TED2014
Jeremy Kasdin: The flower-shaped starshade that might help us detect Earth-like planets
Džeremi Kazdin (Jeremy Kasdin): Zvezdobran u obliku cveta koji nam može pomoći u otkrivanju planeta sličnih Zemlji
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Astronomi veruju da svaka zvezda u galaksiji ima po jednu planetu, i da na petini može postojati život. Nismo nijednu videli - još uvek. Džeremi Kazdin sa svojim timom pokušava da to promeni pomoću dizajniranja i pravljenja jedne neverovatne sprave: „zvezdobrana“ u obliku latica cveta, koji bi pomagao teleskopima da fotografišu planete udaljene 50.000 km. Kako on kaže, to je „najkulja nauka na svetu“.
Jeremy Kasdin - Planet finder
Using innovative orbiting instruments, aerospace engineer Jeremy Kasdin hunts for the universe’s most elusive objects — potentially habitable worlds. Full bio
Using innovative orbiting instruments, aerospace engineer Jeremy Kasdin hunts for the universe’s most elusive objects — potentially habitable worlds. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
The universe is teeming with planets.
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Univerzum je preplavljen planetama.
00:16
I want us, in the next decade,
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Ja želim da u narednoj deceniji
00:17
to build a space telescope that'll be able to image
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napravimo teleskop koji će moći
da uslika drugu Zemlju
koja orbitira oko svog Sunca
koja orbitira oko svog Sunca
00:20
an Earth about another star
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00:22
and figure out whether it can harbor life.
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i koji će moći da vidi
da li na toj planeti ima života.
da li na toj planeti ima života.
00:25
My colleagues at the NASA
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
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Moje kolege i ja radimo u Nasinoj
laboratoriji za mlazni pogon na Prinstonu,
laboratoriji za mlazni pogon na Prinstonu,
00:27
at Princeton and I are working on technology
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i trenutno razvijamo tehnologiju
00:30
that will be able to do just that in the coming years.
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koja će narednih godina upravo to raditi.
00:33
Astronomers now believe that every star
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Astronomi sada veruju da svaka zvezda
00:35
in the galaxy has a planet,
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u galaksiji ima po jednu planetu,
00:37
and they speculate that up to one fifth of them
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i pretpostavljaju da bar jedna petina njih
00:39
have an Earth-like planet
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ima planetu sličnu Zemlji
na kojoj može postojati život,
na kojoj može postojati život,
00:41
that might be able to harbor life,
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00:42
but we haven't seen any of them.
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ali nijednu još nismo videli.
00:44
We've only detected them indirectly.
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Samo smo ih posredno detektovali.
00:47
This is NASA's famous picture of the pale blue dot.
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Ovo je Nasina poznata slika
blede plave tačke.
blede plave tačke.
00:50
It was taken by the Voyager spacecraft in 1990,
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Uslikao ju je svemirski brod
Vojadžer 1990. godine
Vojadžer 1990. godine
00:53
when they turned it around as
it was exiting the solar system
it was exiting the solar system
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kada su ga okrenuli dok je
izlazio iz Sunčevog sistema
izlazio iz Sunčevog sistema
00:56
to take a picture of the Earth
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kako bi slikao Zemlju
s udaljenosti od 6 milijardi km.
s udaljenosti od 6 milijardi km.
00:57
from six billion kilometers away.
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Hoću da isto tako slikamo
planetu sličnu Zemlji
planetu sličnu Zemlji
01:00
I want to take that
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01:01
of an Earth-like planet about another star.
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koja se kreće oko svoje zvezde.
Zašto to još nismo uradili?
01:04
Why haven't we done that? Why is that hard?
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Zašto je to toliko teško?
01:06
Well to see, let's imagine we take
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Zamislićemo da angažujemo
svemirski teleskop Habl
svemirski teleskop Habl
01:08
the Hubble Space Telescope
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01:10
and we turn it around and we move it out
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i da ga okrenemo i izbacimo
iz Marsove orbite.
iz Marsove orbite.
