TEDGlobal 2013
Xavier Vilalta: Architecture at home in its community
Xavier Vilalta (Ćavijer Vilalta): Arhitektura kod kuće u svojoj zajednici
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Kada je TED Fellow Ćavijer Vilalta bio zadužen da konstruiše veliki tržni centar u Adis Abebi, uspaničio se. Drugi centri su predstavljali sve ono što je mrzeo u savremenoj arhitekturi: neekonomične kule od stakla kojima treba dosta energije i čiji dizajn nema apsolutno nikakve veze sa Afrikom. U ovom šarmantnom govoru, Vilalta pokazuje kako podržava alternativni pristup: iskorišćavanje prirode, pozivanje na tradiciju u dizajnu i stvaranje lepih, modernih, karakterističnih zgrada koje pogoduju zajednici.
Xavier Vilalta - Architect and urbanist
Barcelona-based architect Xavier Vilalta works in Europe, Africa and the Middle East. He adopts and updates traditional design principles to construct modern buildings that truly suit their environment. Full bio
Barcelona-based architect Xavier Vilalta works in Europe, Africa and the Middle East. He adopts and updates traditional design principles to construct modern buildings that truly suit their environment. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
My work focuses on the connection of
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Moj rad se fokusira
na vezu između
na vezu između
00:15
both thinking about our community life
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razmišljanja o našem životu
u zajednici
u zajednici
00:18
being part of the environment
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gde ćemo biti deo okruženja
00:20
where architecture grows from the natural
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u kome arhitektura raste iz prirodnih
00:22
local conditions and traditions.
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lokalnih uslova i tradicija.
00:25
Today I brought two recent projects
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Danas sam doneo
dva skorašnja projekta
dva skorašnja projekta
00:28
as an example of this.
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kao primer za ovo.
00:30
Both projects are in emerging countries,
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Oba projekta su u zemljama u razvoju,
00:32
one in Ethiopia and another one in Tunisia.
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jedan u Etiopiji, a drugi u Tunisu.
00:35
And also they have in common
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Takođe im je zajedničko to
00:37
that the different analyses from different perspectives
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da različite analize
iz različitih perspektiva
iz različitih perspektiva
00:40
becomes an essential part of the final piece of architecture.
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postaju ključni deo konačnog
arhitektonskog projekta.
arhitektonskog projekta.
00:44
The first example started with an invitation
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Prvi projekat je počeo sa pozivom
00:47
to design a multistory shopping mall
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da se dizajnira tržni centar
sa puno radnji
sa puno radnji
00:49
in Ethiopia's capital city Addis Ababa.
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u glavnom gradu Etiopije,
Adis Abebi.
Adis Abebi.
00:51
And this is the type of building
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Ovo je vrsta zgrade
00:54
we were shown as an example, to my team and myself,
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koju su meni i mom timu
pokazali kao primer
pokazali kao primer
00:57
of what we had to design.
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onoga što treba da dizajniramo.
00:59
At first, the first thing I thought was,
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Prva stvar koju sam pomislio
na početku
na početku
01:01
I want to run away.
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je da želim da pobegnem.
01:03
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
01:05
After seeing a few of these buildings --
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Pošto smo videli nekoliko
ovih zgrada -
ovih zgrada -
01:07
there are many in the city --
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ima ih puno u gradu -
01:09
we realized that they have three very big points.
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shvatili smo da imaju
tri važne karakteristike.
tri važne karakteristike.
01:12
First, these buildings, they are almost empty
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Prvo, ove zgrade su skoro prazne
01:14
because they have very large shops
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jer imaju veoma velike prodavnice
01:16
where people cannot afford to buy things.
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gde ljudi ne mogu
da priušte sebi kupovinu.
da priušte sebi kupovinu.
01:19
Second, they need tons of energy to perform
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Drugo, treba im dosta energije
da bi funkcionisale,
da bi funkcionisale,
01:22
because of the skin treatment with glass
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zbog staklenog omotača
01:24
that creates heat in the inside,
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koji stvara toplotu unutra
01:26
and then you need a lot of cooling.
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i onda vam treba puno hlađenja.
