TEDxUSC
Jane Poynter: Life in Biosphere 2
Džejn Pojnter: Život u Biosferi 2
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Džejn Pojnter nam priča priču o svom životu u Biosferi 2 koji je trajao dve godine i 20 minuta -- iskustvu koje ju je nateralo na istraživanje o tome kako možemo održati život u najokrutnijim okruženjima. Ovo je prvi TED govor koji je preuzet sa nezavisno organizovanog TEDx događaja, održanog na Univerzitetu Južne Kalifornije.
Jane Poynter - Biospherian
After weathering two years in Biosphere 2, Jane Poynter is trying to create technologies that allow us to live in hostile environments -- like outer space. Full bio
After weathering two years in Biosphere 2, Jane Poynter is trying to create technologies that allow us to live in hostile environments -- like outer space. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I have had the distinct pleasure
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Imala sam to jedinstveno zadovoljstvo
00:15
of living inside two biospheres.
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da sam živela u dve biosfere.
00:18
Of course we all here in this room live in Biosphere 1.
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Naravno, svi mi u ovoj sobi živimo u Biosferi 1.
00:22
I've also lived in Biosphere 2.
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Ja sam takođe živela u Biosferi 2.
00:26
And the wonderful thing about that is that I get to compare biospheres.
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Divna stvar u vezi sa ovim jeste što mogu da poredim te dve biosfere.
00:30
And hopefully from that I get to learn something.
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I nadam se da iz toga mogu nešto i da naučim.
00:33
So what did I learn? Well,
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Šta sam to naučila? Pa,
00:35
here I am inside Biosphere 2, making a pizza.
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evo me u Biosferi 2, pravim picu.
00:38
So I am harvesting the wheat, in order to make the dough.
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Dakle, žanjem pšenicu da bih napravila testo.
00:41
And then of course I have to milk the goats
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I naravno, moram da pomuzem koze,
00:43
and feed the goats in order to make the cheese.
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i nahranim te koze da bih napravila sir.
00:46
It took me four months in Biosphere 2 to make a pizza.
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Trebalo mi je četiri meseca da u Biosferi 2 napravim picu.
00:48
Here in Biosphere 1, well it takes me about two minutes,
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Ovde, u Biosferi 1, treba mi dva minuta.
00:51
because I pick up the phone and I call and say,
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Zato što podignem slušalicu, pozovem i kažem:
00:53
"Hey, can you deliver the pizza?"
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Hej, da li dostavljate picu?
00:55
So Biosphere 2
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Dakle, Biosfera 2
00:58
was essentially a three-acre,
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koja se prostirala na 1.2 hektara, je u suštini bila
01:00
entirely sealed, miniature world
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potpuno zapečaćeni, minijaturni svet
01:02
that I lived in for two years and 20 minutes.
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u kome sam živela dve godine i 20 minuta.
01:05
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
01:08
Over the top it was sealed with steel and glass,
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Na vrhu je bila zapečaćena čelikom i staklom.
01:10
underneath it was sealed with a pan of steel --
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Ispod je bila zapečaćena čeličnom pločom.
01:13
essentially entirely sealed.
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U suštini, bila je potpuno zapečaćena.
01:15
So we had our own miniature rainforest,
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Dakle, imali smo našu ličnu minijaturnu prašumu,
01:17
a private beach with a coral reef.
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privatnu plažu sa koralnim grebenom.
01:19
We had a savanna, a marsh, a desert.
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Imali smo savanu, močvaru, pustinju.
01:22
We had our own half-acre farm that we had to grow everything.
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Imali smo i našu ličnu farmu na kojoj smo uzgajali sve što nam je bilo neophodno.
01:25
And of course we had our human habitat, where we lived.
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I naravno imali smo i habitat za ljude, gde smo živeli.
01:28
Back in the mid-'80s when we were designing Biosphere 2,
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Ranije, sredinom 80ih, kada smo projektovali Biosferu 2,
01:31
we had to ask ourselves some pretty basic questions.
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morali smo sebi da postavimo neka prilično elementarna pitanja.
01:33
I mean, what is a biosphere?
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Mislim šta je uopšte biosfera?
01:35
Back then, yes, I guess we all know now
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Onda, naravno, ali pretpostavljam da sada svi znamo
01:37
that it is essentially the sphere of life around the Earth, right?
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da je to u suštini sfera života oko Zemlje, zar ne?
01:40
Well, you have to get a little more specific than that if you're going to build one.
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Pa, morate da budete malo specifičniji od toga, ako planirate da izgradite jednu.
01:43
And so we decided that what it really is
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I onda smo odlučili da je ona u stvari
01:46
is that it is entirely materially closed --
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potpuno materijalno zatvorena
01:49
that is, nothing goes in or out at all, no material --
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to jest, ništa ne ulazi u nju, niti je napušta, nikakav materijal,
01:52
and energetically open,
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ali je otvorena po pitanju energije.
01:54
which is essentially what planet Earth is.
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Što je u suštini ono što je i planeta Zemlja.
