time,
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在某個時間點上
04:40
he got so engrossed in the whole challenge,
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他全神貫注地去面對所有的挑戰
04:42
that he himself became a member of the team.
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以致於他自己也變成了團隊中的一員
04:44
Can you believe it?
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你能相信嗎？
04:46
I still am told about this story
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到現在他仍在告訴我有關
04:48
of that single wiper design in which he participated.
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他參與了其中一個刮水器設計的故事
04:51
Until midnight, he'd be thinking.
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他徹夜思考
04:53
Early morning he'll be coming back with sort of solutions.
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隔天一早他就會帶著答案回來
04:56
But who was the team leader?
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但誰是這個團隊的領導者呢？
04:58
The team leader was Girish Wagh,
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團隊的領導者是Girish Wagh
05:00
a 34 year-old boy in [unclear].
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一個34歲的男生
05:02
And the Nano team average age
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而這個Nano團隊的平均年齡
05:04
was just 27 years.
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是27歲
05:06
And they did innovation in design and beyond.
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由他們從事設計及其他的創新
05:10
Broke many norms of the standard conventions for the first time.
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這是有史以來第一次打破傳統的標準規範
05:13
For example, that a two-cylinder gas engine
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例如, 裝置在平衡軸上的
05:16
was used in a car with a single balancer shaft.
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雙汽缸的汽油引擎
05:19
Adhesives were replacing the rivets.
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用黏著劑代替鉚釘
05:22
There was a co-creation, a huge co-creation,
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那是一個賣家和供應商之間
05:25
with vendors and suppliers.
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的一種共同創造, 一個龐大的共同創造
05:27
All ideas on board were welcome.
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歡迎所有被提出來的點子
05:29
100 vendors were co-located adjacent to the plant,
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100個供應商在工廠裡共同努力
05:32
and innovative business models for automobile dealerships were developed.
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另一方面,也發展了創新的汽車經銷模式
05:35
Imagine that a fellow
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想像一下
05:37
who sells cloth, for example, will be selling Nano.
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有一個人原本在賣衣服，現在要轉行銷售Nano
05:40
I mean, it was incredible innovation.
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我的意思是, 這是一個很棒的創舉
05:43
Seeking solutions for non-auto sectors.
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為非汽車產業的人尋找答案
05:46
It was an open innovation,
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這是一個開放性的創新
05:48
ideas from all over were welcome.
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歡迎所有的點子
05:50
The mechanism of helicopters seats and windows was used, by the way,
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對了, 連直昇機的座位和窗戶設計也用上了
05:53
as well as a dashboard
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另外還有儀表板
05:55
that was inspired by two-wheelers.
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這個靈感是來自於兩輪車
05:57
The fuel lines and lamps
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我們用的燃料管線及燈座
05:59
were as in two-wheelers.
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與兩輪車使用的一樣
06:02
And the crux of the matter was, however,
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然而,事情的關鍵是
06:04
getting more from less.
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從"較少"的基礎上去獲得更多東西
06:07
All the time, you have been given an envelope.
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一直以來, 我們一直處在既定的限制下
06:09
You can't cross that envelope,
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我們無法跨越限制
06:11
which is 100,000 rupees, 2,000 dollars.
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那就是10萬盧比,也就是2000美元
06:14
And therefore, each component
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因此,每一個零件
06:16
had to have a dual functionality.
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都必須有雙重的功能
06:19
And the seat riser, for example,
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以座位升降器來說
06:21
serving as a mounting for the seat
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除了可以用來固定座椅
06:23
as well as a structural part
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它本身也是
06:25
of the functional rigidity.
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功能結構的一部份
06:27
Half the number of parts
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相較於傳統的客車
06:29
are contained in Nano
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Nano涵蓋了
06:31
in comparison to a typical passenger car.
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半數的零件
06:34
The length is smaller by eight percent by the way.
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但車子的長度卻少了8％
06:36
But the current entry-level cars
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相較於市面上的入門款汽車
06:38
in comparison to that is eight percent less,
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它的長度少8％
06:40
but 21 percent more inside space.
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卻多了21％的車內空間
06:45
And what happened
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這就是所謂的
06:47
was that -- more from less --
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從"較少"的基礎上去獲得更多東西
06:49
you can see how much more for how much less.
