TEDxCMU
Lorrie Faith Cranor: What’s wrong with your pa$$w0rd?
Lori Fejt Krejnor (Lorrie Faith Cranor): Šta nije u redu sa vašom $ifr0m?
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Lori Fejt Krejnor je proučila hiljade pravih šifri da bi otkrila iznenađujuće, veoma česte greške koje korisnici i osigurani sajtovi prave i time ugrožavaju svoju bezbednost. A kako je, pitate se, ona proučila hiljade pravih šifri bez ugrožavanja bezbednosti korisnika? To je priča za sebe. To su tajni podaci koje vredi znati, naročito ukoliko je Vaša šifra 123456...
Lorrie Faith Cranor - Security researcher
At Carnegie Mellon University, Lorrie Faith Cranor studies online privacy, usable security, phishing, spam and other research around keeping us safe online. Full bio
At Carnegie Mellon University, Lorrie Faith Cranor studies online privacy, usable security, phishing, spam and other research around keeping us safe online. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
Ja sam profesor računarskih nauka i
inženjeringa na Univerzitetu Karnegi Melon
inženjeringa na Univerzitetu Karnegi Melon
00:12
I am a computer science and engineering
professor here at Carnegie Mellon,
professor here at Carnegie Mellon,
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00:15
and my research focuses on
usable privacy and security,
usable privacy and security,
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a fokus mog istraživanja je upotrebljivost
sistema privatnosti i bezbednosti.
sistema privatnosti i bezbednosti.
00:20
and so my friends like to give me examples
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I tako moji prijatelji
vole da mi daju primere
vole da mi daju primere
00:22
of their frustrations with computing systems,
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svojih frustracija
zbog računarskih sistema,
zbog računarskih sistema,
00:25
especially frustrations related to
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naročito onih koje se odnose
00:28
unusable privacy and security.
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na neupotrebljive sisteme
privatnosti i bezbednosti.
privatnosti i bezbednosti.
00:32
So passwords are something that I hear a lot about.
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Tako da su šifre nešto
o čemu mnogo slušam.
o čemu mnogo slušam.
00:35
A lot of people are frustrated with passwords,
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Mnoge ljude frustriraju šifre,
00:38
and it's bad enough
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i već je dovoljno teško
00:39
when you have to have one really good password
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kada morate da imate
jednu stvarno dobru šifru
jednu stvarno dobru šifru
00:42
that you can remember
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koju možete zapamtiti
00:44
but nobody else is going to be able to guess.
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ali koju niko drugi neće moći da pogodi.
00:47
But what do you do when you have accounts
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Ali šta radite kada imate naloge
00:48
on a hundred different systems
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na sto različitih sistema
00:50
and you're supposed to have a unique password
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i trebalo bi da imate jedinstvenu šifru
00:53
for each of these systems?
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za svaki od tih sistema?
00:56
It's tough.
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To je teško.
00:58
At Carnegie Mellon, they used to make it
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Na Karnegi Melonu su nam
01:00
actually pretty easy for us
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zapravo prilično olakšali
01:01
to remember our passwords.
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da upamtimo svoje šifre.
01:03
The password requirement up through 2009
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Uslov za šifru je sve do 2009. godine
01:05
was just that you had to have a password
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bio samo da morate da imate šifru
01:07
with at least one character.
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koja sadrži bar jedan karakter.
01:10
Pretty easy. But then they changed things,
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Prilično lako.
Ali onda su promenili stvari
Ali onda su promenili stvari
01:12
and at the end of 2009, they announced
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i krajem 2009. godine su objavili
01:15
that we were going to have a new policy,
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da ćemo imati novu politiku,
01:17
and this new policy required
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a ta nova politika je zahtevala
01:19
passwords that were at least eight characters long,
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šifre koje se sastoje
od najmanje osam karaktera,
od najmanje osam karaktera,
01:22
with an uppercase letter, lowercase letter,
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uključujući veliko slovo, malo slovo,
01:24
a digit, a symbol,
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cifru, simbol,
01:25
you couldn't use the same
character more than three times,
character more than three times,
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niste mogli koristiti
isti karakter više od tri puta,
isti karakter više od tri puta,
01:28
and it wasn't allowed to be in a dictionary.
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i nisu smele
da se pojavljuju reči iz rečnika.
da se pojavljuju reči iz rečnika.
01:30
Now, when they implemented this new policy,
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Kada su uveli ovu novu politiku,
01:32
a lot of people, my colleagues and friends,
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mnogi ljudi, moje kolege i prijatelji,
01:35
came up to me and they said, "Wow,
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prilazili su mi i govorili:
"Hej, ovo je stvarno neupotrebljivo.
01:36
now that's really unusable.
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01:38
Why are they doing this to us,
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Zašto nam ovo rade,
01:39
and why didn't you stop them?"
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i zašto ih nisi sprečila?"
01:41
And I said, "Well, you know what?
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A ja sam rekla:
"Pa znate šta?
"Pa znate šta?
01:42
They didn't ask me."
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Nisu me ni pitali."
01:44
But I got curious, and I decided to go talk
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Ali bila sam radoznala
i odlučila sam da razgovaram
i odlučila sam da razgovaram
01:47
to the people in charge of our computer systems
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sa ljudima zaduženim
za naše računarske sisteme
za naše računarske sisteme
01:49
and find out what led them to introduce
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i da saznam šta ih je navelo da uvedu
01:52
this new policy,
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ovu novu politiku.
01:54
and they said that the university
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A oni su rekli da se Univerzitet
01:55
had joined a consortium of universities,
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priključio udruženju univerziteta,
01:58
and one of the requirements of membership
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a jedan od zahteva za članstvo
02:00
was that we had to have stronger passwords
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bio je da moramo imati jače šifre
02:03
that complied with some new requirements,
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koje ispunjavaju neke nove uslove,
02:05
and these requirements were that our passwords
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a ti uslovi su bili da naše šifre
02:07
had to have a lot of entropy.