01:28
In a city where this shouldn't happen
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U gradu u kom ovo ne bi trebalo
da se dešava
da se dešava
01:30
because they have really mild weather
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jer oni imaju vrlo umerenu klimu
01:32
that ranges from 20 to 25 degrees the whole year.
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sa temperaturama od 20 do 25 stepeni
tokom cele godine.
tokom cele godine.
01:35
And third is that their image has nothing to do
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I treće je to da njihov izgled
nema nikakve veze
nema nikakve veze
01:39
with Africa and with Ethiopia.
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sa Afrikom i Etiopijom.
01:41
It is a pity in a place that has such rich culture and traditions.
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To je šteta na mestu koje ima
tako bogatu kulturu i tradiciju.
tako bogatu kulturu i tradiciju.
01:46
Also during our first visit to Ethiopia,
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Takođe, tokom naše
prve posete Etiopiji,
prve posete Etiopiji,
01:49
I was really captivated by the old merkato
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veoma mi se svideo stari merkato,
01:51
that is this open-air structure
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struktura na otvorenom
01:54
where thousands of people, they go and buy things
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gde hiljade ljudi odlazi i kupuje
svakog dana,
svakog dana,
01:55
every day from small vendors.
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od sitnih prodavaca.
01:58
And also it has this idea of the public space
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Takođe ima tu ideju javnog prostora
02:00
that uses the outdoors to create activity.
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koja koristi otvoren prostor
da stvori aktivnost.
da stvori aktivnost.
02:03
So I thought, this is what I really want to design,
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Pa sam pomislio da je to
ono što u stvari želim da dizajniram,
ono što u stvari želim da dizajniram,
02:07
not a shopping mall.
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a ne veliki tržni centar.
02:08
But the question was how we could do a multistory,
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Ali pitanje je bilo kako bismo mogli
da napravimo objekat sa puno radnji,
da napravimo objekat sa puno radnji,
02:12
contemporary building with these principles.
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savremenu zgradu po ovim principima.
02:15
The next challenge was when we looked at the site,
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Sledeći izazov je bio kad smo videli
mesto predviđeno za gradnju
mesto predviđeno za gradnju
02:17
that is, in a really growing area of the city,
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koje se nalazi u delu grada
koji brzo raste,
koji brzo raste,
02:20
where most of these buildings that you see in the image,
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gde većina ovih zgrada
koje vidite na slici
koje vidite na slici
02:22
they were not there.
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nije bila tamo.
02:24
And it's also between two parallel streets
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Takođe se nalazi između
dve paralelne ulice
dve paralelne ulice
02:26
that don't have any connection for hundreds of meters.
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koje nisu uopšte povezane
duž stotina metara.
duž stotina metara.
02:29
So the first thing we did was to create a connection
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Tako da smo prvo napravili vezu
02:32
between these two streets,
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između ove dve ulice
02:34
putting all the entrances of the building.
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tako što smo stavili
sve ulaze u zgradu.
sve ulaze u zgradu.
02:36
And this extends with an inclined atrium
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I ovo se produžava
sa predvorjem pod nagibom
sa predvorjem pod nagibom
02:39
that creates an open-air space in the building
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čime se stvara otvoren prostor u zgradi
02:41
that self-protects itself with its own shape
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koji se svojim oblikom štiti
02:44
from the sun and the rain.
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od sunca i kiše.
02:46
And around this void
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Oko ove praznine
02:47
we placed this idea of the market with small shops,
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smo ubacili ideju
tržnice sa malim radnjama,
tržnice sa malim radnjama,
02:51
that change in each floor because of the shape of the void.
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koja se menja na svakom spratu
zbog oblika praznine.
zbog oblika praznine.
02:54
I also thought, how to close the building?
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Takođe sam razmišljao
kako da zatvorimo zgradu.
kako da zatvorimo zgradu.
02:57
And I really wanted to find a solution
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Želeo sam da nađem rešenje
02:59
that would respond to the local climate conditions.
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koje bi odgovorilo na lokalne
klimatske uslove.
klimatske uslove.
03:02
And I started thinking about the textile
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I počeo sam da razmišljam o tekstilu
03:04
like a shell made of concrete
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kao školjki od betona
03:06
with perforations that would let the air in,
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sa šupljinama koje bi
propuštale vazduh
propuštale vazduh
03:10
and also the light, but in a filtered way.
