Anjali Tripathi: Why Earth may someday look like Mars
Anjali Tripathi: A Terra poderá vir a ser parecida com Marte
Anjali Tripathi explores planets to uncover the processes that make and destroy them. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
at the stars at night,
is what you can't see,
é o que não vemos,
or almost every star,
ou de quase todas as estrelas,
we tend to think of faraway things
pensamos sobretudo em coisas distantes,
that are amazing about Earth
to find things that are like that.
coisas que sejam parecidas.
we're finding amazing things.
vamos encontrando coisas espantosas.
about an amazing thing here on Earth.
aqui na Terra.
da atmosfera da Terra
and never coming back.
e nunca mais voltam.
e muitas outras coisas
as the Earth's atmosphere.
a atmosfera da Terra.
that form a thin blue line
que formam uma delgada linha azul,
the International Space Station,
da Estação Espacial Internacional,
em volta do nosso planeta
from too many impacts,
de demasiados impactos,
at least a little bit.
pelo menos um bocadinho.
is not specific to planet Earth.
não é específico do planeta Terra.
to be a planet, if you ask me,
but throughout the universe,
mas por todo o universo,
ao escape atmosférico.
about planets themselves.
conta-nos coisas sobre esses planetas.
about the solar system,
no sistema solar,
there are eight planets, maybe nine.
talvez nove.
who are stressed by this picture,
ansiosos com esta imagem,
we're including Pluto.
estamos a incluir Plutão.
and atmospheric escape,
e do escape atmosférico,
around other stars that we can't see
em volta de outras estrelas
fundamentais dos planetas
just stuck together
que está mantida em conjunto
and have so much gravity.
e têm muita gravidade.
incluindo Plutão,
is really at play here.
desempenha aqui o seu papel.
characteristic about planets
fundamental dos planetas
in the solar system are orbiting around.
do sistema solar
atmospheric escape.
o escape atmosférico.
drive atmospheric escape from planets
o escape atmosférico dos planetas
particles and light and heat
partículas, luz e calor
o desaparecimento da atmosfera.
of lanterns in Thailand at a festival,
num festival tailandês,
can propel gasses upward.
impulsionam os gases para cima.
and only bound by gravity,
e apenas está preso pela gravidade,
causing atmospheric escape
o escape atmosférico
between heating from the star
criado pela estrela
of gravity on the planet.
da gravidade no planeta.
a minute for hydrogen
para o hidrogénio
com luz ultravioleta,
o Dynamic Explorer.
of escaping hydrogen looks like,
daquele brilho do escape de hidrogénio,
like oxygen and nitrogen
como o oxigénio e o azoto,
em volta dos trópicos.
that conclusively show us
sem sombra de dúvida,
tightly bound to us here on Earth
solidamente ligada aqui à Terra
reaching out far into space,
para o espaço,
posso acrescentar.
in undergoing atmospheric escape.
sujeita ao escape atmosférico.
is much smaller than Earth,
é muito mais pequeno do que a Terra,
with which to hold on to its atmosphere.
para reter a sua atmosfera.
than the Earth's.
do que a da Terra.
that it didn't have an atmosphere
que a sua atmosfera
de Marte ser vermelho.
Mars used to have a wetter past,
um passado mais húmido
it broke up into hydrogen and oxygen,
quando teve energia suficiente,
it escaped into space,
escapou-se para o espaço
rusty red color that we see.
de vermelho ferrugem que vemos.
probably happened,
um escape atmosférico
at Mars called the MAVEN satellite,
em Marte, chamada o satélite Maven.
is to study atmospheric escape.
o escape atmosférico.
and Volatile Evolution spacecraft.
para a Atmosfera de Marte
shown pictures very similar
que Marte estava a perder a sua atmosfera,
was losing its atmosphere,
you can see in the red circle
vemos no círculo vermelho
escaping away from the planet.
a escapar-se do planeta.
the size of the planet,
o tamanho do planeta,
no longer bound to that planet.
não é atraído pelo planeta.
from that lost hydrogen.
por causa da perda do hidrogénio.
the only gas that's lost.
o único gás que se está a perder.
and some oxygen and nitrogen,
algum oxigénio e azoto,
at the oxygen being lost from Mars.
o oxigénio que se está a escapar de Marte.
that because oxygen is heavier,
tanto como o hidrogénio,
away from the planet.
into that red circle.
naquele círculo vermelho.
atmospheric escape on our own planet
o escape atmosférico no nosso planeta,
and send spacecraft
noutro local e enviar uma sonda,
about the past of planets
sobre o passado dos planetas
can learn about the future
conhecer o futuro
that we can't see.