01:56
This is a chamber that was 1/400th the size of Biosphere 2
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Ovo je komora, 400 puta manja od Biosfere 2
01:59
that we called our Test Module.
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koju smo nazvali Test Modul.
02:01
And the very first day that this fellow, John Allen,
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Prvog dana kada je naš ortak, Džon Alen,
02:03
walked in, to spend a couple of days in there
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ušao unutra, da bi tamo proveo nekoliko dana
02:05
with all the plants and animals and bacteria that we'd put in there
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sa svim biljkama, životinjama i bakterijama koje smo tamo ubacili,
02:07
to hopefully keep him alive,
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nadajući se da ga održimo u životu,
02:09
the doctors were incredibly concerned
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doktori su bili neverovatno zabrinuti
02:11
that he was going to succumb to some dreadful toxin,
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da će podleći nekom strašnom toksinu,
02:13
or that his lungs were going to get choked with bacteria or something, fungus.
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ili da će da se uguši od bakterija ili gljivica.
02:17
But of course none of that happened.
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Naravno, ništa od toga se nije dogodilo.
02:20
And over the ensuing few years,
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Tokom sledećih nekoliko godina,
02:22
there were great sagas about designing Biosphere 2.
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bilo je velikih saga o dizajniranju Biosfere 2.
02:24
But by 1991
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Ali, do 1991.
02:26
we finally had this thing built.
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konačno smo izgradili ovu stvar.
02:28
And it was time for us to go in
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I došlo je vreme da uđemo unutra
02:30
and give it a go.
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i pružimo joj šansu.
02:32
We needed to know,
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Trebalo je da znamo
02:34
is life this malleable?
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da li je život toliko savitljiv?
02:36
Can you take this biosphere,
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Možete li da uzmete ovu Biosferu,
02:38
that has evolved on a planetary scale,
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koja je evoluirala na planetarnoj skali,
02:40
and jam it into a little bottle,
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i nagurate je u bočicu
02:42
and will it survive?
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i da li će preživeti?
02:44
Big questions.
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To su bitna pitanja.
02:46
And we wanted to know this both for being able to go somewhere else
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Trebalo nam je da znamo ovo da bismo mogli da putujemo negde drugde
02:49
in the universe -- if we were going to go to Mars, for instance,
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u svemir, ako bismo išli na Mars, na primer,
02:52
would we take a biosphere with us, to live in it?
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da li bismo poneli sa nama ovakvu biosferu, da u njoj živimo?
02:54
We also wanted to know so we can understand more about
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Takođe smo ovo želeli da znamo da bismo bolje razumeli
02:56
the Earth that we all live in.
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Zemlju, na kojoj svi živimo.
02:58
Well, in 1991 it was finally time for us to go in
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Pa, 1991. je konačno došlo vreme da uđemo
03:01
and try out this baby.
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i isprobamo ovo luče.
03:03
Let's take it on a maiden voyage.
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Da je povedemo na prvo putovanje.
03:05
Will it work? Or will something happen
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Da li će raditi? Ili će da se desi nešto
03:07
that we can't understand and we can't fix,
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što ne razumemo i ne možemo da popravimo?
03:11
thereby negating the concept of man-made biospheres?
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Stoga negirajući koncept biosfera stvorenih od strane ljudi.
03:15
So eight of us went in: four men and four women.
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Dakle, osmoro nas je ušlo unutra. Četiri muškarca i četiri žene.
03:18
More on that later.
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O tome ćemo kasnije.
03:20
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
03:22
And this is the world that we lived in.
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Ovo je svet u kome smo živeli.
03:25
So, on the top, we had
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Dakle, na vrhu smo imali
03:27
these beautiful rainforests and an ocean,
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ove predivne kišne šume i okean.
03:29
and underneath we had all this technosphere, we called it,
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A ispod je bila "tehnosfera" kako smo je nazvali.
03:33
which is where all the pumps and the valves
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Tu su bile sve pumpe i ventili
03:35
and the water tanks and the air handlers, and all of that.
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i tankovi sa vodom i uređaji za ventilaciju i ostalo.
03:38
One of the Biospherians called it "garden of Eden
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Jedan od ljudi koji su bili u Biosferi ju je nazvao "Edenski Vrt,
03:40
on top of an aircraft carrier."
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na vrhu nosača aviona".
03:42
And then also we had the human habitat of course,
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I naravno, imali smo i ljudki habitat,
03:44
with the laboratories, and all of that.
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sa laboratorijama i svim ostalim.
03:46
This is the agriculture.
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Ovo je deo za poljoprivredu.
03:48
It was essentially an organic farm.
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U suštini, to je organska farma.
03:51
The day I walked into Biosphere 2,
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Prvog dana kada sam kročila u Biosferu 2,
03:53
I was, for the first time,
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po prvi put sam
03:55
breathing a completely different atmosphere
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udisala vazduh koji se razlikovao od onog
03:58
than everybody else in the world,
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koji je udisao bilo ko drugi na svetu,
04:00
except seven other people.
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osim sedmoro ostalih ljudi.