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moraju imati mnogo entropije.
02:09
Now entropy is a complicated term,
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Entropija je složen pojam,
02:11
but basically it measures the strength of passwords.
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ali u suštini ona meri jačinu šifre.
02:14
But the thing is, there isn't actually
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Ali stvar je u tome da zapravo ne postoji
02:16
a standard measure of entropy.
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standardna mera entropije.
02:18
Now, the National Institute
of Standards and Technology
of Standards and Technology
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Nacionalni institut
za standarde i tehnologiju
za standarde i tehnologiju
02:20
has a set of guidelines
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ima niz smernica
02:22
which have some rules of thumb
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koje daju neka opšta načela
02:24
for measuring entropy,
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za merenje entropije,
02:26
but they don't have anything too specific,
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ali nemaju ništa previše određeno,
02:29
and the reason they only have rules of thumb
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a razlog zašto imaju samo opšta načela
02:31
is it turns out they don't actually have any good data
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je to što oni zapravo nemaju
neke kvalitetne podatke
neke kvalitetne podatke
02:34
on passwords.
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o šiframa.
02:36
In fact, their report states,
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Zapravo, u njihovom izveštaju stoji:
02:38
"Unfortunately, we do not have much data
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"Nažalost, nemamo mnogo podataka
02:40
on the passwords users
choose under particular rules.
choose under particular rules.
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o šiframa koje korisnici biraju
pod određenim pravilima.
pod određenim pravilima.
02:43
NIST would like to obtain more data
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NIST bi želeo da sakupi više podataka
02:45
on the passwords users actually choose,
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o šiframa koje korisnici zapravo koriste,
02:48
but system administrators
are understandably reluctant
are understandably reluctant
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ali, razume se, administratori sistema
02:50
to reveal password data to others."
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nerado otkrivaju podatke o šiframa."
02:53
So this is a problem, but our research group
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Dakle, ovo je problem,
ali naša istraživačka grupa
ali naša istraživačka grupa
02:56
looked at it as an opportunity.
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je videla to kao priliku.
Rekli smo: "Pa, postoji potreba
za kvalitetnim podacima o šiframa.
za kvalitetnim podacima o šiframa.
02:58
We said, "Well, there's a need
for good password data.
for good password data.
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03:02
Maybe we can collect some good password data
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Možda možemo da sakupimo
neke dobre podatke
neke dobre podatke
03:04
and actually advance the state of the art here.
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i zapravo poboljšamo trenutno stanje."
03:06
So the first thing we did is,
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Prva stvar koju smo uradili bila je
03:08
we got a bag of candy bars
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da smo uzeli kesu bombona
03:10
and we walked around campus
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i šetali po kampusu,
03:11
and talked to students, faculty and staff,
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pričali sa studentima,
profesorima i zaposlenima,
profesorima i zaposlenima,
03:14
and asked them for information
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i ispitivali ih
03:15
about their passwords.
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o njihovim šiframa.
03:17
Now we didn't say, "Give us your password."
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Nismo govorili: "Daj nam svoju šifru."
03:20
No, we just asked them about their password.
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Ne, mi smo ih samo pitali
o njihovim šiframa.
o njihovim šiframa.
03:22
How long is it? Does it have a digit?
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Koliko je duga? Da li sadrži cifre?
Da li ima simbola?
Da li ima simbola?
03:24
Does it have a symbol?
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03:25
And were you annoyed at having to create
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I da li vas je iznerviralo
to što ste morali
to što ste morali
03:27
a new one last week?
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da napravite novu prošle nedelje?
03:30
So we got results from 470 students,
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Dobili smo rezultate od 470 studenata,
profesora i zaposlenih,
03:33
faculty and staff,
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03:34
and indeed we confirmed that the new policy
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i zaista smo potvrdili da je nova politika
03:36
was very annoying,
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prilično nervirala,
03:38
but we also found that people said
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ali smo takođe saznali da se ljudi
03:40
they felt more secure with these new passwords.
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osećaju sigurnije sa ovim novim šiframa.
03:43
We found that most people knew
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Saznali smo da većina ljudi zna
03:45
they were not supposed to
write their password down,
write their password down,
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da ne treba da zapisuju svoje šifre,
03:47
and only 13 percent of them did,
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i samo 13% njih jeste zapisalo,
03:50
but disturbingly, 80 percent of people
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ali uznemiravajuće je to da je 80%
03:52
said they were reusing their password.
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reklo da ponovo koristi svoju staru šifru.
03:54
Now, this is actually more dangerous
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To je zapravo opasnije
03:56
than writing your password down,
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od zapisivanja šifre,
03:58
because it makes you much
more susceptible to attackers.
more susceptible to attackers.
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jer vas čini mnogo ranjivijim za napade.
04:01
So if you have to, write your passwords down,
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Tako da ako morate, zapišite šifru,
04:05
but don't reuse them.
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ali nemojte ponovo koristiti istu.
04:06
We also found some interesting things
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Takođe smo saznali neke zanimljive stvari
04:08
about the symbols people use in passwords.
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o simbolima koje ljudi koriste u šiframa.
04:11
So CMU allows 32 possible symbols,
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Dakle, KMU dozvoljava
32 različita simbola,
32 različita simbola,
04:14
but as you can see, there's only a small number
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ali kao što vidite, mali je broj
04:16
that most people are using,
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onih koje većina ljudi koristi
04:18
so we're not actually getting very much strength
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tako da ne dobijamo mnogo na jačini
04:21
from the symbols in our passwords.
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od simbola u našim šiframa.
