TEDMED 2011
Charles Limb: Building the musical muscle
Charles Limb: Dezvoltarea muschiului muzicii
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Charles Limb realizeaza implanturi cohleare, o tehnica in chirurgie care trateaza pierderi ale auzului si poate restabili abilitatea de a auzi vorbirea. Dar ca si muzician, Limb constientizeaza lipsurile implantului: nu te lasa inca sa beneficiezi pe deplin de muzica. (Exista si un exemplu despre cresterea parului). La TEDMED, Limb prezinta stadiul actual al solutiilor tehnice si ceea ce va urma.
Charles Limb - Researcher
Charles Limb is a doctor and a musician who researches the way musical creativity works in the brain. Full bio
Charles Limb is a doctor and a musician who researches the way musical creativity works in the brain. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
Now when we think of our senses,
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Cand ne gandim la simturile noastre,
00:20
we don't usually think of the reasons
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nu ne gandim de obicei la motivele
00:22
why they probably evolved, from a biological perspective.
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din cauza carora probabil s-au dezvoltat, dintr-o perspectiva biologica.
00:24
We don't really think of the evolutionary need
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Chiar nu ne imaginam nevoia evolutiva
00:27
to be protected by our senses,
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de a fi protejati de simturile noastre,
00:29
but that's probably why our senses really evolved --
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dar din aceasta cauza probabil, simturile noastre au evoluat --
00:31
to keep us safe, to allow us to live.
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pentru a ne mentine in siguranta, pentru a ne permite sa traim.
00:34
Really when we think of our senses,
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Sincer, cand ne imaginam simturile noastre,
00:36
or when we think of the loss of the sense,
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sau cand ne imaginam pierderea simtului,
00:38
we really think about something more like this:
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ne gandim in fapt la ceva de genul:
00:40
the ability to touch something luxurious, to taste something delicious,
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abilitatea de a atinge ceva luxos, de a gusta ceva delicios,
00:43
to smell something fragrant,
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de a mirosi ceva parfumat,
00:45
to see something beautiful.
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de a vedea ceva frumos.
00:47
This is what we want out of our senses.
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Asta este ceea ce ne dorim de la simturile noastre.
00:49
We want beauty; we don't just want function.
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Ne dorim frumusete, nu ne dorim o simpla functie.
00:52
And when it comes to sensory restoration,
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Si cand vorbim despre restabilirea senzoriala,
00:54
we're still very far away from being able to provide beauty.
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putem spune ca suntem inca foarte departe de a fi in stare sa furnizam frumusete.
00:57
And that's what I'd like to talk to you a little bit about today.
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Despre aceasta imi doresc sa va vorbesc putin astazi.
01:00
Likewise for hearing.
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In special despre auz.
01:02
When we think about why we hear,
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Cand ne gandim la motivul pentru care auzim,
01:04
we don't often think about the ability to hear an alarm or a siren,
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nu ne gandim prea des la abilitatea de a auzi o alarma sau o sirena,
01:07
although clearly that's an important thing.
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desi cu siguranta acesta este un lucru important.
01:09
Really what we want to hear is music.
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Ceea ce ne dorim cu adevarat sa auzim este muzica.
01:12
(Music)
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Muzica.♫
01:27
So many of you know that that's Beethoven's Seventh Symphony.
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Multi dintre dumneavoastra stiu ca aceasta este Simfonia nr. 7 de Beethoven.
01:29
Many of you know that he was deaf, or near profoundly deaf,
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Multi dintre dumneavostra cunosc ca a fost surd, sau aproape de surzenia totala,
01:32
when he wrote that.
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cand a scris asta.
01:34
Now I'd like to impress upon you
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Acum vreau sa va fac sa intelegeti
01:36
how unusual it is that we can hear music.
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cat de neobisnuit este ca putem sa auzim muzica.
01:39
Music is just one of the strangest things that there is.
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Muzica este unul dintre cele mai stranii lucruri
01:42
It's acoustic vibrations in the air,
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Consta intr-o vibratie acustica in aer,
01:45
little waves of energy in the air that tickle our eardrum.
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mici unde de energie in aer care ne ating timpanul
01:48
Somehow in tickling our eardrum
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Stimuland intr-un anume fel timpanul nostru
01:50
that transmits energy down our hearing bones,
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ce transmite energie mai departe catre oscioarele de auz
01:52
which get converted to a fluid impulse inside the cochlea
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care o convertesc intr-un impuls fluid in interiorul cohlearului
01:55
and then somehow converted into an electrical signal in our auditory nerves
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si apoi transformata cumva intr-un semnal electric in nervii nostri auditivi
01:58
that somehow wind up in our brains
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care se finalizeaza intr-un fel anume in creierele noastre
02:01
as a perception of a song or a beautiful piece of music.