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你可以發現因為減少而可以增加多少東西
06:52
When the Model T was launched --
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當福特的Model T剛推出的時候
06:54
and this is, by the way, all the figures
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如果把數字
06:56
that are adjusted to 2007 dollar prices --
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調整成2007年的價格水準
06:59
Model T was 19,700 by Ford.
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價格是1萬9千7百元
07:02
Volkswagon was 11,333.
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福斯是1萬1千3百3十3元
07:05
And British Motor was around 11,000.
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British Motor大概是1萬1千元
07:08
And Nano was, bang, 2,000 dollars.
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而Nano, 只有2千元
07:12
This is why
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這就是為什麼
07:14
you started
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我們開啟了
07:16
actually a new paradigm shift,
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一個新的典範移轉
07:19
where the same people
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在其中
07:22
who could not dream of sitting in a car,
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原本不敢夢想可以坐在車子裡的人們
07:24
who were carrying their entire family in a scooter,
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原本必須在摩托車上擠著全家人的人們
07:26
started dreaming of being in a car.
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開始可以想著坐在車子裡的景象
07:29
And those dreams are getting fulfilled.
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這些夢想已經開始實現了
07:32
This is a photograph
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在這張照片裡
07:34
of a house and a driver and a car
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是在我家附近的
07:36
near my own home.
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一間房子, 一位駕駛者和一輛車
07:38
The driver's name is Naran.
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駕駛的名字是Naran
07:40
He has bought his own Nano.
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他買了屬於他自己的Nano
07:42
And you can see, there is a physical space
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我們可以看到,
07:44
that has been created for him,
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他擁有一個為他創造的實體空間
07:46
parking that car, along with the owner's car,
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和擁有者的著車子一樣去把那輛車停好
07:49
but more importantly, they've created
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但更重要的是
07:52
a space in their mind that
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在他們心裡的一個空間
07:54
"Yes, my chauffeur is going to come in his own car and park it."
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"我的司機將要進到車子裡然後去停車"
07:57
And that's why I call it a transformational innovation.
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這就是為什麼我稱它為一種轉變性的創新
08:01
It is not just technological,
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這不只是技術上的
08:04
it is social innovation that we talk about.
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我們在講的是一種社會性的創新
08:07
And that is where, ladies and gentlemen,
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女士先生們,
08:10
this famous theme
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這就是從"較少"的基礎上去獲得更多東西
08:12
of getting more from less for more
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這個著名的主題
08:15
becomes important.
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變得重要的原因
08:17
I remember talking about this for the first time in Australia,
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我記得當我在澳洲第一次談論這個主題的時候
08:20
about one and a half years ago,
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那大概是1年半以前
08:22
when their academy honored me with a fellowship.
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當他們給我學術研究金的榮耀時
08:25
And unbelievably, in 40 years,
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難以置信的是,40年以來
08:27
I was the first Indian to be honored.
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我是第一位接受這份榮耀的印度人
08:29
And the title of my talk
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我演講的標題
08:31
was therefore "Indian innovation
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是"印度式的創新,
08:33
from Gandhi to Gandhian engineering."
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從甘地到甘地主義工程"
08:36
And I titled this more from less for more and more people
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我把這個標題"從較少的基礎上去獲得更多東西"
08:39
as Gandhian engineering.
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定義為甘地主義工程
08:41
And Gandhian engineering, in my judgment,
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甘地主義工程, 在我的判斷裡
08:43
is the one which is going to take the world forward,
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是一種引領世界向前走
08:46
is going to make a difference,
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然後去創造差異
08:48
not just for a few, but for everyone.
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不是為了少數人, 而是為了每一個人
08:50
Let me move from mobility in a car to individual mobility
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讓我從車子的移動跳到那些
08:53
for those unfortunates
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失去雙腳而不幸的人
08:55
who have lost their legs.
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他們的個人移動問題
08:57
Here is an American citizen and his son
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這是一位美國人
09:00
having an artificial foot.
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以及他那裝義肢的兒子
09:02
What is its price? 20,000 dollars.
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價錢是多少呢？ 2萬美金
09:05
And of course, these feet are so designed
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這些義肢經過特殊的設計
09:08
that they can walk only on
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他們只能行走在
09:11
such perfect pavement or roads.
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非常平整的路面或道路上
09:13
Unfortunately, that's not the case in India.