04:23
So this was a really interesting study,
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Ovo je stvarno bilo
interesantno ispitivanje,
interesantno ispitivanje,
04:26
and now we had data from 470 people,
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i sada smo imali podatke 470 osoba,
04:29
but in the scheme of things,
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ali u suštini,
04:30
that's really not very much password data,
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to i nije mnogo podataka o šiframa,
04:33
and so we looked around to see
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pa smo se osvrnuli unaokolo
04:34
where could we find additional password data?
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da vidimo gde možemo naći još podataka.
04:37
So it turns out there are a lot of people
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Ispostavilo se da ima mnogo ljudi
04:39
going around stealing passwords,
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koji idu unaokolo i kradu šifre,
04:41
and they often go and post these passwords
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i često objavljuju te šifre
04:43
on the Internet.
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na internetu.
04:45
So we were able to get access
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Tako da smo mogli da pristupimo
04:46
to some of these stolen password sets.
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nekim od ovih nizova ukradenih šifri.
04:50
This is still not really ideal for research, though,
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Ipak, to baš i nije
idealno za istraživanje
idealno za istraživanje
04:53
because it's not entirely clear
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zato što nije potpuno jasno
04:55
where all of these passwords came from,
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odakle te šifre dolaze
04:57
or exactly what policies were in effect
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niti kakva su tačno pravila važila
04:59
when people created these passwords.
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kada su ljudi pravili te šifre.
05:01
So we wanted to find some better source of data.
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Želeli smo da nađemo bolji izvor podataka.
05:05
So we decided that one thing we could do
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Odlučili smo da bismo mogli
05:06
is we could do a study and have people
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da sprovedemo istraživanje
za koje će ljudi
za koje će ljudi
05:09
actually create passwords for our study.
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zapravo specijalno praviti svoje šifre.
05:12
So we used a service called
Amazon Mechanical Turk,
Amazon Mechanical Turk,
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Koristili smo servis pod imenom
Amazon Mechanical Turk,
Amazon Mechanical Turk,
05:15
and this is a service where you can post
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a to je servis gde možete objaviti
05:17
a small job online that takes a minute,
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mali posao za koji treba minut,
05:19
a few minutes, an hour,
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nekoliko minuta, sat,
05:21
and pay people, a penny, ten cents, a few dollars,
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i platiti ljudima peni,
deset centi, nekoliko dolara
deset centi, nekoliko dolara
05:23
to do a task for you,
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da urade zadatak za vas
05:25
and then you pay them through Amazon.com.
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a onda im platite preko Amazon.com.
05:27
So we paid people about 50 cents
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Plaćali smo ljudima oko 50 centi
05:29
to create a password following our rules
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da naprave šifru poštujući naša pravila
05:32
and answering a survey,
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i odgovarajući na anketu,
05:33
and then we paid them again to come back
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a onda im ponovo plaćali da se vrate
05:36
two days later and log in
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dva dana kasnije i uloguju se
05:38
using their password and answering another survey.
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koristeći svoju šifru
i odgovarajući na još jednu anketu.
i odgovarajući na još jednu anketu.
05:40
So we did this, and we collected 5,000 passwords,
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To smo uradili i sakupili 5000 šifri,
05:45
and we gave people a bunch of different policies
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i davali smo ljudima
brdo različitih smernica
brdo različitih smernica
05:47
to create passwords with.
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po kojima da naprave šifru.
05:49
So some people had a pretty easy policy,
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Neki ljudi su imali jednostavne smernice,
05:51
we call it Basic8,
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mi to zovemo Basic8,
05:52
and here the only rule was that your password
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a tu je jedino pravilo bilo da šifra
05:55
had to have at least eight characters.
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mora da sadrži najmanje osam karaktera.
05:58
Then some people had a much harder policy,
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Od nekih ljudi se tražilo mnogo više,
06:00
and this was very similar to the CMU policy,
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veoma slično politici KMU-a,
06:03
that it had to have eight characters
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da šifra mora imati osam karaktera
06:05
including uppercase, lowercase, digit, symbol,
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uključujući veliko slovo,
malo slovo, cifru, simbol
malo slovo, cifru, simbol
06:07
and pass a dictionary check.
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i da prolazi rečničku proveru.
Jedna od politika koju smo probali,
06:09
And one of the other policies we tried,
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06:11
and there were a whole bunch more,
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a bilo ih je stvarno mnogo,
06:12
but one of the ones we tried was called Basic16,
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ali jedna od onih
koje smo probali se zove Basic16,
koje smo probali se zove Basic16,
06:14
and the only requirement here
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a ovde je jedini zahtev bio
06:17
was that your password had
to have at least 16 characters.
to have at least 16 characters.
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da šifra mora imati
najmanje 16 karaktera.
najmanje 16 karaktera.
06:20
All right, so now we had 5,000 passwords,
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Dobro, sada smo imali 5000 šifri
06:23
and so we had much more detailed information.
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i mnogo detaljnije informacije.
06:26
Again we see that there's only a small number
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Ponovo vidimo da je samo mali broj
06:29
of symbols that people are actually using
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simbola koje ljudi zapravo koriste
06:31
in their passwords.
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u svojim šiframa.
06:33
We also wanted to get an idea of how strong
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Takođe smo želeli da steknemo uvid
u to koliko su jake šifre koje ljudi prave
06:35
the passwords were that people were creating,
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06:38
but as you may recall, there isn't a good measure
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ali, ako se sećate, ne postoji prava mera
06:40
of password strength.
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za jačinu šifre.
06:42
So what we decided to do was to see
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Odlučili smo da vidimo
06:45
how long it would take to crack these passwords
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koliko vremena je potrebno
da se provale ove šifre
da se provale ove šifre
06:47
using the best cracking tools
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koristeći najbolje alatke
06:48
that the bad guys are using,
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koje koriste loši momci
06:50
or that we could find information about
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ili one o kojima se mogu
pronaći neki podaci
pronaći neki podaci
06:52
in the research literature.
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u literaturi.