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ca o perceptie a unui cantec sau a unei frumoase piese muzicale.
02:04
That process is entirely abstract and very, very unusual.
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Acest proces este in intregime abstract, si foarte, foarte neobisnuit.
02:07
And we could discuss that topic alone for days
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Si putem discuta doar despre acest subiect zile intregi
02:10
to really try to figure out, how is it that we hear something that's emotional
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pentru a incerca intr-adevar sa intelegem, cum se face ca auzim ceva ca fiind emotionant
02:14
from something that starts out as a vibration in the air?
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din ceva ce a inceput ca o vibratie in aer?
02:17
Turns out that if you have hearing loss,
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Privita invers, daca ti-ai pierdut auzul,
02:19
most people that lose their hearing
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majoritatea celor care si-au pierdut auzul
02:21
lose it at what's called the cochlea, the inner ear.
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il pierd la nivelul asa numitul cohlea, urechea interna.
02:24
And it's at the hair cell level that they do this.
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Si asta se intampla la nivelul celulei firului de par.
02:27
Now if you had to pick a sense to lose,
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Daca acum ati fi nevoiti sa alegeti un simt pe care sa-l pierdeti,
02:29
I have to be very honest with you
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Trebuie sa fiu foarte sincer cu voi
02:31
and say, we're better at restoring hearing
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si sa spun, suntem mai buni in recuperarea auzului
02:33
than we are at restoring any sense that there is.
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decat in recuperarea oricarui alt simt care exista,
02:35
In fact, nothing even actually comes close
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De fapt, nimic altceva nici macar nu se apropie
02:37
to our ability to restore hearing.
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de abilitatea noastra de a restabili auzul.
02:39
And as a physician and a surgeon, I can confidently tell my patients
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Si ca fizician si chirurg, pot sa spun cu incredere pacientilor mei
02:42
that if you had to pick a sense to lose,
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ca daca este nevoie sa aleaga un simt pe care sa-l piarda,
02:44
we are the furthest along medically and surgically with hearing.
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suntem apropiati din punct de vedere medical si chirurgical intr-o masura mai mare de auz.
02:48
As a musician, I can tell you
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Ca si muzician, va pot spune
02:50
that if I had to have a cochlear implant,
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ca daca ar fi sa am un implant cohlear,
02:52
I'd be heartbroken. I'd just be plainly heartbroken,
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as avea inima franta, as fi de-a dreptul zdrobit
02:54
because I know that music would never sound the same to me.
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deoarece as sti ca muzica nu ar mai suna niciodata la fel pentru mine.
02:58
Now this is a video that I'm going to show you
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Acum o sa va arat un material video
03:01
of a girl who's born deaf.
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cu o fetita care s-a nascut surda.
03:03
She's in a very supportive environment.
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Ea se afla intr-un mediu care o sprijina foarte mult.
03:05
Her mother's doing everything she can.
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Mama ei face tot ceea ce poate.
03:07
Okay, play that video please.
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OK, pune-ti materialul va rog.
03:09
(Video) Mother: That's an owl.
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(Video) Mama: Asta este o bufnita!
03:11
Owl, yeah.
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Bufnita, da.
03:18
Owl. Owl.
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Bufnita. Bufnita.
03:21
Yeah.
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Da.
03:28
Baby. Baby.
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Baby. Baby.
03:31
You want it?
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O vrei?
03:34
(Kiss)
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(Pupic)
03:37
Charles Limb: Now despite everything going for this child
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Charles Limb: Acum in ciuda a tot ce se face pentru acest copil
03:39
in terms of family support
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in ceea ce priveste suportul familiei
03:41
and simple infused learning,
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ai al invataturilor simple insuflate,
03:43
there is a limitation to what a child who's deaf, an infant who was born deaf,
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exista o limitarea la ceea ce copilul care este surd, bebelusul care s-a nascut surd,
03:46
has in this world
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are in lumea lui
03:48
in terms of social, educational, vocational opportunities.
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in ceea ce priveste viata sociala, educationala, oportunitatile vocationale.
03:51
I'm not saying that they can't live a beautiful, wonderful life.