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不幸的是, 印度的道路並非如此
09:16
You can see him walk barefoot
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可以看到他赤腳
09:18
on an awkward land, sometimes in a marshy land,
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走在荊棘的道路上, 有時候是在沼澤地
09:20
and so on and so forth.
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諸如此類
09:22
More importantly,
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更重要的是
09:24
they not only walk far to work,
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他們不只是走路去上班
09:26
and not only do they cycle to work,
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騎腳踏車也是一樣
09:28
but they cycle for work, as you can see here.
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就像我們可以看到的,他們騎腳踏車是為了工作
09:31
And they climb up for their work.
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他們為了工作而努力往上爬
09:34
You have to design an artificial foot for such conditions.
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為了因應這種狀況,我們必須設計人工義肢
09:37
A challenge, of course.
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當然,這是一項挑戰
09:39
Four billion people, their incomes are less then two dollars a day.
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有40億的人口, 他們的每日收入少於2元美金
09:42
And if you talk about a 20,000-dollar shoe,
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如果是每一個價值2萬美元的鞋子
09:44
you're talking about 10,000 days of income.
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那就是1萬天的工作收入
09:47
You just don't have it.
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根本無法負擔
09:49
And therefore, you ought to look at alternatives.
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因此我們必須思考其他的替代方案
09:51
And that is how Jaipur Foot was created in India.
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這也是印度Jaipur義肢的由來
09:54
It had a revolutionary prosthetic fitment and delivery system,
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它具備了革命性的義肢裝置及傳達系統
09:58
a quick molding and modular components,
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配件的模具可以快速製造,
10:01
enabling custom-made, on-the-spot limb fitments.
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一種可以客製化, 立即裝置的肢體裝備
10:05
You could feel it actually in an hour, by the way,
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事實上,我們可以在一小時之內完成
10:07
whereas the equivalent other feet
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而其他同等級的義肢
10:09
took something like a day, as so on.
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卻要花上一天以上的時間
10:11
Outer socket made by using heated high-density polyethylene pipes,
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外部的底座是用加熱過的高密度聚乙烯管子所打造的
10:15
rather than using heated sheets.
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而非使用一般加熱過的薄板
10:18
And unique high-ankle design and human-like looks,
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另外還有獨特的高腳踝設計, 以及和人體看起來一樣的外觀
10:21
[unclear] and functions.
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以及其他功能
10:23
And I like to show how it looks
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我想展示一下它的外觀
10:25
and how it works.
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以及它是如何使用的
10:33
(Music)
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音樂
10:37
See, he jumps. You can see what stress it must have.
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這個人跳了起來, 可以見得它足以承受壓力
10:40
(Text: ... any person with a below the knee limb could do this.
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任何裝上這個人工膝蓋的人都可以做到
10:42
... above the limb, yes, it would be difficult ...
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在這個義肢上面, 顯得有點困難
10:45
"Did it hurt?"
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容易受傷嗎？
10:47
"No ... not at all."
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一點都不會
10:58
... he can run a kilometer in four minutes and 30 seconds ...)
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他可以在4分30秒之內跑完1公里
11:00
One kilometer in four minutes and 30 seconds.
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4分30秒之內跑完1公里
11:02
(Applause)
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鼓掌
11:15
So that's what it is all about.
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這就是它的故事
11:17
And therefore Time took notice
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因此基本上, 時間注意到了
11:19
of this 28-dollar foot, basically.
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這個28元美金的義肢
11:21
(Applause)
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鼓掌
11:24
An incredible story.
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這是一個了不起的故事
11:27
Let's move on to something else.
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讓我們來看看別的東西
11:29
I've been talking about getting more from less for more.
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我剛剛談到從"較少"的基礎上去獲得更多東西,然後帶給更多的人
11:31
Let's move to health.
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接下來讓我們來談健康議題
11:33
We've talked about mobility and the rest of it, let's talk about health.
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我們談到移動性以及相關的議題,讓我們套用在健康上
11:36
What's happening in the area of health?
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在健康的領域上發生什麼事呢？
11:38
You know, you have new diseases that require new drugs.
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我們會新的疾病出現,這時就需要有新的藥物
11:41
And if you look at the drug development 10 years ago and now,
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如果我們觀察10年前和現在對於藥物的研發
11:43
what has happened?