06:54
So to give you an idea of how bad guys
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A sada da vam dam uvid
u to kako loši momci
u to kako loši momci
06:56
go about cracking passwords,
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otkrivaju šifre.
06:59
they will steal a password file
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Oni ukradu datoteku
07:01
that will have all of the passwords
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koja sadrži sve šifre
07:03
in kind of a scrambled form, called a hash,
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u nekakvom zbrkanom obliku, zvanom heš,
07:06
and so what they'll do is they'll make a guess
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a onda zapravo nagađaju
07:08
as to what a password is,
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šta je od toga šifra,
07:10
run it through a hashing function,
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provuku je kroz heš funkciju
07:12
and see whether it matches
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i vide da li odgovara
07:14
the passwords they have on
their stolen password list.
their stolen password list.
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šiframa koje imaju
na svom spisku ukradenih šifri.
na svom spisku ukradenih šifri.
07:18
So a dumb attacker will try every password in order.
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Glup napadač će probati
svaku šifru po redu.
svaku šifru po redu.
07:21
They'll start with AAAAA and move on to AAAAB,
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Počeće sa AAAAA i preći na AAAAB,
07:24
and this is going to take a really long time
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i to će trajati veoma dugo
07:27
before they get any passwords
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pre nego što dobije neku šifru
07:28
that people are really likely to actually have.
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koju je vrlo verovatno
da neko zapravo ima.
da neko zapravo ima.
07:31
A smart attacker, on the other hand,
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Pametan napadač, sa druge strane,
07:33
does something much more clever.
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radi nešto mnogo mudrije.
07:34
They look at the passwords
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On posmatra šifre
07:36
that are known to be popular
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1800
za koje se zna da su popularne
07:38
from these stolen password sets,
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1727
i iz ovih nizova ukradenih
07:40
and they guess those first.
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1189
prvo nagađa te šifre.
07:41
So they're going to start by guessing "password,"
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2134
Počeće sa nagađanjem reči "šifra"
07:43
and then they'll guess "I love you," and "monkey,"
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a onda "volimte" i "majmun"
07:46
and "12345678,"
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2583
i "12345678"
07:48
because these are the passwords
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1312
zato što su to šifre
07:50
that are most likely for people to have.
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1905
koje ljudi najverovatnije imaju.
07:52
In fact, some of you probably have these passwords.
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Zapravo, neki od vas
verovatno imaju ove šifre.
verovatno imaju ove šifre.
07:57
So what we found
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Ono što smo otkrili
07:58
by running all of these 5,000 passwords we collected
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stavljajući svih ovih
5000 šifri koje smo sakupili
5000 šifri koje smo sakupili
08:01
through these tests to see how strong they were,
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na testove da vidimo koliko su jake
08:06
we found that the long passwords
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bilo je da su duge šifre
08:08
were actually pretty strong,
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1280
zapravo prilično jake
08:10
and the complex passwords were pretty strong too.
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478033
3262
kao i da su složene šifre
takođe prilično jake.
takođe prilično jake.
08:13
However, when we looked at the survey data,
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Međutim, kada smo pregledali
odgovore u anketama
odgovore u anketama
08:15
we saw that people were really frustrated
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483737
3024
videli smo da ljude zaista frustriraju
08:18
by the very complex passwords,
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2339
veoma složene šifre
08:21
and the long passwords were a lot more usable,
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i da su duge šifre mnogo upotrebljivije,
a u nekim slučajevima su zapravo
08:23
and in some cases, they were actually
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1325
08:25
even stronger than the complex passwords.
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čak i snažnije nego složene šifre.
Dakle, ovo nam pokazuje
08:27
So this suggests that,
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1169
08:29
instead of telling people that they need
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497132
1703
da umesto da govorimo ljudima da treba
08:30
to put all these symbols and numbers
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1522
da ubace sve ove simbole i brojeve
08:32
and crazy things into their passwords,
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i svakakve druge stvari u svoje šifre,
08:35
we might be better off just telling people
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503199
2022
možda bi bilo bolje samo da im kažemo
08:37
to have long passwords.
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505221
2652
da imaju duge šifre.
08:39
Now here's the problem, though:
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507873
1792
Ipak, ovde imamo problem:
08:41
Some people had long passwords
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509665
2255
Neki ljudi su imali duge šifre
08:43
that actually weren't very strong.
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511920
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koje zapravo nisu toliko jake.
08:45
You can make long passwords
224
513475
1997
Možete napraviti duge šifre
08:47
that are still the sort of thing
225
515472
1556
koje su i dalje prilično
08:49
that an attacker could easily guess.
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517028
1742
laka meta za napadače.
08:50
So we need to do more than
just say long passwords.
just say long passwords.
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518770
3365
Zato moramo uraditi nešto više
nego prosto reći "duge šifre".
nego prosto reći "duge šifre".
08:54
There has to be some additional requirements,
228
522135
1936
Moraju postojati neki dodatni zahtevi,
08:56
and some of our ongoing research is looking at
229
524071
2969
a neka od naših
istraživanja koja su u toku
istraživanja koja su u toku
08:59
what additional requirements we should add
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527040
2439
ispituju koje to zahteve
treba da uključimo
treba da uključimo
09:01
to make for stronger passwords
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529479
2104
da bismo stvorili snažnije šifre
09:03
that also are going to be easy for people
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2312
koje će ujedno biti jednostavne
09:05
to remember and type.
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533895
2698
za pamćenje i kucanje.
Još jedan način da navedemo ljude
da imaju jače šifre
da imaju jače šifre
09:08
Another approach to getting people to have
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536593
2126
09:10
stronger passwords is to use a password meter.
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538719
2257
jeste da koristimo merač jačine.
09:12
Here are some examples.
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540976
1385
Evo nekih primera.
Možda ste videli ove na internetu
09:14
You may have seen these on the Internet
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542361
1401
09:15
when you were creating passwords.