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Nu spun ca ei nu pot sa traiasca o viata frumoasa, minunata.
03:54
I'm saying that they're going to face obstacles
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Spun doar ca vor avea de infruntat obstacole
03:56
that most people who have normal hearing will not have to face.
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pe care oamenii cu auz normal nu trebuie sa le intampine.
03:59
Now hearing loss and the treatment for hearing loss
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Pierderea auzului si tratamentul pentru pierderea auzului
04:01
has really evolved in the past 200 years.
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chiar a evoluat in ultimii 200 de ani.
04:03
I mean literally,
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Si spun asta fara exagerare,
04:05
they used to do things like stick ear-shaped objects onto your ears
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foloseau lucruri ca lipirea unor obiecte in forma de ureche peste urechi
04:08
and stick funnels in.
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si alipeau acestora niste palnii.
04:10
And that was the best you could do for hearing loss.
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Si asta era tot ce se putea mai bine pentru pierderea auzului.
04:12
Back then you couldn't even look at the eardrum.
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Pe atunci nici macar nu puteai sa te uiti la un timpan.
04:14
So it's not too surprising
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asa ca nu este atat de surprinzator
04:16
that there were no good treatments for hearing loss.
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ca nu existau tratamente cu rezultate bune pentru pierderea auzului.
04:18
And now today we have the modern multi-channel cochlear implant,
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In prezent avem implanturi moderne de cohlea multi-canelari,
04:20
which is an outpatient procedure.
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ce reprezinta o procedura ambulatorie.
04:22
It's surgically placed inside the inner ear.
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Este plasat chirurgical in urechea interna.
04:24
It takes about an hour and a half to two hours, depending on where it's done,
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Dureaza aproximativ o ora si jumatate - doua ore, in functie de locul unde este executata,
04:26
under general anesthesia.
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sub anestezie generala.
04:28
And in the end, you achieve something like this
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Si la sfarsit se obtine ceva de genul
04:30
where an electrode array is inserted inside the cochlea.
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unui sir de electrozi introdusi in interiorul cohlea-rului
04:33
Now actually, this is quite crude
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De fapt, este chiar crud
04:35
in comparison to our regular inner ear.
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in comparatie cu ureche noastra interna normala.
04:37
But here is that same girl who is implanted now.
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Dar priviti aceeasi fetita care are un implant acum.
04:40
This is her 10 years later.
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Aceasta este ea dupa 10 ani.
04:42
And this is a video that was taken
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Si acesta este un material video care a fost facut
04:44
by my surgical mentor, Dr. John Niparko, who implanted her.
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de catre mentorul meu in chirurgie, Dr. John Niparko, cel care i-a facut implantul.
04:46
If we could play this video please.
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daca am putea sa punem acest materal video va rog.
04:49
(Video) John Niparko: So you've written two books?
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(Video) John Niparko: deci ai scris doua carti?
04:51
Girl: I have written two books. (Mother: Was the other one a book or a journal entry?)
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Fetita: Am scris doua carti. (Mama: Cealalta a fost o carte sau un jurnal?)
04:54
Girl: No, the other one was a book. (Mother: Oh, okay.)
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Fetita: Nu, celalata a fost o carte. (Mama: O, ok.)
04:58
JN: Well this book has seven chapters,
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JN: Ei bine cartea aceasta are sapte capitole,
05:01
and the last chapter
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si ultimul capitol
05:04
is entitled "The Good Things About Being Deaf."
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este intitulat "Lucrurile bune in a fi surd"
05:08
Do you remember writing that chapter?
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Iti amintesti de scrierea acestui capitol?
05:11
Girl: Yes I do. I remember writing every chapter.
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Fetita: Da. Imi amintesc de scrierea fiecarui capitol.
05:14
JN: Yeah.
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JN: Yeah.
05:16
Girl: Well sometimes my sister can be kind of annoying.
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Fetita: Ei bine cateodata sora mea poate fi cam enervanta.
05:20
So it comes in handy to not be annoyed by her.
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Asa ca imi vine la indemana sa nu fiu deranjata de ea.
05:24
JN: I see. And who is that?
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JN: Inteleg. Si cine este?
05:27
Girl: Holly. (JN: Okay.)
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Fetita: Holly. (JN: Ok)
05:29
Mother: Her sister. (JN: Her sister.) Girl: My sister.
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Mama: Sora ei. (JN: Sora ei.) Fetita: Sora mea.