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可以有什麼發現呢？
11:45
10 years ago, it used to cost about a quarter billion.
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10年前, 通常得花上2.5億美元
11:47
Today it costs 1.5 billion dollars.
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現在要15億美元
11:51
Time taken for moving a molecule to marketplace,
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要把化學分子帶到市場上, 需要花費一點時間
11:54
after all the human and animal testing,
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要經過人體和動物的測試
11:57
was 10 years, now it is 15 years.
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過去是10年,現在要等上15年
12:00
Are you getting more drugs because you are spending more time and more money?
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因為要花更多的時間和金錢,所以才會需要更多的藥物嗎？
12:03
No, I'm sorry.
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不是的
12:05
We used to have 40, now they have come down to 30.
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以前需要40種,現在減少為30種
12:08
So actually we are getting less from more
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所以事實上, 我們是"較多"的基礎上去獲得較少東西,
12:10
for less and less people.
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給越來越少的人使用
12:12
Why less and less people? Because it is so expensive,
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為什麼說是越來越少的人呢？ 因為價錢很昂貴
12:14
so very few will be able to basically afford that.
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所以只有少數人買得起
12:18
Let us just take an example.
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我來舉一個例子
12:20
Psoriasis is very dreadful
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人們非常害怕牛皮癬
12:22
disease of the skin.
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它一種皮膚病
12:24
The cost of treatment, 20,000 dollars.
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治療的成本需要2萬元美金
12:26
1,000-dollar antibody injections under the skin, by the way,
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在皮下注射抗體需要1千元
12:29
and 20 of them.
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總共需要20次
12:31
Time for development -- it took around 10 years
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開發的時間-- 大概花費10年的時間
12:33
and 700 million dollars.
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以及7億美元
12:35
Let's start in the spirit
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讓我們從精神開始談起
12:37
of more from less and more for more
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"較少"的基礎上去獲得更多東西, 然後散佈更多的人
12:39
and start putting some targets.
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以及開始設定目標
12:42
For example, we don't want 20,000 dollars; we don't have it.
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例如,我們不要2萬元美金, 因為我們根本沒有那麼多錢
12:45
Can we do it [for] 100 dollars?
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那我們可以用100元的標準來製造嗎？
12:47
Time for development, not 10 years.
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至於開發的時間, 無法有10年那麼長
12:49
We are in a hurry. Five years.
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我們的時間緊迫, 只能有5年
12:51
Cost of development -- 300 million dollars.
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開發的成本-- 3億美元
12:53
Sorry. I can't spend more than 10 million dollars.
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很抱歉！ 我無法花超過1千萬美金
12:55
Looks absolutely audacious.
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這樣的論點看起來相當大膽
12:57
Looks absolutely ridiculous.
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相當的荒謬
12:59
You know something? This has been achieved in India.
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但是你們知道嗎？在印度我們已經做到了
13:02
These targets have been achieved in India.
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這些目標我們已經在印度達成了
13:04
And how they have been achieved ...
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是如何達成呢？
13:06
Sir Francis Bacon once said,
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Francis Bacon先生曾經說過
13:08
"When you wish to achieve results
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當你想要達成
13:10
that have not been achieved before,
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過往未曾達成的目標時
13:12
it is an unwise fancy to think
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如果你以為繼續使用過往的老方法
13:14
that they can be achieved by using methods
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就可以做到的話
13:16
that have been used before."
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那是非常不智的想法
13:18
And therefore, the standard process,
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因此, 以前的標準程序
13:20
where you develop a molecule, put it into mice, into men,
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開發一種化學分子,然後在老鼠、人體上做測試
13:22
are not yielding those results --
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將無法產生那些新的結果
13:24
the billions of dollars that have been spent.
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徒然花費數十億美元
13:26
The Indian cleverness
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印度人聰明地
13:28
was using its traditional knowledge,
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使用他們傳統的知識
13:31
however, scientifically validating it
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然而仍須科學上的驗證
13:33
and making that journey from men to mice to men,
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把過程變成從人體,到老鼠,再到人體
13:36
not molecule to mice to men, you know.
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而非傳統上從老鼠到人體
13:38
And that is how this difference has come.
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這就是差異的所在
13:40
And you can see this blending
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這個過程混合了
13:42
of traditional medicine, modern medicine, modern science.