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543762
3057
kada ste pravili svoje šifre.
Odlučili smo da sprovedemo
istraživanje i saznamo
istraživanje i saznamo
09:18
We decided to do a study to find out
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546819
2248
09:21
whether these password meters actually work.
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549067
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da li ovi merači zapravo rade.
09:23
Do they actually help people
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551954
1421
Da li zaista pomažu ljudima
09:25
have stronger passwords,
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553375
1453
da imaju jače šifre
09:26
and if so, which ones are better?
243
554828
2086
i ako je tako, koji od njih su bolji?
09:28
So we tested password meters that were
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556914
2507
Ispitali smo merače jačine koji su
09:31
different sizes, shapes, colors,
245
559421
2098
različitih dimenzija, oblika, boja,
09:33
different words next to them,
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561519
1416
koji koriste različite reči,
09:34
and we even tested one that was a dancing bunny.
247
562935
3275
čak i jedan koji je
u obliku zeca koji pleše.
u obliku zeca koji pleše.
09:38
As you type a better password,
248
566210
1582
Što je bolja šifra koju ukucate,
09:39
the bunny dances faster and faster.
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567792
2539
to zec igra brže.
09:42
So this was pretty fun.
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570331
2529
Ovo je bilo prilično zabavno.
09:44
What we found
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572860
1567
Ono što smo otkrili je
09:46
was that password meters do work.
252
574427
3572
da merači jačine šifre funkcionišu.
09:49
(Laughter)
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577999
1801
(Smeh)
09:51
Most of the password meters were actually effective,
254
579800
3333
Većina merača je zapravo korisna
09:55
and the dancing bunny was very effective too,
255
583133
2521
uključujući i zeca koji igra,
09:57
but the password meters that were the most effective
256
585654
2881
ali merači koji su bili najefikasniji
10:00
were the ones that made you work harder
257
588535
2355
su oni koji vas navode da se pomučite
10:02
before they gave you that thumbs up and said
258
590890
1980
pre nego što vam daju zeleno svetlo
i kažu da ste na dobrom putu.
10:04
you were doing a good job,
259
592870
1377
10:06
and in fact we found that most
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594247
1512
Zapravo, otkrili smo da je većina
10:07
of the password meters on the Internet today
261
595759
2281
merača jačine na internetu
trenutno previše blaga.
10:10
are too soft.
262
598040
952
10:10
They tell you you're doing a good job too early,
263
598992
2203
Prerano vam kažu
da ste dobro obavili posao,
da ste dobro obavili posao,
10:13
and if they would just wait a little bit
264
601195
1929
a kada bi samo malo pričekali
10:15
before giving you that positive feedback,
265
603124
2049
pre nego što vam daju
taj pozitivan komentar,
taj pozitivan komentar,
10:17
you probably would have better passwords.
266
605173
3160
verovatno biste imali bolje šifre.
10:20
Now another approach to better passwords, perhaps,
267
608333
3847
Drugi pristup pravljenju
boljih šifri je možda
boljih šifri je možda
upotreba šifri u obliku fraze umesto reči.
10:24
is to use pass phrases instead of passwords.
268
612180
2890
10:27
So this was an xkcd cartoon
from a couple of years ago,
from a couple of years ago,
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615070
3418
Ovo je xkcd internet-strip
od pre par godina
od pre par godina
10:30
and the cartoonist suggests
270
618488
1674
i autor predlaže
10:32
that we should all use pass phrases,
271
620162
2196
da svi koristimo šifre u obliku fraze
10:34
and if you look at the second row of this cartoon,
272
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3170
i ako pogledate drugi red ovog stripa,
10:37
you can see the cartoonist is suggesting
273
625528
1857
možete videti da autor predstavlja
10:39
that the pass phrase "correct horse battery staple"
274
627385
3441
frazu "tačno konj baterijska spajalica"
10:42
would be a very strong pass phrase
275
630826
2481
kao frazu koja bi bila veoma jaka šifra.
10:45
and something really easy to remember.
276
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1916
i nešto što je jednostavno zapamtiti.
10:47
He says, in fact, you've already remembered it.
277
635223
2797
On kaže da ste je zapravo već zapamtili.
10:50
And so we decided to do a research study
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638020
2150
Tako smo odlučili
da sprovedemo istraživanje
da sprovedemo istraživanje
10:52
to find out whether this was true or not.
279
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2592
da bismo otkrili da li je ovo tačno.
Zapravo, svako sa kim sam razgovarala,
10:54
In fact, everybody who I talk to,
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642762
1775
i kome sam pomenula
da radim istraživanje o šiframa
da radim istraživanje o šiframa
10:56
who I mention I'm doing password research,
281
644537
2042
10:58
they point out this cartoon.
282
646579
1400
mi je ukazao na taj strip.
10:59
"Oh, have you seen it? That xkcd.
283
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1574
"O, jesi li videla taj strip?
11:01
Correct horse battery staple."
284
649553
1602
Tačno konj baterijska spajalica"
11:03
So we did the research study to see
285
651155
1806
Sproveli smo istraživanje da vidimo
11:04
what would actually happen.
286
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2359
šta bi se zaista dogodilo.
11:07
So in our study, we used Mechanical Turk again,
287
655320
3060
Za naše istraživanje
smo opet koristili Mechanical Turk,
smo opet koristili Mechanical Turk,
a računar je nasumično birao reči
11:10
and we had the computer pick the random words
288
658380
4167
za šifru-frazu.
11:14
in the pass phrase.
289
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1100
Razlog zašto smo tako uradili
11:15
Now the reason we did this
290
663647
1153
11:16
is that humans are not very good
291
664800
1586
je taj što ljudi nisu baš dobri
11:18
at picking random words.
292
666386
1384
u nasumičnom biranju reči.