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i svetlost, samo filtrirane.
03:12
And then the inspiration came from these beautiful
patterns of the Ethiopian women's dresses.
patterns of the Ethiopian women's dresses.
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I inspiracija je došla od ovih divnih dugmadi
sa etiopljanskih ženskih haljina.
sa etiopljanskih ženskih haljina.
03:18
That they have fractal geometry properties
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One imaju osobine fraktalne geometrije
03:20
and this helped me to shape the whole facade.
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i to mi je pomoglo
da oblikujem celu fasadu.
da oblikujem celu fasadu.
03:22
And we are building that
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To gradimo pomoću
03:24
with these small prefabricated pieces
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ovih malih montažnih delova
03:26
that are the windows that let the air and the light
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koji predstavljaju prozore
koji na kontrolisan način
koji na kontrolisan način
03:30
in a controlled way inside the building.
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propuštaju vazduh i svetlost
u zgradu.
u zgradu.
03:32
And this is complemented by these small colored glasses
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Ovo je dopunjeno ovim
malim staklima u boji
malim staklima u boji
03:34
that use the light from the inside of the building
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koja koriste svetlo iz
unutrašnjosti zgrade
unutrašnjosti zgrade
03:37
to light up the building at night.
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da osvetle zgradu noću.
03:39
With these ideas it was not easy first to convince the developers
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Sa ovim idejama u startu
nije bilo lako ubediti finansijere
nije bilo lako ubediti finansijere
03:44
because they were like,
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koji su mislili:
03:45
"This is not a shopping mall. We didn't ask for that."
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"Ovo nije tržni centar.
Nismo to tražili."
Nismo to tražili."
03:47
But then we all realized that this idea of the market
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Ali onda smo shvatili
da je ova ideja tržnice
da je ova ideja tržnice
03:53
happened to be a lot more profitable than the idea of the shopping mall
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u stvari mnogo profitabilnija
od ideje velikog tržnog centra
od ideje velikog tržnog centra
03:56
because basically they had more shops to sell.
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jer u suštini ima više prodavnica
za prodaju.
za prodaju.
03:59
And also that the idea of the facade was much, much cheaper,
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I takođe, ideja fasade
je bila mnogo jeftinija,
je bila mnogo jeftinija,
04:03
not only because of the material compared with the glass,
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ne samo zbog materijala
u poređenju sa staklom,
u poređenju sa staklom,
04:05
but also because we didn't need to have air conditioning anymore.
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već i zato što više nismo morali
da imamo klima uređaje.
da imamo klima uređaje.
04:08
So we created some budget savings
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Tako da smo višak od budžeta
04:10
that we used to implement the project.
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iskoristili da primenimo
ovaj projekat.
ovaj projekat.
04:12
And the first implementation was to think
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Prva primena je bila
da razmišljamo
da razmišljamo
04:14
about how we could make the building self-sufficient in terms of energy
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kako bismo mogli da napravimo
energetski samoodrživu zgradu,
energetski samoodrživu zgradu,
04:17
in a city that has electricity cuts almost every day.
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u gradu gde struja nestaje
skoro svakog dana.
skoro svakog dana.
04:20
So we created a huge asset by placing photovoltaics there on the roof.
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i stvorili smo ogromnu pogodnost
postavljanjem solarnih ploča na krov.
postavljanjem solarnih ploča na krov.
04:24
And then under those panels
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A ispod ovih ploča,
razmišljali smo
razmišljali smo
04:27
we thought about the roof like a new public space with gathering areas and bars
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o novom javnom prostoru
sa mestima za okupljanje i barovima
sa mestima za okupljanje i barovima
04:30
that would create this urban oasis.
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što bi stvorilo urbanu oazu.
04:33
And these porches on the roof,
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I ove verande na krovu
04:35
all together they collect the water to reuse for sanitation on the inside.
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bi skupljale vodu koja bi se ponovo
koristila za sanitarije unutar zgrade.
koristila za sanitarije unutar zgrade.