01:11
to the orbit of Mars.
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01:13
We'll see something like that,
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Videli bismo nešto slično ovome,
kao mutnjikavu sliku Zemlje,
kao mutnjikavu sliku Zemlje,
01:14
a slightly blurry picture of the Earth,
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01:16
because we're a fairly small telescope
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jer je teleskop koji orbitira oko Marsa
prilično mali.
prilično mali.
01:18
out at the orbit of Mars.
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01:20
Now let's move ten times further away.
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Hajde da se udaljimo deset puta.
01:22
Here we are at the orbit of Uranus.
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Evo nas u orbiti Urana.
01:24
It's gotten smaller, it's got less detail, less resolve.
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Umanjena je, manje detaljna, ređa.
01:26
We can still see the little moon,
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I dalje vidimo mali mesec,
01:28
but let's go ten times further away again.
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ali hajde da se opet udaljimo deset puta.
01:30
Here we are at the edge of the solar system,
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Evo nas na ivici Sunčevog sistema,
na Kojperovom pojasu.
na Kojperovom pojasu.
01:32
out at the Kuiper Belt.
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Sada uopšte nije retka.
01:33
Now it's not resolved at all.
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01:35
It's that pale blue dot of Carl Sagan's.
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Liči na bledu plavu tačku Karla Sejgana.
01:38
But let's move yet again ten times further away.
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Udaljimo se opet deset puta.
01:40
Here we are out at the Oort Cloud,
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Evo nas na Ortovom oblaku,
izvan Sunčevog sistema,
izvan Sunčevog sistema,
01:41
outside the solar system,
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01:43
and we're starting to see the sun
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i vidimo kako Sunce ulazi u vidno polje
01:45
move into the field of view
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01:46
and get into where the planet is.
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i smešta tamo gde je planeta.
01:47
One more time, ten times further away.
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Još jednom, udaljavamo se deset puta.
01:50
Now we're at Alpha Centauri,
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Evo nas na Alfi Kentauri,
našoj najbližoj zvezdi,
našoj najbližoj zvezdi,
01:51
our nearest neighbor star,
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i planeta se više ne vidi.
01:52
and the planet is gone.
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01:54
All we're seeing is the big beaming image of the star
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Vidimo samo veliku blještavu sliku zvezde
01:56
that's ten billion times brighter than the planet,
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koja je 10.000 puta sjajnija od planete,
koja bi trebalo da se nalazi
u tom crvenom kružiću.
u tom crvenom kružiću.
01:59
which should be in that little red circle.
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To želimo da vidimo.
Zato je toliko teško.
Zato je toliko teško.
02:01
That's what we want to see. That's why it's hard.
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02:03
The light from the star is diffracting.
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Svetlost zvezde se difraktuje.
02:06
It's scattering inside the telescope,
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Rasipa se u teleskopu
02:07
creating that very bright image
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i stvara upravo tu blještavu sliku
koja spira planetu.
koja spira planetu.
02:09
that washes out the planet.
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Da bismo videli planetu, moramo
uraditi nešto po pitanju svetlosti.
uraditi nešto po pitanju svetlosti.
02:11
So to see the planet,
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02:12
we have to do something about all of that light.
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Moramo je ukloniti.
02:14
We have to get rid of it.
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02:15
I have a lot of colleagues working on
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Puno mojih kolega radi na
sjajnoj tehnologiji koja bi to postigla,
sjajnoj tehnologiji koja bi to postigla,
02:17
really amazing technologies to do that,
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02:19
but I want to tell you about one today
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ali ću vam sada pričati o onoj
koju smatram najviše kul,
koju smatram najviše kul,
02:21
that I think is the coolest,
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i koja će nam najverovatnije
u narednoj deceniji
u narednoj deceniji
02:22
and probably the most likely to get us an Earth
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02:24
in the next decade.
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prikazati planetu srodnu Zemlji.