que nem os vemos.
before I go on to that,
antes de entrar nisso,
photos like this of Pluto,
fotos destas de Plutão,
is currently studying atmospheric escape
está agora a estudar o escape atmosférico
that I did want to talk about
por exoplanetas em trânsito.
that's not our Sun
que não seja o nosso Sol,
or extrasolar planet.
ou planeta extrassolar.
têm uma característica especial.
at that star in the middle,
that are going past it all the time,
que estão sempre a passar por ela
the light from the star
a luz da estrela
aquela luz a piscar.
in the night sky
no céu noturno,
to detect over 5,000 planets
mais de 5000 planetas
many more out there, like I mentioned.
conforme já referi.
from these stars,
destas estrelas,
is not the planet itself,
não é o planeta propriamente dito,
a dimming of the light
decreases in front of the star,
que o planeta passa em frente da estrela.
that you saw before.
in different wavelengths.
em diferentes comprimentos de onda.
and Mars in ultraviolet light.
e para Marte com luz ultravioleta.
with the Hubble Space Telescope,
com o Telescópio Espacial Hubble,
much less light from the star,
muito menos luz da estrela,
an extended atmosphere of hydrogen
a uma atmosfera alongada de hidrogénio
more of the light that you see.
a luz que vemos.
we've actually been able to discover
conseguimos descobrir
that are undergoing atmospheric escape.
que estão a sofrer escape atmosférico.
can be called hot Jupiters,
Júpiteres quentes,
they're gas planets like Jupiter,
como Júpiter,
do que Júpiter.
lightweight gas that's ready to escape,
que está pronto a escapar,
of atmospheric escape.
de escape atmosférico.
of hydrogen being lost on Earth,
de hidrogénio que se perde na Terra,
590 milhões de kg em cada minuto.
pounds of hydrogen every minute.
does this make the planet cease to exist?
o desaparecimento do planeta?"
that people wondered
closer to the Sun are rocky,
são rochosos
are bigger and more gaseous.
são maiores e mais gasosos.
with something like Jupiter
como qualquer coisa como Júpiter,
with something like a hot Jupiter,
como um Júpiter quente,
with Mercury or the Earth.
com uma coisa mais pequena,
would have gotten away
gás suficiente
significantly impacted it
um impacto significativo
than what you started with.
muito diferente do que era no início.
with us here on Earth?
connosco aqui na Terra?
is going to become very intense.
vai tornar-se mais intenso.
gas streaming off from a hot Jupiter,
a escapar-se de um Júpiter quente,
that is broken down,
into space more rapidly,
mais rapidamente
with this dry, reddish planet.
seco e avermelhado.
uns milhares de milhões de anos,
for a few billion years,
to be aware of what's going on,
o que se está a passar,
is happening as we speak.
está a ocorrer enquanto falamos.
that you hear about happening in space
sobre o que acontece no espaço
to learn about these worlds.
para conhecermos esses mundos.
or exoplanets like hot Jupiters,
ou exoplanetas como os Júpiteres quentes,
como o escape atmosférico
about our planet here on Earth.
sobre o nosso planeta aqui na Terra.
you think that space is far away.
que o espaço está muito distante.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Anjali Tripathi - AstrophysicistAnjali Tripathi explores planets to uncover the processes that make and destroy them.
Why you should listen
Even though Anjali Tripathi worked on NASA's Mars rovers in high school, the California native never expected to become an astronomer. Unlike the earthquakes she researched early on, astronomy seemed unconnected from daily life. As she has since discovered, exploring distant planets has a lot to do with life itself -- including the fate of the air we breathe. Using some of the most powerful telescopes and supercomputers, Tripathi studies how seemingly permanent planets change over time. She has pioneered the characterization of planet-forming environments and developed computer simulations to trace the 3D structure of planet atmospheres that are shrinking due to evaporation.
A natural teacher, Tripathi makes complex science concepts relevant and easy to understand. She believes that everyone can understand science -- even rocket science. She has partnered with the Smithsonian, Teach for America and others to increase scientific literacy and spread enthusiasm for the subject. Her engaging and humorous talks feature real world connections and unusual props, including a fully functioning Mars Pathfinder rover or full-size solar car.
Tripathi earned degrees in physics and astronomy from M.I.T., the University of Cambridge and Harvard University. Recognized as a promising American leader with a commitment to public service, Tripathi is a 2016-17 White House Fellow.
Anjali Tripathi | Speaker | TED.com