04:40
Hopefully by the beginning of next year, because we are already on the fifth floor of the construction.
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Nadamo se početkom sledeće godine,
jer smo već stigli do petog sprata sa gradnjom.
jer smo već stigli do petog sprata sa gradnjom.
04:45
The second example is a master plan
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Drugi primer je veliki plan
04:48
of 2,000 apartments and facilities in the city of Tunis.
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za 2.000 stanova i objekata
u gradu Tunisu.
u gradu Tunisu.
04:51
And for doing such a big project, the biggest project I've ever designed,
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I da bih ostvario tako veliki projekat,
najveći koji sam ikada dizajnirao,
najveći koji sam ikada dizajnirao,
04:55
I really needed to understand the city of Tunis,
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trebalo je da stvarno shvatim
grad Tunis,
grad Tunis,
04:57
but also its surroundings and the tradition and culture.
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ali i njegovo okruženje,
tradiciju i kulturu.
tradiciju i kulturu.
05:01
During that analysis I paid special attention to the medina
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Tokom te analize obratio sam
posebnu pažnju na Medinu,
posebnu pažnju na Medinu,
05:05
that is this 1,000-year-old structure that used to be closed by a wall,
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1000 godina staru građevinu koja je
ranije bila okružena zidom
ranije bila okružena zidom
05:09
opened by twelve different gates, connected by almost straight lines.
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sa dvanaest različitih kapija,
povezanih skoro pravim linijama.
povezanih skoro pravim linijama.
05:13
When I went to the site, the first design operation we did
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Kad smo otišli na lokaciju za gradnju,
prvo što smo uradili bilo je
prvo što smo uradili bilo je
05:17
was to extend the existing streets, creating 12 initial blocks
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da produžimo postojeće ulice
i napravimo 12 početnih blokova,
i napravimo 12 početnih blokova,
05:21
similar in size and characteristics to the ones we have in Barcelona
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sličnih po veličini i karakteristikama
onima u Barseloni
onima u Barseloni
05:25
and other cities in Europe with these courtyards.
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i drugim gradovima Evrope
sa ovakvim dvorištima.
sa ovakvim dvorištima.
05:28
On top of that, we selected some strategic points
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Povrh toga, izabrali smo
neke strateške tačke
neke strateške tačke
05:30
reminded of this idea of the gates and connecting them by straight lines,
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setivši se ideje kapija
povezanih pravim linijama
povezanih pravim linijama
05:34
and this modified this initial pattern.
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i to je modifikovalo početnu šemu.
05:36
And the last operation was to think about the cell,
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Poslednja operacija je bila
razmišljanje o ćeliji,
razmišljanje o ćeliji,
05:39
the small cell of the project, like the apartment,
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maloj ćeliji projekta, kao što je stan,
05:41
as an essential part of the master plan.
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osnovnom elementu velikog plana.
05:43
And for that I thought, what would be the best orientation
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Razmišljao sam koja bi bila
najbolja orijentacija
najbolja orijentacija
05:46
in the Mediterranean climate for an apartment?
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stana u mediteranskoj klimi?
05:49
And it's north-south, because it creates a thermal difference between both sides of the house
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I to je sever-jug, jer to stvara
toplotnu razliku između dve strane kuće
toplotnu razliku između dve strane kuće
05:53
and then a natural ventilation.
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i time i prirodnu ventilaciju.
05:56
So we overlap a pattern that makes sure that most of the apartments
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Tako pokrivamo šemu,
što obezbeđuje da većina stanova
što obezbeđuje da većina stanova
06:00
are perfectly oriented in that direction.
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bude savršeno okrenuta u tom smeru.
06:02
And this is the result
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I ovo je rezultat
06:04
that is almost like a combination of the European block and the Arab city.
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koji je skoro kao kombinacija
evropskog bloka i arapskog grada.
evropskog bloka i arapskog grada.
06:07
It has these blocks with courtyards,
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Ima ove blokove sa dvorištima,
06:09
and then on the ground floor
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a u prizemlju
06:10
you have all these connections for the pedestrians.
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imate sve ove veze za pešake.
06:12
And also it responds to the local regulations that establish
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I takođe, to odgovara
lokalnim propisima koji propisuju
lokalnim propisima koji propisuju
06:15
a higher density on the upper levels and a lower density on the ground floor.
