Chip Colwell: Why museums are returning cultural treasures
Chip Colwell: Porque estão os museus a devolver tesouros culturais
Chip Colwell is an archaeologist who tries to answer the tangled question: Who owns the past? Full bio
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and a museum curator,
back to where they came from.
para os lugares de onde vieram.
they're social and educational,
porque são sociais e educativos,
because of the magic of objects:
é a magia dos objetos.
da nossa imaginação.
to gaze upon our human empire of things
e contemplar o nosso império de coisas
os museus norte-americanos
visits each year.
de visitas, anualmente.
have become a battleground.
tornaram-se um campo de batalha.
don't want to see their culture
não querem ver a sua cultura
which they have no control over.
fora do seu controlo.
to their places of origin.
aos seus lugares de origem.
of the Parthenon Marbles,
os Mármores de Partenon,
held by the British Museum.
na posse do Museu Britânico.
antiguidades da Alemanha.
de museus em todo o mundo.
from museums everywhere.
to those made by Native Americans.
às dos povos nativos dos Estados Unidos.
more than one million artifacts
devolveram mais de um milhão de artefactos
of Native American skeletons.
de esqueletos indígenas.
let's start with the War Gods.
falemos dos Deuses da Guerra.
of the Zuni tribe in New Mexico.
no Novo México.
began to collect them
começaram a colecioná-las,
da religião indígena americana.
of Picasso and Paul Klee,
de Picasso e Paul Klee,
the modern art movement.
ao movimento da arte moderna.
did exactly as it's supposed to
com os Deuses da Guerra.
a little-known art form
uma arte pouco conhecida
a terrible crime of cultural violence.
um terrível crime de violência cultural.
is not a piece of art,
não são uma peça de arte,
in a long ceremony.
ou vender um Deus da Guerra,
que os museus os devolvam,,
nos seus santuários...
should be returned.
devam ser devolvidos.
contradicts the refrain
contradiz o refrão
not just to drive movie plots,
não só por causa do enredo dos filmes
of museums for society.
dos museus para a sociedade.
with the Sonoran Desert's past.
do deserto de Sonora.
the city's bland strip malls
por baixo dos simples centros comerciais,
just waiting to be discovered.
por descobrir.
I started taking archaeology classes
a estudar arqueologia
even helped me set up my own laboratory
a montar o meu primeiro laboratório
had a dark history.
da minha futura profissão.
became a tool for science,
eram uma ferramenta para a ciência.
of social and racial hierarchies.
de hierarquias sociais e rácicas.
were plundered from graves,
eram saqueados nas campas,
came across white graves,
ossadas de pessoas brancas
as specimens on museum shelves.
de amostra nas prateleiras do museu.
boarding schools,
internatos,
os objetos sagrados,
were on the cusp of extinction.
estavam à beira da extinção.
but the labels don't matter
racismo ou colonialismo,
that over the last century,
ao longo do século passado,
were taken from them.
lhes foram roubados.
de protesto destes povos,
through the US Congress,
através do Congresso,
Native Americans to reclaim
que dava aos povos nativos o direito
objetos sacrados e ossadas de museus.
and human remains from museums.
how a piece of wood can be a living god
como uma peça de madeira pode ser um deus,
especially with DNA,
especialmente o ADN,
into the past.
sobre o passado.
Frank Norwick declared,
that benefits all of mankind.
que beneficia toda a espécie humana.
all of this was an enigma
tudo isto era um enigma,
want their heritage back
queriam a sua herança de volta
spend their entire lives
passavam uma vida inteira
about living ones?
what to do next,
mas não sabia o que fazer a seguir,
former prison cell on Robben Island.
de Nelson Mandela, na ilha Robben.
a country bridge vast divides
a ultrapassar grandes divisões,
reconciliation.
apesar das imperfeições.
in the ruins of the past?
de esperança nas ruínas do passado?
para ser conservador
of Nature and Science.
many other institutions,
ao contrário de outras instituições,
the legacy of museum collecting.
o legado das coleções de museu.
the skeletons in our closet,
nos nossos armários,
we met with dozens of tribes
fomos até dezenas de tribos
these remains home.
estas ossadas.
who will receive the remains,
Quem vai recebê-las?