11:19
If we asked a human to do it,
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1262
Kada bi to radio čovek
11:21
they would pick things that were not very random.
294
669032
2998
izabrao bi stvari koje nisu baš nasumične.
11:24
So we tried a few different conditions.
295
672030
2032
Isprobali smo par različitih situacija.
11:26
In one condition, the computer picked
296
674062
2090
U jednoj od njih, računar je birao
11:28
from a dictionary of the very common words
297
676152
2216
iz rečnika veoma čestih reči
11:30
in the English language,
298
678368
1362
u engleskom jeziku,
11:31
and so you'd get pass phrases like
299
679730
1764
pa smo dobijali fraze tipa
11:33
"try there three come."
300
681494
1924
"probati tamo tri doći".
11:35
And we looked at that, and we said,
301
683418
1732
Posmatrali smo to i rekli:
11:37
"Well, that doesn't really seem very memorable."
302
685150
3050
"Pa, to i ne deluje baš
tako lako za pamćenje."
tako lako za pamćenje."
11:40
So then we tried picking words
303
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2240
Pa smo onda probali da biramo reči
11:42
that came from specific parts of speech,
304
690440
2521
na osnovu vrste reči
kao recimo, imenica-glagol-pridev-imenica.
11:44
so how about noun-verb-adjective-noun.
305
692961
2182
11:47
That comes up with something
that's sort of sentence-like.
that's sort of sentence-like.
306
695143
2577
To se čini kao nešto slično rečenici.
Tako da možete dobiti frazu kao na primer,
11:49
So you can get a pass phrase like
307
697720
2070
11:51
"plan builds sure power"
308
699790
1308
"plan gradi sigurnu moć"
11:53
or "end determines red drug."
309
701098
2786
ili "kraj određuje crvenu drogu".
11:55
And these seemed a little bit more memorable,
310
703884
2676
Ove su se činile malo lakše za pamćenje
11:58
and maybe people would like those a little bit better.
311
706560
2822
i možda bi se ljudima malo više svidele.
12:01
We wanted to compare them with passwords,
312
709382
2572
Hteli smo da ih uporedimo
sa običnim šiframa,
sa običnim šiframa,
12:03
and so we had the computer
pick random passwords,
pick random passwords,
313
711954
3196
pa smo pomoću računara
nasumično birali reči
nasumično birali reči
koje su bile fine i kratke,
ali kao što možete videti,
ali kao što možete videti,
12:07
and these were nice and short, but as you can see,
314
715150
1990
12:09
they don't really look very memorable.
315
717140
2806
ne deluju baš lake za pamćenje.
Onda smo odlučili da probamo
12:11
And then we decided to try something called
316
719946
1396
12:13
a pronounceable password.
317
721342
1646
šifre koje se mogu izgovoriti.
12:14
So here the computer picks random syllables
318
722988
2245
Ovde računar bira nasumične slogove
12:17
and puts them together
319
725233
1134
i spaja ih tako
12:18
so you have something sort of pronounceable,
320
726367
2475
da se dobije nešto
što je moguće izgovoriti
što je moguće izgovoriti
12:20
like "tufritvi" and "vadasabi."
321
728842
2602
kao na primer "tuftitvi" i "vadasabi".
12:23
That one kind of rolls off your tongue.
322
731444
2147
Ovu je prilično lako izgovoriti.
12:25
So these were random passwords that were
323
733591
2216
To su bile nasumične reči
12:27
generated by our computer.
324
735807
2744
koje je sastavio naš računar.
Iznenađujuće, ono što smo otkrili
u ovom istraživanju bilo je
u ovom istraživanju bilo je
12:30
So what we found in this study was that, surprisingly,
325
738551
2978
12:33
pass phrases were not actually all that good.
326
741529
3768
da fraze i nisu toliko dobre kao šifre.
12:37
People were not really better at remembering
327
745297
2793
Ljudi zapravo nisu bolje pamtili
12:40
the pass phrases than these random passwords,
328
748090
2953
fraze od ovih nasumičnih reči,
12:43
and because the pass phrases are longer,
329
751043
2754
a pošto su fraze duže,
treba više vremena da se ukucaju
12:45
they took longer to type
330
753797
1226
12:47
and people made more errors while typing them in.
331
755023
3010
i ljudi su pravili više grešaka
dok su ih kucali.
dok su ih kucali.
12:50
So it's not really a clear win for pass phrases.
332
758033
3227
Dakle, fraze i nisu
baš najbolje kao šifre.
baš najbolje kao šifre.
12:53
Sorry, all of you xkcd fans.
333
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3345
Žao mi je, svi vi fanovi onog xkcd stripa.
12:56
On the other hand, we did find
334
764605
1892
Sa druge strane, otkrili smo
da su šifre koje je moguće izgovoriti
12:58
that pronounceable passwords
335
766497
1804
13:00
worked surprisingly well,
336
768301
1471
iznenađujuće dobro funkcionisale,
13:01
and so we actually are doing some more research
337
769772
2418
pa zapravo radimo još neka istraživanja
13:04
to see if we can make that
approach work even better.
approach work even better.
338
772190
3195
da vidimo da li možemo da učinimo
taj pristup još efikasnijim.
taj pristup još efikasnijim.
13:07
So one of the problems
339
775385
1812
Jedan od problema
u nekim od istraživanja koja smo sproveli
13:09
with some of the studies that we've done
340
777197
1623
13:10
is that because they're all done
341
778820
1683
je da zato što su sva sprovedena
13:12
using Mechanical Turk,
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780503
1590
koristeći Mechanical Turk,
13:14
these are not people's real passwords.
343
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1812
ovo nisu prave šifre ljudi.
To su šifre koje su ljudi napravili
13:15
They're the passwords that they created
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783905
2105
ili ih je umesto njih napravio
računar za naše istraživanje.
računar za naše istraživanje.