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veću gustinu na višim spratovima
i manju gustinu u prizemlju.
i manju gustinu u prizemlju.
06:19
And it also reinforces this idea of the gates.
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Takođe učvršćuje i ovu ideju kapija.
06:22
The volume has this connecting shape
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Zapremina ima ovaj povezujući oblik
06:24
that shades itself with three different types of apartments
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koji se sam zaklanja od svetla
sa tri različite vrste stanova
sa tri različite vrste stanova
06:28
and also lets the light go on the ground floor in a very dense neighborhood
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i takođe, propušta svetlost u prizemlje
u vrlo gusto naseljenom kraju.
u vrlo gusto naseljenom kraju.
06:31
And in the courtyards there are the different facilities,
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A u dvorištima ima raznih objekata
06:34
such as a gym and a kindergarten
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kao što su teretana i vrtić,
06:36
and close by, a series of commercial [spaces] that bring activity to the ground floor.
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a pored su komercijalni prostori
koji donose aktivnost u prizemlje.
koji donose aktivnost u prizemlje.
06:40
The roof, which is my favorite space of the project
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Krov, koji je moj omiljeni
prostor u projektu,
prostor u projektu,
06:43
is almost like giving back to the community the space taken by the construction.
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skoro da vraća zajednici prostor
koji je oduzet građevinom.
koji je oduzet građevinom.
06:46
And it's where all the neighbors, they can go up and socialize,
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Tu svi stanari mogu
da se popnu i druže
da se popnu i druže
06:49
and do activities such as having a two-kilometer run in the morning,
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i bave se aktivnostima kao što je
trčanje od dva kilometra ujutru,
trčanje od dva kilometra ujutru,
06:52
jumping from one building to another.
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prelazeći s jedne zgrade na drugu.
06:56
These two examples,
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Ova dva primera
06:58
they have a common approach in the design process.
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imaju isti pristup u procesu dizajniranja.
07:01
And also, they are in emerging countries where you can see
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Takođe, nalaze se u zemljama
u razvoju, gde možete videti
u razvoju, gde možete videti
07:04
the cities literally growing.
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da gradovi bukvalno rastu.
07:06
In these cities, the impact of architecture in people's lives of today and tomorrow
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U ovim gradovima, uticaj arhitekture
u životima ljudi danas i sutra
u životima ljudi danas i sutra
07:11
changes the local communities and economies at the same speed as the buildings grow.
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menja lokalne zajednice i ekonomije
istom brzinom kojom rastu i zgrade.
istom brzinom kojom rastu i zgrade.
07:16
For this reason, I see even more importance
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Zbog toga, vidim još veću
važnost u tome
važnost u tome
07:19
to look at architecture finding simple but affordable solutions
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da arhitektura nalazi jednostavna
i ekonomična rešenja
i ekonomična rešenja
07:24
that enhance the relationship between the community and the environment
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koja produbljuju vezu između
zajednice i okruženja
zajednice i okruženja
07:28
and that aim to connect nature and people.
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i imaju za cilj
da povežu prirodu i ljude.
da povežu prirodu i ljude.
07:32
Thank you very much.
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Hvala vam mnogo.
07:34
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Xavier Vilalta - Architect and urbanistBarcelona-based architect Xavier Vilalta works in Europe, Africa and the Middle East. He adopts and updates traditional design principles to construct modern buildings that truly suit their environment.
Why you should listen
Named young architect of the year at the Leaf Awards in 2008, Xavier Vilalta is the founder of XVA, a Barcelona-based design team operating in the fields of architecture, urbanism and research.
The TED Fellow and his team have worked on more than 60 projects, including homes, schools, cultural institutions and commercial buildings everywhere from Africa to the Middle East. Declaring that "we love nature and we care about people," the team's design philosophy is to connect the old and the new, co-opting and updating the best thinking of past traditions to create modern buildings that are both deeply respectful of the past and searingly contemporary.
Recent projects include the Lideta Mercato shopping mall in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and a concept for a series of urban gardens in Qatar.
Xavier Vilalta | Speaker | TED.com