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傳統醫學,現代醫學以及現代科學
13:44
I launched a big program
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在九年前
13:46
[unclear] CSIR about nine years ago.
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我發動了一個名為CSIR的計畫
13:49
He is giving us not just for Psoriasis,
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不只是牛皮癬
13:51
for cancer and a whole range of things, changing the whole paradigm.
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還有癌症,和其他的東西, 因而改變了整個典範
13:54
And you can see this Indian Psoriasis breakthrough
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我們可以看到在印度牛皮癬爆發後
13:56
obtained by this reverse form of [unclear]
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我們藉由不同的作法
13:58
by doing things differently.
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透過這個反向的程序而控制病情
14:00
You can see before treatment and after treatment.
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我們可以看到治療前後差異
14:03
This is really getting more from less for more and more people,
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這就是從"較少"的基礎上去獲得更多東西,然後帶給更多的人
14:06
because these are all affordable treatments now.
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因為這些東西現在都是人們可以負擔得起的
14:09
Let me just remind you
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我想提醒一下各位
14:12
of what Mahatma Gandhi had said.
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聖雄甘地曾經說過的話
14:14
He had said, "Earth provides enough
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他說"地球所提供的資源足以滿足每個人都需求,
14:17
to satisfy every man's need, but not every man's greed."
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但無法滿足每個人的貪婪"
14:20
So the message he was giving us
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所以他傳達給我們的訊息是
14:22
was you must get more from less and less and less
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我們必須在較少的基礎上去獲取更多
14:25
so that you can share it for more and more people,
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所以我們可以分享給越來越多的人
14:27
not only the current generation,
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並非僅限於這一個世代
14:29
but the future generations.
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還要包括未來的世世代代
14:31
And he also said, "I would prize every invention of science
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他也曾說
14:34
made for the benefit for all."
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我要讚美每一個帶給人們福祉的科學發明
14:36
So he was giving you the message that you must have it for more and more people,
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所以他給我們的訊息是,我們必須把福祉傳播給更多的人
14:39
not just a few people.
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而非少數特定的人
14:41
And therefore, ladies and gentlemen,
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因此, 女士先生們
14:43
this is the theme, getting more
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就是這個主題
14:45
from less for more.
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"較少"的基礎上去獲得更多東西, 然後散佈更多的人
14:47
And mind you,
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我必須提醒
14:49
it is not getting just a little more for just a little less.
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這不是在講一點點
14:52
It's not about low cost.
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這不是在講低成本
14:54
It's about ultra-low cost.
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這是在講超低成本
14:56
You cannot say it's a mere treatment 10,000 dollars,
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不能說這種治療只需要1萬美元
14:58
but because you are poor I'll give it for 9,000.
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但是因為貧窮, 我只能付出9千美元
15:01
Sorry, it doesn't work. You have to give it for 100 dollars, 200 dollars.
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很抱歉,這種方式無效！ 我們必須設定在100或200美元
15:04
Is it possible? It has been made possible, by the way,
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這種事情可能發生嗎？
15:07
for certain other different reasons.
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因為幾項不同的原因, 我已經讓它變成可能了
15:10
So you are not talking about low cost, you are talking about ultra-low cost.
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這不是在講低成本,這是在講超低成本
15:13
You are not talking about affordability,
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這不只要讓人負擔得起
15:15
you are talking about extreme affordability.
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而是要讓人們輕易就可以的到他們需要的東西
15:17
Because of the four billion people whose income is under two dollars a day.
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因為有40億的人口,他們的每日收入不及2美元
15:21
You're not talking exclusive innovation.
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這不是一種獨佔的創新
15:24
You're talking about inclusive innovation.
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這是一種普遍化的創新
15:27
And therefore, you're not talking about incremental innovation,
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因此,這不是一種漸進式的創新
15:29
you're talking about disruptive innovation.
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而是一種快速的破壞性創新
15:31
The ideas have to be such
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想法必須很新穎
15:33
that you think in completely different terms.
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所以我們得用完全不同的角度去思考
15:36
And I would also add,
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我想再補充一點
15:38
it is not only getting more from less for more
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這不只是從"較少"的基礎上去獲得更多東西, 然後散佈更多的人
15:40
by more and more people, the whole world working for it.