05:31
JN: And how can you avoid being annoyed by her?
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JN: Si cum poti evita sa fi deranjata de catre ea?
05:34
Girl: I just take off my CI, and I don't hear anything.
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Fetita: Imi scot pur si simplu CI-ul si nu mai aud nimic.
05:37
(Laughter)
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(Rasete)
05:39
It comes in handy.
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E la indemana.
05:41
JN: So you don't want to hear everything that's out there?
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JN: Deci nu vrei sa auzi chiar totul?
05:44
Girl: No.
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Fetita: Nu.
05:46
CL: And so she's phenomenal.
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CL: Este fenomenala.
05:48
And there's no way that you can't look at that as an overwhelming success.
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Nu este nicio posibilitate ca sa nu te uiti la asta ca la un succes extraordinar.
05:51
It is. It's a huge success story in modern medicine.
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Chiar este. Este o imensa povesta de succes in medicina moderna.
05:54
However, despite this incredible facility
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Oricum, in ciuda acestei facilitati incredibile
05:57
that some cochlear implant users display with language,
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pe care cativa utilizatori de impanturi auditive o expun prin vorbe,
05:59
you turn on the radio and all of a sudden they can't hear music almost at all.
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deschizi radioul si deodata ei nu pot sa asculte muzica aproape deloc.
06:03
In fact, most implant users really struggle
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De fapt, majoritatea utilizatorilor de implanturi se chinuie intr-adevar
06:05
and dislike music because it sounds so bad.
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si nu apreciaza muzica deoarece suna foarte rau.
06:08
And so when it comes to this idea
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Si atunci a aparut ideea
06:10
of restoring beauty to somebody's life,
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de recastigare a frumusetii vietii unora,
06:12
we have a long way to go when it comes to audition.
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avem un drum lung de parcurs cand vine lvorba de auditie
06:14
Now there are a lot of reasons for that.
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Acum exista un numar mare de motive pentru acesata.
06:16
I mentioned earlier the fact
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Am mentionat mai devreme faptul ca
06:18
that music is a different capacity because it's abstract.
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muzica este o dimensiune aparte deoarece este abstracta.
06:20
Language is very different. Language is very precise.
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Vorbirea este foarte diferita. Vorbirea este foarte precisa.
06:22
In fact, the whole reason we use it
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De fapt, motivul complet din cauza caruia o folosim
06:24
is because it has semantic-specificity.
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este fiindca are o specificitate semantica.
06:26
When you say a word,
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Cand spui un cuvant,
06:28
what you care is that word was perceived correctly.
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ceea ce te intereseaza este ca acel cuvant sa fie perceput corect.
06:30
You don't care that the word sounded pretty
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Nu te intereseaza ca acel cuvant sa sune dragut
06:32
when it was spoken.
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atunci cand este spus.
06:34
Music is entirely different.
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Cu muzica este total diferit.
06:36
When you hear music, if it doesn't sound good, what's the point?
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Cand asculti muzica, daca nu suna bine, care mai este scopul?
06:38
There's really very little point in listening to music
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Este un punct foarte mic in ascultarea muzicii
06:40
when it doesn't sound good to you.
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cand nu-ti suna bine.
06:42
The acoustics of music are much harder than those of language.
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Acustica muzicii este mult mai puternica decat cea a vorbirii.
06:45
And you can see on this figure,
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Si puteti vede pe aceasta imagine,
06:47
that the frequency range
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in care nivelul frecventei,
06:49
and the decibel range, the dynamic range of music
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si nivelul decibelic, dinamica nivelului muzicii
06:51
is far more heterogeneous.
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este de departe mai eterogena.
06:53
So if we had to design a perfect cochlear implant,
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Asa ca daca ar fi sa proiectam implantul perfect de cohlea
06:55
what we would try to do
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ceea ce am incerca sa facem
06:57
is target it to be able to allow music transmission.
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ar fi sa fim capabili sa ascultam transmiterea muzicii.
07:00
Because I always view music as the pinnacle of hearing.
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Deoarece vad intotdeauna muzica ca fiind un apogeu al ascultarii.
07:03
If you can hear music,
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Daca poti sa asculti muzica,
07:05
you should be able to hear anything.
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vei fi in stare sa auzi orice.
07:07
Now the problems begin first with pitch perception.
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Problemele incep cu perceperea masurii..
07:10
I mean, most of us know that pitch is a fundamental building block of music.
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Vreau sa spun ca, multi dintre noi stiu ca masura este o componenta fundamentala in construirea muzicii.