become undertakers,
tornaram-se agentes funerários,
they had never wanted unearthed.
que nunca tinham querido desenterrar.
and our Native partners
e os nossos parceiros indígenas
of the human remains in the collection.
os restos mortais da coleção.
hundreds of sacred objects.
de objetos sagrados.
that these battles are endless.
que estas batalhas não têm fim.
of the museum world.
caráter permanente no mundo da museologia.
more museums with more stuff.
in an American public museum
num museu público americano
beyond the reach of US law,
and outside our borders.
e fora das nossas fronteiras.
with a respected religious leader
com um conceituado líder religioso
named Octavius Seowtewa
in Europe with War Gods.
na posse de Deuses da Guerra.
with a history of dubious care.
com histórico de tratamento duvidoso.
had added chicken feathers to it.
juntou penas de galinha às esculturas.
is now state property
era propriedade estatal,
no longer served Zunis
já não servem os Zunis,
of the objects to the world."
would establish a dangerous precedent
seria um precedente perigoso
claimed by Greece.
reclamados pela Grécia.
to his people empty-handed.
de mãos vazias.
the Ahayu:da so far away.
ver os Ahayu:da tão longe.
that's missing from a family dinner.
que faltou ao jantar de família.
their strength is broken."
in Europe and beyond
na Europa e para além dela
do not represent the end of museums
não são o fim dos museus.
about one percent
cerca de 1% de todas as coleções.
500 cultural items and skeletons,
500 itens culturais e esqueletos,
of its total collections.
quase a totalidade das coleções.
with Native Americans
com os nativos americanos.
to share their culture with us.
que partilhem a sua cultura connosco.
to visit the returned War Gods.
os Deuses da Guerra devolvidos.
mirando a bela terra Zuni.
overlooking beautiful Zuni homeland.
by a roofless stone building
por paredes de pedra
a ser roubados.
of turquoise, cornmeal, shell,
entre oferendas de turquesa,
até "T-shirts"...
para povos antigos.
true purpose in the world.
dos Deuses da Guerra no mundo.
the histories that we inherit.
as histórias que herdamos.
did not pillage ancient graves
já não saqueiam campas,
for correcting past mistakes.
de corrigir erros passados.
dos nativos dos Estados Unidos,
the voiceless objects of our curiosity.
objetos sem voz da nossa curiosidade.
to fully understand others' beliefs,
as crenças dos demais,
places for living cultures.
lugares para culturas vivas.
turn lazy circles high above.
em lentos círculos nas alturas.
that their culture is not dead and gone
que a sua cultura não está morta,
for the War Gods to be.
para os Deuses da Guerra estarem.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Chip Colwell - Archaeologist, museum curatorChip Colwell is an archaeologist who tries to answer the tangled question: Who owns the past?
Why you should listen
Chip Colwell is an archaeologist and museum curator who has published 11 books that invite us to rethink how Native American history is told. His essays have appeared in The Atlantic, The Guardian and TIME, while his research has been highlighted in the New York Times, BBC, Forbes and elsewhere. Most recently, he wrote Plundered Skulls and Stolen Spirits: Inside the Fight to Reclaim Native America’s Culture, which The Wall Street Journal dubbed "a careful and intelligent chronicle" and won a 2018 Colorado Book Award.
In 1990, Colwell fell in love with archaeology. Still in high school, he decided to make a life for himself discovering ancient windswept ruins across the American Southwest. But in college he discovered that archaeologists have not always treated Native Americans with respect. In museums were thousands of Native American skeletons, grave goods and sacred objects -- taken with the consent of Native communities. Disheartened, he planned to leave the field he revered. But an epiphany struck that instead he should help develop a new movement in archaeology and museums based on the dignity and rights of Native Americans.
When Colwell was hired as a curator at the Denver Museum of Nature & Science, he had the chance to address the dark legacies of museum collecting. He and his colleagues began consulting with hundreds of tribes about the return of skeletons and sacred objects. In this work, Colwell realized, too, there was an important story to share that explored vital questions. Why do museums collect so many things? Why is it offensive to some that museums exhibit human remains and religious items? What are the legal rights of museums -- and the moral claims of tribes? What do we lose when artifacts go home? And what do we gain?
Chip Colwell | Speaker | TED.com