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而且要有越來越多的人來參與這個活動,整個世界都應該來努力
15:43
I was very touched when I saw a breakthrough the other day.
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有一天,我看到一個突破而非常地感動
15:46
You know, incubators for infants, for example.
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例如嬰兒保溫箱
15:48
They're not available in Africa.
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在非洲並沒有這種東西
15:50
They're not available in Indian villages.
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在印度的偏遠村落裡你也找不到
15:52
And infants die.
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許多嬰兒因此夭折
15:54
And incubator costs 2,000 dollars.
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而一個保溫箱要價2千美元
15:57
And there's a 25-dollar incubator
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然後有一種要價僅25美元的保溫箱
15:59
giving that performance that had been created.
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也具備所有的功能
16:01
And by whom?
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誰發明的呢？
16:03
By young students from Standford University
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來自一群史丹福大學的年輕學生
16:06
on an extreme affordability project that they had, basically.
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在他們所參與的一個計畫中所發明的
16:09
Their heart is in the right place, like Ratan Tata.
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像Ratan Tata一樣,他們的心處於正確的位置
16:12
It's not just innovation, compassion and passion --
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這不僅是創新,執著和熱情的表現
16:15
compassion in the heart and passion in the belly.
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還有慈悲心和滿腹的熱情
16:17
That's the new world that we want to create.
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那是一個我們想要創造的新世界
16:20
And that is why the message is that of Gandhian engineering.
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也是甘地主義工程想要傳達的訊息
16:22
Ladies and gentlemen, I'd like to end before time.
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女士先生們,在時間用完前我必須結束演講
16:25
I was also afraid of those 18 minutes.
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我擔心會超過18分鐘
16:27
I've still one and a half to go.
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現在還剩下1分半鐘
16:29
The message, the final message, is this:
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最後我想講的是
16:32
India gave a great gift to the world.
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印度給了這個世界一個美好的禮物
16:35
What was that?
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是什麼呢？
16:37
[In the] 20th century, we gave Gandhi to the world.
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20在世紀時,我們有甘地
16:40
The 21st century gift,
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而21世紀的禮物
16:42
which is very, very important for the whole world,
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對於世界來說是非常重要的
16:44
whether it is global economic meltdown,
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不論是全球經濟的崩潰
16:46
whether it is climate change --
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還是氣候的變遷
16:48
any problem that you talk about
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或任何我們討論的問題
16:50
is gaining more from less for more and more --
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"較少"的基礎上去獲得更多東西, 然後散佈更多的人
16:52
not only the current generations,
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不只為了現在的這一個世代
16:54
for the future generations.
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也為了未來的世世代代
16:56
And that can come only from Gandhian engineering.
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這個訊息只來自甘地主義工程
16:58
So ladies and gentlemen, I'm very happy to announce,
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所以,女士先生們,我很高興的宣布
17:01
this gift of the 21st century
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印度在21世界
17:03
to the world from India,
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帶給世界的禮物
17:05
Gandhian engineering.
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就是甘地主義工程
17:07
(Applause)
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鼓掌
17:15
Lakshmi Pratury: Thank you, Dr. Mashelkar. (R.A. Mashelkar: Thank you very much.)
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Lakshmi Pratury:謝謝你, Mashelkar博士
17:18
LP: A quick question for you.
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LP:問你一個小問題
17:20
Now, when you were a young boy in this school,
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當你是一個學校裡的小朋友
17:23
what were your thoughts, like what did you think you could become?
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你在思考什麼？你想變成什麼樣子的人？
17:26
What do you think that drove you?
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是什麼樣的想法驅使你？
17:28
Was there a vision you had? What is it that drove you?
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是某個願景驅使你前進的嗎？
17:31
RAM: I'll tell you a story that drove me, that transformed my life.
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RAM: 我要告訴你一個驅動我的故事, 那件事也改變我的一生
17:34
I remember, I went to a poor school,
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我記得, 我上的學校非常貧困
17:37
because my mother could not gather the 21 rupees,
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因為我的母親無法在規定的時間裡
17:40
that half a dollar that was required
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準備好21盧比
17:42
within the stipulated time.
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也就是0.5美元
17:44
It was [unclear] high school.
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那是一所高中
17:47
But it was a poor school with rich teachers, honestly.
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坦白說,學校很貧窮, 裡面的老師卻很富有
17:50
And one of them was [unclear] who taught us physics.