07:13
And without the ability to perceive pitch well,
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Si fara abilitatea de a percepe masura asa cum trebuie,
07:15
music and melody is a very difficult thing to do --
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muzica si melodia sunt un lucru foarte greu de facut --
07:18
forget about a harmony and things like that.
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uitati de armonie si lucruri de genul asta.
07:20
Now this is a MIDI arrangement of Rachmaninoff's Prelude.
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Acesta este un aranjament MIDI al Preludiului lui Rahmaninoff
07:23
Now if we could just play this.
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Daca putem sa-i dam drumul.
07:25
(Music)
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(Muzica)
07:49
Okay, now if we consider
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Ok, acum daca luam in considerare
07:52
that in a cochlear implant patient
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asta la un pacient cu implant auditiv
07:54
pitch perception could be off as much as two octaves,
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perceperea masurii poate fi gresita cu pana la doua octave,
07:57
let's see what happens here
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sa vedem ce se intampla aici
07:59
when we randomize this to within one semitone.
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cand generam asta intr-un semiton
08:01
We would be thrilled if we had one semitone pitch perception in cochlear implant users.
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Vom vibra daca vom avea perceptia masurii unui semiton in implantul cohlear al utilizatorului.
08:04
Go ahead and play this one.
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Dati drumul si puneti asta
08:06
(Music)
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(Muzica)
08:29
Now my goal in showing you that
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Acum scopul meu este sa va arat
08:31
is to show you that music is not robust to degradation.
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sa va arat ca muzica nu este rezistenta la degradare.
08:33
You distort it a little bit, especially in terms of pitch, and you've changed it.
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Distorsionati-i foarte putin, in special in ceea ce priveste masura, si o veti avea schimbata.
08:37
And it might be that you kind of like that.
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Si poate fi ceva ce ar putea sa va placa.
08:39
That's kind of hypnotic.
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Un fel de hipnoza
08:41
But it certainly wasn't the way the music was intended.
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Dar cu siguranta nu a fost modul in care trebuia sa fie acea muzica
08:43
And you're not hearing the same thing
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Si nu ascultati acelasi lucru
08:45
that most people who have normal hearing are hearing.
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cu ceea ce majoritatea oamenilor cu auz normal aud.
08:47
Now the other issue comes with,
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Acum apare un alt aspect,
08:49
not just the ability to tell pitches apart,
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nu doar abilitatea de a identifica separat masurile,
08:51
but the ability to tell sounds apart.
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ci abilitatea de a identifica separat sunetele.
08:53
Most cochlear implant users cannot tell the difference between an instrument.
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Majoritatea utilizatorilor de implant auditiv nu pot spune care este diferenta dintre instrumente
08:56
If we could play these two sound clips in succession.
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daca putem sa punem aceste doua clipuri audio succesiv.
08:58
(Trumpet)
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(Trompeta)
09:00
The trumpet.
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Trompeta
09:02
And the second one.
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Si urmatorul
09:04
(Violin)
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Vioara
09:05
That's a violin.
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Acesta este vioara
09:07
These have similar wave forms. They're both sustained instruments.
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Au forma undelor similara. Sunt amandoua instrumente sustinute
09:09
Cochlear implant users cannot tell the difference
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Utilizatorii de implant cohlear nu pot sa faca diferenta
09:11
between these instruments.
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dintre aceste instrumente.
09:13
The sound quality, or the sound of the sound
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Calitatea sunetului, sau sunetul sunetului
09:15
is how I like to describe timbre, tone color --
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este modul in care imi place sa desciu timbrul, tonalitatea --
09:17
they cannot tell these things whatsoever.
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ei nu pot sa spuna aceste lucruri orice ar fi.
09:19
This implant is not transmitting
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Acest implant nu transmite
09:22
the quality of music that usually provides things like warmth.
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calitatea muzicii care de obicei genereaza lucruri ca si caldura
09:25
Now if you look at the brain of an individual who has a cochlear implant
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Daca va uitati la creierul unui individ care are un implant cohlear.
09:28
and you have them listen to speech,
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si il studiati in timp ce asculta un speech
09:30
have them listen to rhythm and have them listen to melody,
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un ritm si o melodie,
09:32
what you find is that the auditory cortex
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ceea ce veti gasi este ca, cortexul auditiv
09:34
is the most active during speech.