13:18
or the computer created for them for our study.
345
786010
2495
13:20
And we wanted to know whether people
346
788505
1568
A nas je zanimalo da li bi se ljudi
13:22
would actually behave the same way
347
790073
2312
zaista ponašali na isti način
13:24
with their real passwords.
348
792385
2227
i kada se radi o njihovim pravim šiframa.
13:26
So we talked to the information
security office at Carnegie Mellon
security office at Carnegie Mellon
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794612
3681
Razgovarali smo sa službom
za bezbednost podataka na Karnegi Melonu
za bezbednost podataka na Karnegi Melonu
13:30
and asked them if we could
have everybody's real passwords.
have everybody's real passwords.
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i pitali ih da li bismo mogli
da dobijemo svačiju pravu šifru.
da dobijemo svačiju pravu šifru.
13:34
Not surprisingly, they were a little bit reluctant
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Očekivano, nisu baš bili voljni
13:35
to share them with us,
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da ih podele sa nama,
ali smo uspeli da smislimo
13:37
but we were actually able to work out
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sistem da sarađujemo sa njima
13:39
a system with them
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13:40
where they put all of the real passwords
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po kom su oni stavili sve prave šifre
13:42
for 25,000 CMU students, faculty and staff,
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25000 studenata, profesora i zaposlenih
13:45
into a locked computer in a locked room,
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u zaključan računar
u zaključanoj prostoriji
u zaključanoj prostoriji
13:47
not connected to the Internet,
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bez pristupa internetu
13:49
and they ran code on it that we wrote
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i pokrenuli su kod koji smo mi napisali
13:51
to analyze these passwords.
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kako bismo analizirali te šifre.
Oni su kontrolisali naš kod.
13:53
They audited our code.
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13:54
They ran the code.
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Oni su pokretali kod.
13:55
And so we never actually saw
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Tako da mi zapravo nismo
13:57
anybody's password.
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videli ničiju šifru.
Dobili smo zanimljive rezultate,
14:00
We got some interesting results,
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14:02
and those of you Tepper students in the back
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a vas studente poslovnih
studija tamo pozadi
studija tamo pozadi
14:03
will be very interested in this.
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će ovo posebno zanimati.
14:06
So we found that the passwords created
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Otkrili smo da su šifre koje su napravili
14:10
by people affiliated with the
school of computer science
school of computer science
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ljudi povezani sa studijama računarstva
14:12
were actually 1.8 times stronger
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bile zapravo 1,8 puta snažnije
14:14
than those affiliated with the business school.
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nego one koje su pravili
ljudi sa poslovnih studija.
ljudi sa poslovnih studija.
14:18
We have lots of other really interesting
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Imamo i mnogo drugih zaista interesantnih
14:20
demographic information as well.
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demografskih podataka.
Druga zanimljiva stvar koju smo otkrili
14:22
The other interesting thing that we found
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14:24
is that when we compared
the Carnegie Mellon passwords
the Carnegie Mellon passwords
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je da kada uporedimo
šifre sa Karnegi Melona
šifre sa Karnegi Melona
14:27
to the Mechanical Turk-generated passwords,
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sa šiframa koje smo sakupili
na Mechanical Turku
na Mechanical Turku
14:29
there was actually a lot of similarities,
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zapravo primetimo dosta sličnosti,
što nam je pomoglo da utvrdimo
valjanost naše metode
valjanost naše metode
14:31
and so this helped validate our research method
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14:33
and show that actually, collecting passwords
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i pokazalo da je sakupljanje šifri
14:36
using these Mechanical Turk studies
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pomoću Mechanical Turk-a
14:38
is actually a valid way to study passwords.
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zapravo valjan način proučavanja šifri.
14:41
So that was good news.
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To su dobre vesti.
14:43
Okay, I want to close by talking about
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U redu, želim da završim pričajući
o nekim uvidima koje sam stekla
prošle godine
prošle godine
14:45
some insights I gained while on sabbatical
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14:47
last year in the Carnegie Mellon art school.
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dok sam bila na odsustvu
u Karnegi Melon umetničkoj akademiji.
u Karnegi Melon umetničkoj akademiji.
14:51
One of the things that I did
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Između ostalog,
napravila sam brojne "tapiserije"
14:52
is I made a number of quilts,
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14:53
and I made this quilt here.
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i napravila sam ovu ovde.
14:55
It's called "Security Blanket."
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Zove se "Ćilim sigurnosti".
14:57
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
14:59
And this quilt has the 1,000
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A u sebi sadrži 1000
15:02
most frequent passwords stolen
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najčešće ukradenih šifri
15:05
from the RockYou website.
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sa internet sajta RockYou.
15:07
And the size of the passwords is proportional
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Veličina šifre je proporcionalna
15:09
to how frequently they appeared
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tome koliko su se često pojavljivale
15:11
in the stolen dataset.
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među ukradenim podacima.
15:13
And what I did is I created this word cloud,
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A ja sam napravila ovaj "oblak reči"
15:16
and I went through all 1,000 words,
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i pregledala svih 1000 reči
15:18
and I categorized them into
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pa ih svrstala
15:20
loose thematic categories.
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u opštije tematske celine.
15:22
And it was, in some cases,
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1903
U nekim slučajevima je bilo
15:24
it was kind of difficult to figure out
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prilično teško odlučiti
15:26
what category they should be in,
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kojoj kategoriji treba da pripadaju
15:28
and then I color-coded them.
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pa sam ih onda obeležila po bojama.
15:30
So here are some examples of the difficulty.
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Evo nekih takvih primera.
15:33
So "justin."
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Recimo, "džastin".
15:34
Is that the name of the user,
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Da li je to ime korisnika,
15:36
their boyfriend, their son?
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njihovog dečka, sina?
15:37
Maybe they're a Justin Bieber fan.