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其中有一位教我物理學的老師
17:53
One day he took us out into the sun
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有一天他帶著我們
17:55
and tried to show us how to find
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教導我們如何
17:57
the focal length of a convex lens.
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找出凸透鏡的焦距
18:00
The lens was here. The piece of paper was there. He moved it up and down.
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這裡是凸透鏡. 那裡是紙張. 他上下移動著
18:03
And there was a bright spot up there.
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然後產生的一個光亮的點
18:06
And then he said, "This is the focal length."
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接著他說,這就是焦距
18:08
But then he held it for a little while, Lakshmi.
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接著他保持不動一會兒
18:11
And then the paper burned.
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那張紙就燃燒起來
18:13
When the paper burned, for some reason he turned to me,
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當那張紙燃燒起來的時候, 他回頭看我
18:15
and he said, "Mashelkar, like this,
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然後說, "Mashelkar, 就像這張紙一樣
18:18
if you do not diffuse your energies,
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如果你可以不讓你的能量分散
18:20
if you focus your energies,
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而專注在你的能量上面
18:22
you can achieve anything in the world."
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你就可以完成世界上所有的事情"
18:25
That gave me a great message: focus and you can achieve.
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這件事情給我一個很重要的訊息：專注就可以達成目標
18:28
I said, "Whoa, science is so wonderful,
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我說"哇！科學是如此美好
18:30
I have to become a scientist."
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我想要成為科學家"
18:32
But more importantly, focus and you can achieve.
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但更重要的是,專注就可以達成目標
18:35
And that message, very frankly,
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坦白說,那個訊息
18:37
is valuable for society today.
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對於現今的社會來說是非常可貴的
18:39
What does that focal length do?
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焦距是用來做什麼的呢？
18:42
It has parallel lines, which are sun rays.
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它擁有平行的光線
18:45
And the property of parallel lines
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而平行線的特性是
18:47
is that they never meet.
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它們永不交會
18:49
What does that convex lens do?
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凸透鏡是用來做什麼的呢？
18:51
It makes them meet.
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它可以讓平行線交會
18:53
This is convex lens leadership.
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這就是凸透鏡式領導
18:55
You know what today's leadership is doing? Concave length.
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你知道現在的領導在做些什麼嗎？凹透鏡！
18:58
They divide them farther.
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他們將光線分得更開更遠
19:01
So I learned the lesson
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我從這件事情
19:03
of convex lens leadership from that.
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學習到凸透鏡式領導
19:05
And when I was at National Chemical Laboratory [unclear].
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當我在國家實驗室的時候
19:08
When I was at Council of Scientific Industry Research --
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當我在科學產業研究委員會的時候
19:10
40 laboratories -- when two laboratories were not talking to each other,
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共有40個實驗室,其中有兩個實驗室彼此不相往來
19:12
I would [unclear].
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我..(不明)
19:15
And currently I'm president of Global Research Alliance,
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現在我是全球研究聯盟的主席
19:17
60,000 scientists in nine counties, right from India to the U.S.
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從印度到美國,總共有6萬位科學家分佈在九個國家裡
19:20
I'm trying to build a global team,
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我常試著去建立起一支全球性的團隊
19:23
which will look at the global grand challenges that the world is facing.
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將焦點聚集在現今全球所面臨的重大挑戰
19:26
That was the lesson. That was the inspirational moment.
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這是我們要學習的地方,也是一個振奮人心的時刻
19:28
LP: Thank you very much. (RAM: Thank you.)
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謝謝大家
19:31
(Applause)
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鼓掌
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
R.A. Mashelkar - Scientist, innovatorUsing a principle he calls “convex lens leadership,” R.A. Mashelkar’s vision has catapulted india’s talent for science and innovation onto the international stage.
Why you should listen
R.A. Mashelkar holds a long list of directorships, degrees and awards, all focused on advancing science and inclusive innovation in india. He's the president of the Global Research Alliance. While promoting and leading research agencies, he also has spearheaded efforts to protect traditional knowledge and expand intellectual property rights.
Known for his pioneering scientific contributions in polymer science, he is now propagating the principles of gandhian engineering, a system of development aligned with sustainability principles to create more useful goods and services for more people using fewer resources.
R.A. Mashelkar | Speaker | TED.com