02:26
It was first suggested by Lyman Spitzer,
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Rešenje je prvi predložio
Lajman Spicer,
Lajman Spicer,
02:28
the father of the space telescope, in 1962,
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otac svemirskog teleskopa, 1962. godine,
inspirisan jednim pomračenjem.
inspirisan jednim pomračenjem.
02:31
and he took his inspiration from an eclipse.
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02:33
You've all seen that. That's a solar eclipse.
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Svi ste ovo videli.
To je pomračenje Sunca.
02:35
The moon has moved in front of the sun.
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Mesec se postavio ispred Sunca
02:37
It blocks out most of the light
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i blokira veliki deo svetlosti,
02:39
so we can see that dim corona around it.
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tako da se oko njega vidi
pomračena korona.
pomračena korona.
02:42
It would be the same thing if I put my thumb up
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Isto bi se desilo kada bih podigao palac
02:43
and blocked that spotlight
that's getting right in my eye,
that's getting right in my eye,
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i blokirao reflektor koji mi bije u oči,
02:46
I can see you in the back row.
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te bih video vas u zadnjim redovima.
02:48
Well, what's going on?
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Šta se, dakle, desi?
02:49
Well the moon
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Mesec baca senku na Zemlju.
02:51
is casting a shadow down on the Earth.
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02:53
We put a telescope or a camera in that shadow,
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Kada stavimo teleskop ili kameru
pod tu senku i pogledamo u Sunce
pod tu senku i pogledamo u Sunce
02:57
we look back at the sun,
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svetlost nestaje i možemo da vidimo
lep zamračen oblik u koroni.
lep zamračen oblik u koroni.
02:58
and most of the light's been removed
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03:00
and we can see that dim, fine structure
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03:02
in the corona.
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Spicer je predložio da isto
uradimo i u svemiru.
uradimo i u svemiru.
03:03
Spitzer's suggestion was we do this in space.
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03:06
We build a big screen, we fly it in space,
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Da napravimo veliki štit,
pošaljemo ga u svemir,
pošaljemo ga u svemir,
03:09
we put it up in front of the star,
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postavimo ga ispred zvezde,
blokiramo svetlost,
blokiramo svetlost,
03:11
we block out most of the light,
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03:12
we fly a space telescope in
that shadow that's created,
that shadow that's created,
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pošaljemo svemirski teleskop
u stvorenu senku, i eto ga!
u stvorenu senku, i eto ga!
03:15
and boom, we get to see planets.
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Možemo da vidimo planete.
03:17
Well that would look something like this.
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To bi izgledalo otprilike ovako.
03:20
So there's that big screen,
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Eto tog platna, ali nema planeta
03:22
and there's no planets,
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03:22
because unfortunately it doesn't
actually work very well,
actually work very well,
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jer nažalost ne radi dobro,
03:25
because the light waves of the light and waves
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zbog toga što svetlosni talasi
difraktuju oko tog platna,
difraktuju oko tog platna,
03:28
diffracts around that screen
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isto kao u teleskopu.
03:29
the same way it did in the telescope.
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03:31
It's like water bending around a rock in a stream,
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Kao kada se voda u potoku
preliva preko kamena.
preliva preko kamena.
03:34
and all that light just destroys the shadow.
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Ta svetlost samo uništi senku.
03:36
It's a terrible shadow. And we can't see planets.
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Senka je loša i ne možemo
da vidimo planete od nje.
da vidimo planete od nje.
03:39
But Spitzer actually knew the answer.
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Ali, Spicer je znao
rešenje tog problema.
rešenje tog problema.
03:41
If we can feather the edges, soften those edges
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Ako se ivice iseku, ublaže,
03:43
so we can control diffraction,
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difrakcija se može kontrolisati
03:45
well then we can see a planet,
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i onda možemo da vidimo planetu.
03:47
and in the last 10 years or so we've come up
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Već oko 10 godina radimo
03:48
with optimal solutions for doing that.
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na pravom rešenju za postizanje toga.
03:50
It looks something like that.
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I ono izgleda otprilike ovako.
03:54
We call that our flower petal starshade.
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Zovemo ga cvetni zvezdobran.