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este mult mai activ in timpul speech-ului
09:36
You would think that because these implants are optimized for speech,
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Va ganditi ca se intampla asa deoarece aceste implanturi sunt optimizate pentru vorbire,
09:38
they were designed for speech.
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finnd concepute pentru vorbire.
09:40
But actually if you look at melody,
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dar daca va uitati de fapt la melodie,
09:42
what you find is that there's very little cortical activity
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ceea ce veti gasi este ca acolo va fi o foarte mica activitate a cortexului
09:44
in implant users compared with normal hearing controls.
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la utilizatorii de implanturi decat la cei cu auzul normal.
09:47
So for whatever reason,
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Asa ca nu conteaza din ce motiv,
09:49
this implant is not successfully stimulating auditory cortices
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implantul nu stimuleaza cu succes cortexul auditiv
09:52
during melody perception.
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in timpul perceperii melodiei.
09:55
Now the next question is,
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Acum intrebarea care se pune este,
09:57
well how does it really sound?
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Bun, cum suna in realitate?
09:59
Now we've been doing some studies
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Facem cateva studii
10:01
to really get a sense of what sound quality is like for these implant users.
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pentru a obtine un sens la ceea ce reprezinta calitatea sunetului pentru acesti utilizatori de implant auditiv
10:04
I'm going to play you two clips of Usher,
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Va voi pune doua clipuri ale lui Usher
10:06
one which is normal
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unul care este normal
10:08
and one which has almost no high frequencies, almost no low frequencies
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si unul care nu are majoritatea frecventelor inalte si joase
10:10
and not even that many mid frequencies.
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nici macar majoritatea frecventelor medii.
10:12
Go ahead and play that.
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Dati-i drumul
10:14
(Music)
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(Musica)
10:18
(Limited Frequency Music)
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(Muzica cu frecvente limitate)
10:24
I had patients tell me that those sound the same.
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Am avut pacienti care mi-au spus ca aceste sunete sunt la fel.
10:27
They cannot differentiate sound quality differences
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Nu au putut sa distinga diferente in calitatea sunetului
10:30
between those two clips.
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intre cele doua clipuri
10:32
Again, we are very, very far away in just getting to where we want to get to.
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Inca o data, suntem foarte, foarte departe de ceea ce ne dorim sa obtinem.
10:35
Now the question comes to mind: Is there any hope?
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Acum o intrebare ne vine in minte. Exista vreo speranta?
10:38
And yes, there is hope.
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Si da, exista o speranta.
10:40
Now I don't know if anybody knows who this is.
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Nu stiu daca cineva stie cine este
10:42
This is ... does somebody know?
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Este... stie cineva?
10:44
This is Beethoven.
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este Beethoven.
10:47
Now why would we know what Beethoven's skull looks like?
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De ce-am sti cum arata craniul lui Beethoven?
10:50
Because his grave was exhumed.
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Deoarece mromantul lui a fost exhumat.
10:52
And it turns out that his temporal bones were harvested when he died
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avand ca rezultat oasele lui scoase asa cum erau la momentul mortii
10:55
to try to look at the cause of his deafness,
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in incercarea de a descoperi cauzele surzeniei sale
10:57
which is why he has molding clay
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de aceea avea mocirla
10:59
and his skull is bulging out on the side there.
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si craniul sau era umflat in acea parte.
11:01
But Beethoven composed music
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Dar Beethoven a compus muzica
11:03
long after he lost his hearing.
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si mult dupa ce si-a pierdut auzul.
11:05
What that suggests is that, even in the case of hearing loss,
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Ceea ce ne spune ca , chiar si in cazul pierderii auzului,
11:08
the capacity for music remains.
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capacitatea pentru muzica ramane.
11:10
The brains remain hardwired for music.
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Creierul ramane in functiune pentru muzica.
11:14
I've been very lucky to work with Dr. David Ryugo
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Sunt foarte norocos sa lucrez cu Dr. David Ryogo
11:16
where I've been working on deaf cats that are white
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unde lucram pe pisici surde care sunt apte
11:19
and trying to figure out what happens when we give them cochlear implants.
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si incercam sa intelegem ce se intampla cand le punem implant cohlear
11:22
This is a cat that's been trained to respond to a trumpet for food.
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Aceasta este o pisica ce a fost antrenata sa reactioneze la o trompeta pentru mancare.
11:27
(Music)
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(Muzica)
11:41
Text: Beethoven doesn't excite her.
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Text: Beethoven nu o stimuleaza.