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Možda su samo fanovi Džastina Bibera.
15:40
Or "princess."
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Ili "princeza".
15:42
Is that a nickname?
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Da li je to nadimak?
15:44
Are they Disney princess fans?
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Da li vole Dizni princeze?
15:45
Or maybe that's the name of their cat.
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Ili je to možda ime njihove mačke.
15:49
"Iloveyou" appears many times
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"Volimte" se pojavljuje mnogo puta
15:51
in many different languages.
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na mnogo različitih jezika.
15:52
There's a lot of love in these passwords.
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Ima mnogo ljubavi u ovim šiframa.
Ako pogledate pažljivo,
videćete da ima takođe
videćete da ima takođe
15:56
If you look carefully, you'll see there's also
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944354
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15:58
some profanity,
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i nekih vulgarnosti
ali mi je bilo stvarno zanimljivo to što
16:00
but it was really interesting to me to see
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948301
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16:02
that there's a lot more love than hate
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ima mnogo više ljubavi nego mržnje
16:04
in these passwords.
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u ovim šiframa.
16:06
And there are animals,
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1490
I ima životinja,
16:08
a lot of animals,
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mnogo životinja,
16:09
and "monkey" is the most common animal
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a majmun je najčešća životinja
16:12
and the 14th most popular password overall.
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i uopšteno 14. šifra po popularnosti.
16:15
And this was really curious to me,
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Ovo mi je bilo veoma neobično
i upitala sam se:
"Zašto su majmuni toliko popularni?"
"Zašto su majmuni toliko popularni?"
16:17
and I wondered, "Why are monkeys so popular?"
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16:20
And so in our last password study,
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U našem poslednjem istraživanju o šiframa,
16:23
any time we detected somebody
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kad god bismo naišli na nekog
16:25
creating a password with the word "monkey" in it,
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ko pravi šifru koja sadrži reč "majmun",
16:28
we asked them why they had
a monkey in their password.
a monkey in their password.
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976120
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pitali smo ga zašto ubacuje
reč "majmun" u svoju šifru.
reč "majmun" u svoju šifru.
16:31
And what we found out --
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Ono što smo saznali,
16:33
we found 17 people so far, I think,
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a našli smo, ja mislim, 17 ljudi do sada
16:35
who have the word "monkey" --
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1283
koji imaju reč "majmun",
16:36
We found out about a third of them said
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984446
1812
bilo je da je oko trećina njih rekla
16:38
they have a pet named "monkey"
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986258
1740
da imaju ljubimca koji se zove "majmun"
16:39
or a friend whose nickname is "monkey,"
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987998
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ili prijatelja čiji je nadimak "majmun",
16:42
and about a third of them said
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990289
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a otprilike trećina ljudi je rekla
16:43
that they just like monkeys
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991949
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da jednostavno vole majmune
16:45
and monkeys are really cute.
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i da su majmuni jako slatki.
16:47
And that guy is really cute.
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995120
3639
I ovaj mališa je stvarno sladak.
16:50
So it seems that at the end of the day,
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Na kraju krajeva, čini se
da kada pravimo šifre,
16:54
when we make passwords,
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16:55
we either make something that's really easy
444
1003950
1974
napravimo ili nešto što je
veoma lako za iskucati, nešto uobičajeno,
16:57
to type, a common pattern,
445
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17:00
or things that remind us of the word password
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ili stvari koje nas
podsećaju na reč "šifra"
podsećaju na reč "šifra"
17:03
or the account that we've created the password for,
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3312
ili na nalog za koji smo napravili šifru
17:06
or whatever.
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1014731
2617
ili šta god.
17:09
Or we think about things that make us happy,
449
1017348
2642
Ili možda pomislimo
na stvari koje nas čine srećnim
na stvari koje nas čine srećnim
17:11
and we create our password
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i pravimo svoju šifru
17:13
based on things that make us happy.
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2238
na osnovu stvari koje nas čine srećnim.
17:15
And while this makes typing
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2863
I dok ovo čini kucanje
17:18
and remembering your password more fun,
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i pamćenje vaše šifre zabavnijim,
17:21
it also makes it a lot easier
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1807
ujedno čini šifru i mnogo lakšom
17:23
to guess your password.
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za pogađanje.
17:24
So I know a lot of these TED Talks
456
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Znam da su mnogi od ovih TED govora
17:26
are inspirational
457
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nadahnjujući
i čine da mislite o lepim stvarima,
17:27
and they make you think about nice, happy things,
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17:30
but when you're creating your password,
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ali kada pravite svoju šifru
17:32
try to think about something else.
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probajte da razmišljate o nečemu drugom.
17:34
Thank you.
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Hvala.
(Aplauz)
(Aplauz)
17:35
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Lorrie Faith Cranor - Security researcherAt Carnegie Mellon University, Lorrie Faith Cranor studies online privacy, usable security, phishing, spam and other research around keeping us safe online.
Why you should listen
Lorrie Faith Cranor is an Associate Professor of Computer Science and of Engineering and Public Policy at Carnegie Mellon University, where she is director of the CyLab Usable Privacy and Security Laboratory (CUPS) and co-director of the MSIT-Privacy Engineering masters program. She is also a co-founder of Wombat Security Technologies, Inc. She has authored over 100 research papers on online privacy, usable security, phishing, spam, electronic voting, anonymous publishing, and other topics.
Cranor plays a key role in building the usable privacy and security research community, having co-edited the seminal book Security and Usability and founded the Symposium On Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS). She also chaired the Platform for Privacy Preferences Project (P3P) Specification Working Group at the W3C and authored the book Web Privacy with P3P. She has served on a number of boards, including the Electronic Frontier Foundation Board of Directors, and on the editorial boards of several journals. In 2003 she was named one of the top 100 innovators 35 or younger by Technology Review.
Lorrie Faith Cranor | Speaker | TED.com