03:56
If we make the edges of those petals exactly right,
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Ako ivice latica podesimo kako treba,
ako kontrolišemo njihov oblik,
03:59
if we control their shape,
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04:01
we can control diffraction,
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onda kontrolišemo i difrakciju,
04:02
and now we have a great shadow.
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i dobijamo odličnu senku.
04:04
It's about 10 billion times dimmer than it was before,
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Oko 10 milijardi puta je tamnija
od prethodne,
od prethodne,
04:06
and we can see the planets beam out just like that.
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i planete se odjednom pojavljuju.
Taj branik, naravno,
mora biti veći od mog palca.
mora biti veći od mog palca.
04:10
That, of course, has to be bigger than my thumb.
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04:12
That starshade is about
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Zvezdobran je otprilike
veličine pola stadiona za američki fudbal
04:13
the size of half a football field
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04:15
and it has to fly 50,000 kilometers
away from the telescope
away from the telescope
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i mora da se udalji oko 50.000 km
od teleskopa,
od teleskopa,
04:18
that has to be held right in its shadow,
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da stoji u njegovoj senci
kako bi se planete lepo videle.
kako bi se planete lepo videle.
04:20
and then we can see those planets.
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Ovo možda zvuči nedostižno,
04:22
This sounds formidable,
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04:24
but brilliant engineers, colleagues of mine at JPL,
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ali genijalni inženjeri, moje kolege
u Laboratoriji za mlazni pogon,
u Laboratoriji za mlazni pogon,
04:27
came up with a fabulous design for how to do that
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smislile su spravu fantastičnog dizajna
04:30
and it looks like this.
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i ona izgleda ovako.
04:31
It starts wrapped around a hub.
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Umotana je oko točka.
04:32
It separates from the telescope.
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Prvo se otisne od teleskopa.
04:34
The petals unfurl, they open up,
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Latice se odmotaju, otvore,
04:37
the telescope turns around.
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teleskop se okreće.
04:38
Then you'll see it flip and fly out
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Sprava se onda okrene i udalji
04:41
that 50,000 kilometers away from the telescope.
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50.000 km od teleskopa.
04:44
It's going to move in front of the star
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Kada se namesti ispred zvezde -
ovako - bacaće divnu senku.
ovako - bacaće divnu senku.
04:46
just like that, creates a wonderful shadow.
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04:50
Boom, we get planets orbiting about it.
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I eto ga! Vidimo kako
planete orbitiraju oko zvezde.
planete orbitiraju oko zvezde.
04:53
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
04:55
Thank you.
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Hvala.
04:57
That's not science fiction.
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Ovo nije naučna fantastika.
04:59
We've been working on this
for the last five or six years.
for the last five or six years.
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Na ovome smo radili
u poslednjih 5-6 godina.
u poslednjih 5-6 godina.
05:02
Last summer, we did a really cool test
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Prošlog leta smo sproveli veoma kul test
05:05
out in California at Northrop Grumman.
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u kompaniji Nortrop Gruman,
u Kaliforniji.
u Kaliforniji.
05:07
So those are four petals.
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To su četiri latice
05:09
This is a sub-scale star shade.
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umanjenog zvezdobrana.
05:10
It's about half the size of the one you just saw.
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Otprilike je upola manji od prethodnog.
05:13
You'll see the petals unfurl.
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Vidite kako se latice odmotavaju.
05:14
Those four petals were built by four undergraduates
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Napravili su ih naši studenti
05:16
doing a summer internship at JPL.
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na letnjoj praksi u Laboratoriji.
05:19
Now you're seeing it deploy.
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Sad ćete videti kako radi.
05:20
Those petals have to rotate into place.
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Latice moraju da dođu na svoje mesto.
05:22
The base of those petals
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Baza latica svaki put
mora da dođe na svoje mesto,
mora da dođe na svoje mesto,
05:23
has to go to the same place every time
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05:26
to within a tenth of a millimeter.
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u milimetar.