11:44
(Music)
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(Muzica)
11:56
The "1812 Overture" isn't worth waking for.
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"Uvertura 1812" nu merita efortul de a se deplasa
12:01
(Trumpet)
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(Trompeta)
12:11
But she jumps to action when called to duty!
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Dar se arunca in actiune atunci cand e chemata la datorie!
12:14
(Trumpet)
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(Trompeta)
12:18
CL: Now I'm not suggesting
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CL: Nu sugerez
12:20
that the cat is hearing that trumpet the way we're hearing it.
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ca pisica aude trompeta in acelasi fel in care o auzim noi.
12:23
I'm suggesting that with training
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sugerez doar ca, cu antrenament
12:25
you can imbue a musical sound with significance,
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poti insufla un sunet muzical cu semnificatie,
12:28
even in a cat.
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chiar si pentru o pisica.
12:30
If we were to direct efforts
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Daca ar fi sa depunem eforturi directionate
12:32
towards training cochlear implant users to hear music --
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catre antrenarea utilizatorilor de implant cohlear de a asculta muzica --
12:35
because right now there's virtually no effort put towards that,
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fiindca in acest moment nu sunt eforturi depuse in acest sens,
12:38
no rehabilitative strategies,
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nu sunt strategii de restaurare,
12:40
very little in the way of technological advances to actually improve music --
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s-a avansat foarte putin pe drumul tehnologic in vederea imbunatatirii muzicii --
12:43
we would come a long way.
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ne asteapta un drum lung.
12:45
Now I want to show you one last video.
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Acum vreau sa va arat un ultim material video.
12:48
And this is of a student of mine named Joseph
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Acesta este despre un student de-al meu pe nume Joseph
12:50
who I had the good fortune to work with for three years in my lab.
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cu care am avut norocul sa lucrez timp de 3 ani in laboratorul meu.
12:53
He's deaf, and he learned to play the piano
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Este surd, si a invatat sa cante la pian
12:56
after he received the cochlear implant.
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dupa ce a primit un implant cohlear.
12:58
And here's a video of Joseph.
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Si acesta este un material video cu Joseph.
13:01
(Music)
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(Musica)
13:45
(Video) Joseph: I was born in 1986.
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(Video) Joseph: M-am nascut in 1986
13:48
And at about four months old,
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Si cam la varsta de 4 luni
13:50
I was diagnosed with profoundly severe hearing loss.
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Am fost diagnosticat cu o pierdere profunda si severa a auzului.
13:52
Not long after,
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Nu mult dupa aceea,
13:54
I was fitted with hearing aids.
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Mi-au fost fixate dispozitive ajutatoare pentru urechi
13:56
But although these hearing aids
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Dar cu toate ca aceste dispozitive ajutatoare
13:58
were the most powerful hearing aids on the market at the time,
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erau cele mai puternice dispozitive de pe piata de la acea vreme,
14:00
they weren't very helpful.
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nu au fost foarte folositoare.
14:02
So as a result, I had to rely on lip reading a lot,
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Ca urmare, a trebuit sa ma bazez foarte mult pe citirea de pe buze,
14:07
and I couldn't really hear what people were saying.
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si nu puteam cu adevarat sa aud ce spuneau ceilalti.
14:09
When I was 12 years old,
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Cand aveam 12 ani,
14:11
I was one of the first few people in Singapore
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am fost unul dintre primii oameni din Singapore
14:14
who underwent cochlear implantation.
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caruia i s-a facut un test pentru implant cohlear.
14:17
And not long after I got my cochlear implant,
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Si nu mult dupa aceea am obtinut implantul cohlear
14:21
I started learning how to play piano.
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Am inceput sa invat sa cant la pian.
14:23
And it was absolutely wonderful.
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Si a fost absolut minunat.
14:25
Since then, I've never looked back.
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si de atunci, nu m-am uitat niciodata inapoi.
14:27
CL: Joseph is phenomenal. He's brilliant.
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CL: Joseph este fenomenal. este briliant.
14:29
He is now a medical student at Yale University,
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Acum este student la medicina la Universitatea Yale,
14:31
and he's contemplating a surgical career --
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si intentioneaza sa urmeze o cariera in chirurgie --
14:33
one of the first deaf individuals to consider a career in surgery.
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unul dintre primele persoane surde care iau in considerare o cariera in chirurgie.
14:36
There are almost no deaf surgeons anywhere.
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Aproape ca nu exista chirurgi surzi pe nicaieri.
