Karissa Sanbonmatsu: The biology of gender, from DNA to the brain
커리사 샌본마츠(Karissa Sanbonmatsu): DNA에서부터 뇌까지 성별의 생물학
Karissa Sanbonmatsu investigates how DNA allows cells in our body to remember events that take place. Full bio
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with X, with XY or with XXX.
섞여 있으니까요.
about our chromosomes,
to find fantastic exceptions
어렵지 않게
that makes us women.
만들어 주는 뭔가를 공유하는데,
from last century
at math than women
고리짝 얘기를
about three times smaller
dumber than an elephant ...
모자라진 않잖아요 ...
of female neuroscientists
between female and male brains
여성과 남성 간의
is like a patchwork mosaic --
뇌 구조에 대해 알아가고 있죠.
and a few male patches.
약간의 남성 조각들을 가지게 됩니다.
what does it mean to be a woman?
여성의 의미는 뭘까요?
thinking about almost my entire life.
who happens to be transgender,
알게 된 사람들은
for a biological basis of gender.
생물학적 기준을 연구하고 있어요.
at the front edge of science
on the biomarkers that define gender.
정체가 들어나고 있어요.
neuroscience, physiology and psychology,
생리학, 심리학 분야 등에서
exactly how gender works.
알아내려고 노력 중이에요.
share a common connection --
공통된 것은 바로 ...
we're studying how DNA activity
동일한 DNA 염기순서에도
and permanently change,
본질적, 또 영구적으로
that winds up inside our cells.
긴 실과 같은 분자 물질입니다.
into these knot-like things --
how those DNA knots are formed.
변형되기도 하는데,
contraptions building things,
신기한 물질들이 만들어 지고,
to make life happen.
the DNA and making RNA.
RNA를 만드는 것이 있는데,
a huge sac of neurotransmitters
뇌세포의 한 쪽에서
for this kind of work?
things about our cells
are actually biodegradable.
아주 놀랍습니다.
and then rebuilt every single day.
다시 설치하는 것 처럼요.
and the traveling carnival
큰 차이라면,
that rebuild the rides each day.
놀이기구들이 설치되지만,
no such skilled craftsmen,
written in the plans,
nook and cranny inside our cells.
설명서와 같습니다.
our brain cells
anything past one day?
기억 할 수 있을까요?
역할이 시작됩니다.
that does not dissolve.
않는 것들 중 하나지만,
that something happened,
can't be in the sequence;
or a new eyeball every single day.
in our life happens,
큰 일을 겪게 되면,
don't affect the sequence of DNA,
DNA 염기서열에 영향을 주진 않지만,
machines that reduce stress.
gets wound up into a knot,
can't read the plans they need
스트레스를 줄이는 장치를 만들
없게 되는 거죠.
what's happening on the microscale.
실제로 미세한 영역에서 발생해,
the ability to deal with stress,
다루는 능력을 사실상 잃게 되니까,
what happens in the past.
기억하는 방법입니다.
was happening to me
드레스를 입은 남자였어요.
how many things I try,
really see me as a woman.
is everything,
snickering in the hallways,
after transition.
처음 했던 강연이 생각납니다.
around my experience eight years ago.
지금도 사람들 앞에 서기가 불안합니다.
I've had therapy so I'm OK --
심리치료를 받고 좋았졌으니까요.
space physics,
to get to the bottom of things, so --
제 전문이라 ...
fascinating research papers.
연구 자료를 발견했는데,
are not always bad.
나쁜 건 아니라는 걸 알게 됐죠.
with exquisite precision.
into newborn babies.
thousands of DNA decisions to happen.
결정을 내리게 됩니다.
at different times during pregnancy.
이런 결정을 반복하죠.
some in the second trimester
DNA decision-making,
of knot formation in atomic detail.
원자 수준에서 살펴봐야 하는데,
microscopes can't see this.
to simulate these on a computer?
a million computers to do that.
컴퓨터 수백만 대가 필요한데
at Los Alamos Labs --
거대한 창고에도
connected in a giant warehouse.
making up an entire gene
유전자들이 모여 완성되는
an entire gene of DNA --
모의 실험하고 있는데,
performed to date.
모의 실험 중 가장 큰 규모입니다.
to understand the unsolved problem
매듭을 형성하게 하는 호르몬의
the formation of these knots.
이해하기 시작했어요.
can be seen beautifully in calico cats.
삼색 고양이에게도 일어납니다.
just a tiny little kitten embryo
in our brains and in cancer.
암 세포에도 발생하는데,
disability and breast cancer.
직접적인 관련이 있죠.
also happen in other parts of the body.
신체의 다른 부분에서도 일어납니다.
transform into either female or male
생식기 전구체의 성이
during the second trimester of pregnancy.
to transform one way,
각기 다른 방향으로 정해져
to transform the other way.
on stress, anxiety, depression --
관한 것들이었어요.
effect on your DNA?
줄 수 있을까요?
key data from mice models.
아직 얻지 못하고 있어요.
알고 있지만,
like the Dalai Lama?
명상을 할 수 있을까요?
like Jedi Master Yoda?
마음으로 돌을 움직일 수 있을까요?
must feel the force flow, hm.
반드시 힘의 흐름을 느껴야 한다, 음.
since that talk back in Italy
받았던 응원 덕분에
supportive parents
and hope to help others.
힘과 희망을 얻었어요.
but it also raises awareness.
인식을 높여 주는 역할도 하니까요.
away from taking their own lives.
트랜스젠더 여성들이 많습니다.
like you have no other option,
선택의 여지가 없다고 느끼신다면,
in a support group.
지원단체에 도움을 구해 보세요.
but you know pain of isolation,
성적 학대로 인해
do develop differently in the womb,
다르게 성장하기 때문에
this innate sense of being a woman.
타고난 것일 수도 있고,
of commonality that makes us women.
공유하는 것일 수도 있어요.
shapes and sizes
may not be the right question.
묻는 건 어리석겠죠.
what it means to be a calico cat.
가지는지 묻는 것과 같습니다.
means accepting ourselves
우리 스스로의 모습을
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Karissa Sanbonmatsu - Structural biologistKarissa Sanbonmatsu investigates how DNA allows cells in our body to remember events that take place.
Why you should listen
Dr. Karissa Sanbonmatsu is a principal investigator at Los Alamos National Laboratory and the New Mexico Consortium, funded by the National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation.
As a principal investigator, Sanbonmatsu has advanced our understanding of the mechanism of the ribosome, antibiotics and riboswitches. She published some of the first structural studies of epigenetic long non-coding RNAs and is currently studying the mechanism of epigenetic effects involving chromatin architecture. She uses a combination of wetlab biochemistry, supercomputers and cryogenic electron microscopy to investigate mechanism in atomistic detail. She is on the board of Equality New Mexico and the Gender Identity Center and is an advocate for LGBT people in the sciences.
Karissa Sanbonmatsu | Speaker | TED.com