05:27
We ran this test 16 times,
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Test smo radili 16 puta
05:29
and 16 times it went into the exact same place
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i svaki put su se postavile
baš na svoje mesto,
baš na svoje mesto,
05:32
to a tenth of a millimeter.
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do u desetinu milimetra.
05:33
This has to be done very precisely,
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To mora biti vrlo precizno,
05:35
but if we can do this, if we can build this technology,
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i ako to uspemo,
ako napravimo tu spravu,
ako napravimo tu spravu,
05:38
if we can get it into space,
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ako je pošaljemo u svemir,
05:39
you might see something like this.
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možemo videti nešto poput ovoga.
05:41
That's a picture of one our nearest neighbor stars
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Ovo je slika jedne od naših
najbližih zvezda,
najbližih zvezda,
05:43
taken with the Hubble Space Telescope.
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slikao ju je svemirski teleskop Habl.
05:46
If we can take a similar space telescope,
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Ako sličan teleskop, samo malo veći,
05:48
slightly larger,
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05:49
put it out there,
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pošaljemo u svemir,
oko njega ostavimo štit,
oko njega ostavimo štit,
05:51
fly an occulter in front of it,
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05:52
what we might see is something like that --
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onda možemo videti ovako nešto -
05:54
that's a family portrait of our
solar system -- but not ours.
solar system -- but not ours.
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to je porodični portret
sunčevog sistema - ali ne našeg.
sunčevog sistema - ali ne našeg.
05:57
We're hoping it'll be someone else's solar system
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Nadamo se da će to biti tuđi sistem,
06:00
as seen through an occulter,
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viđen kroz štit,
kroz takav zvezdobran.
kroz takav zvezdobran.
06:02
through a starshade like that.
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1070
06:03
You can see Jupiter, you can see Saturn,
169
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Vide se Jupiter,
Saturn, Uran, Neptun,
Saturn, Uran, Neptun,
06:05
Uranus, Neptune, and right there in the center,
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a tamo u centru,
odmah pored ostatka svetlosti,
odmah pored ostatka svetlosti,
06:07
next to the residual light
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1340
06:09
is that pale blue dot. That's Earth.
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1905
to je ona bleda plava tačka.
06:11
We want to see that, see if there's water,
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To je Zemlja.
Hoćemo da vidimo ima li vode,
kiseonika, ozona -
kiseonika, ozona -
06:13
oxygen, ozone,
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stvari koje bi nam rekle
postoji li život.
postoji li život.
06:14
the things that might tell us that it could harbor life.
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2523
06:17
I think this is the coolest possible science.
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Mislim da je to nauka
koja je najviše kul.
koja je najviše kul.
06:19
That's why I got into doing this,
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Ja sam počeo
da se bavim ovim poslom
da se bavim ovim poslom
06:21
because I think that will change the world.
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zato što smatram
da će to promeniti svet.
da će to promeniti svet.
06:23
That will change everything when we see that.
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To će promeniti sve -
kad sve to vidimo.
kad sve to vidimo.
06:25
Thank you.
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Hvala.
06:27
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jeremy Kasdin - Planet finderUsing innovative orbiting instruments, aerospace engineer Jeremy Kasdin hunts for the universe’s most elusive objects — potentially habitable worlds.
Why you should listen
At Princeton’s High Contrast Imaging Laboratory, Jeremy Kasdin is collaborating on a revolutionary space-based observatory that will unveil previously unseen (and possibly Earth-like) planets in other solar systems.
One of the observatory’s startling innovations is the starshade, an orbiting "occulter" that blocks light from distant stars that ordinarily outshine their dim planets, making a clear view impossible. When paired with a space telescope, the starshade adds a new and powerful instrument to NASA’s cosmic detection toolkit.
More profile about the speakerOne of the observatory’s startling innovations is the starshade, an orbiting "occulter" that blocks light from distant stars that ordinarily outshine their dim planets, making a clear view impossible. When paired with a space telescope, the starshade adds a new and powerful instrument to NASA’s cosmic detection toolkit.
Jeremy Kasdin | Speaker | TED.com