14:39
And this is really unheard of stuff, and this is all because of this technology.
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Si asta chiar nu s-a mai auzit, si toate acestea datorita acestei tehnologii.
14:42
And the fact that he can play the piano like that
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Si faptul ca poate sa cante la pian in asa fel
14:44
is a testament to his brain.
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este un testament pentru creierul sau.
14:46
Truth of the matter is you can play the piano without a cochlear implant,
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Adevarul care conteaza este ca voi puteti canta la pian fara un implant cohlear,
14:49
because all you have to do is press the keys at the right time.
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pentru ca tot ce aveti de facut este sa apasati clapele la momentul potrivit.
14:51
You don't actually have to hear it.
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Nu trebuie in fond sa auziti.
14:53
I know he doesn't hear well, because I've heard him do Karaoke.
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Stiu ca nu aude bine, pentru ca l-am auzit la Karaoke.
14:56
(Laughter)
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(Rasete)
14:58
And it's one of the most awful things --
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Si este unul dintre cele mai urate lucruri --
15:01
heartwarming, but awful.
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un lucru ce te incalzeste, dar groaznic.
15:03
(Laughter)
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(Rasete)
15:05
And so there is certainly a lot of hope,
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Asa ca exista cu siguranta destula speranta
15:07
but there's a lot more that needs to be done.
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dar sunt atatea altele ce trebuiesc facute.
15:09
So I just want to conclude with the following words.
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Vreau sa concluzionez cu urmatoarele cuvinte.
15:11
When it comes to restoration of hearing,
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Cand vine vorba de restabilirea auzului,
15:13
we have certainly come a long way, a remarkably long way.
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am facut cu siguranta un drum lung, un drum remarcabil de lung.
15:16
And we have a much longer way to go
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si avem de facut mult mai mult decat pana acum.
15:19
when it comes to the idea of restoring perfect hearing.
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cand vorbim despre ideea restaurarii auzului perfect
15:21
And let me tell you right now,
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Si lasati-ma sa va spun acum,
15:23
it's fine that we would all be very happy with speech.
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este in regula ca vom fi toti foarte fericiti cu vorbirea
15:25
But I tell you, if we lost our hearing,
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Dar va spun ca, daca pierdem auzul
15:27
if anyone here suddenly lost your hearing,
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daca cineva isi pierde brusc auzul,
15:29
you would want perfect hearing back.
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veti dori inapoi auzul perfect.
15:31
You wouldn't want decent hearing, you would want perfect hearing.
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Nu veti dori un auz decent, veti dori auzul perfect.
15:34
Restoration of basic sensory function is critical.
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Restabilirea functiilor senzoriale de baza este critica.
15:37
And I don't mean to understate
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Si nu vreau sa inteleg
15:39
how important it is to restore basic function.
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cat de importanta este restabilirea functiilor de baza.
15:41
But it's really restoration of the ability to perceive beauty
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ci restabilirea cu adevarat a abilitatii de a percepe frumusetea
15:44
where we can get inspiring.
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acolo unde putem fi impresionati
15:46
And I don't think that we should give up on beauty.
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Si nu cred ca trebuie sa renuntam la frumusete.
15:48
And I want to thank you for your time.
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Si vreau sa va multumesc pentru timpul acordat
15:50
(Applause)
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(Aplauze)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Charles Limb - ResearcherCharles Limb is a doctor and a musician who researches the way musical creativity works in the brain.
Why you should listen
Charles Limb is the Francis A. Sooy, MD Professor and Chief of Otology/Neurotology and Skull Base Surgery at the University of California, San Francisco, and he's a Faculty Member at the Peabody Conservatory of Music. He combines his two passions to study the way the brain creates and perceives music. He's a hearing specialist and surgeon at Johns Hopkins who performs cochlear implantations on patients who have lost their hearing. And he plays sax, piano and bass.
In search of a better understanding of how the mind perceives complex auditory stimuli such as music, he's been working with Allen Braun to look at the brains of improvising musicians and study what parts of the brain are involved in the kind of deep creativity that happens when a musician is really in the groove.
Read our Q&A about hip-hop studies with Charles Limb on the TED Blog >>
Plus our quick catchup Q&A at TEDMED 2011 -- including his top 5 songs of all time >>
Read the 2014 paper "Neural Substrates of Interactive Musical Improvisation: An fMRI Study of ‘Trading Fours’ in Jazz" >>
Charles Limb | Speaker | TED.com