04:02
At that moment I became part of that biosphere.
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Tog trenutka, ja sam postala deo te biosfere.
04:06
And I don't mean that in an abstract sense;
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I ne mislim to na neki apstraktan način.
04:09
I mean it rather literally.
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Mislim bukvalno.
04:11
When I breathed out, my CO2
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Kad god bih izdahnula, moj ugljen-dioksid
04:14
fed the sweet potatoes that I was growing.
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hranio je slatke krompire koje sam uzgajala.
04:18
And we ate an awful lot of the sweet potatoes.
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A jeli smo užasno mnogo slatkog krompira.
04:21
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
04:23
And those sweet potatoes
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I ti slatki krompiri
04:25
became part of me.
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postali su deo mene.
04:27
In fact, we ate so many sweet potatoes
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U stvari, jeli smo toliko slatkog krompira
04:29
I became orange with sweet potato.
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da sam od njega postala narandžasta.
04:31
I literally was eating the same carbon over and over again.
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Bukvalno sam iznova i iznova jela isti ugljenik.
04:35
I was eating myself in some strange sort of bizarre way.
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Na neki čudan i bizaran način, jela sam samu sebe.
04:39
When it came to our atmosphere, however,
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Kada se radilo o našoj atmosferi,
04:41
it wasn't that much of a joke over the long term,
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gledano na duge staze, tu već nije bilo mesta za šalu.
04:45
because it turned out that we were losing oxygen, quite a lot of oxygen.
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Zato što se ispostavilo da smo gubili kiseonik i to u velikim količinama.
04:49
And we knew that we were losing CO2.
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A znali smo da smo gubili i ugljen-dioksid.
04:51
And so we were working to sequester carbon.
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I tako smo počeli da izolujemo ugljenik.
04:54
Good lord -- we know that term now.
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Gospode Bože. Sada nam je taj termin dobro poznat.
04:56
We were growing plants like crazy.
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Uzgajali smo biljke kao ludi.
04:58
We were taking their biomass, storing them in the basement,
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Uzimali smo njihovu biomasu i skladištili je u podrumu,
05:00
growing plants, going around, around, around,
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ponovo uzgajali biljke vrteći se u krug, u krug,
05:02
trying to take all of that carbon out of the atmosphere.
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pokušavajući da odstranimo sav taj ugljenik iz atmosfere.
05:04
We were trying to stop carbon from going into the atmosphere.
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Pokušavali smo da sprečimo ugljenik da ode u atmosferu.
05:07
We stopped irrigating our soil, as much as we could.
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Prestali smo da navodnjavamo zemljište, koliko god smo mogli.
05:09
We stopped tilling, so that we could prevent greenhouse gasses from going into the air.
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Prestali smo da obrađujemo zemljište, da bi sprečili gasove, izazivače efekta staklene bašte, da odlaze u vazduh.
05:13
But our oxygen was going down faster
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Ali količina kiseonika je brže opadala
05:15
than our CO2 was going up, which was quite unexpected,
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nego što je količina ugljen-dioksida rasla, što je bilo potpuno neočekivano.
05:18
because we had seen them going in tandem in the test module.
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Zato što su se njihove količine u Test Modulu kretale u tandemu.
05:21
And it was like playing atomic hide-and-seek.
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Bilo je to kao da se igramo žmurke sa atomima.
05:24
We had lost seven tons of oxygen.
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Izgubili smo sedam tona kiseonika.
05:26
And we had no clue where it was.
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I nismo imali pojma gde se nalazio.
05:28
And I tell you, when you lose a lot of oxygen --
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A kažem vam, kada izgubite mnogo kiseonika -
05:31
and our oxygen went down quite far;
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a naš je poprilično opao,
05:33
it went from 21 percent down to 14.2 percent --
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pao je sa 21. procenta na 14.2 procenata -
05:36
my goodness, do you feel dreadful.
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nebesa, kako se loše osećate.
05:39
I mean we were dragging ourselves around the Biosphere.
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Mislim, vukli smo se po Biosferi.
05:42
And we had sleep apnea at night.
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Čak smo imali i apneje tokom noći.
05:44
So you'd wake up gasping with breath,
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Tako da smo se budili vapeći za vazduhom.
05:47
because your blood chemistry has changed.
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To je zato što vam se krvna slika promeni.
05:49
And that you literally do that. You stop breathing and then you -- (Gasps) --
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I onda doslovce uradite ovo: prestanete da dišete i onda (štucne)
05:52
take a breath and it wakes you up. And it's very irritating.
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udahnete i to vas probudi. Veoma je iritantno.
05:54
And everybody outside thought we were dying.
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Svi spolja su mislili da umiremo.
05:56
I mean, the media was making it sound like were were dying.
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Mislim, mediji su naduvali priču tako da je zvučalo kao da umiremo.
05:58
And I had to call up my mother every other day saying, "No, Mum, it's fine, fine.
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Morala sam da zovem majku svakog drugog dana da joj kažem: "Ne mama, u redu je, u redu je.
06:01
We're not dead. We're fine. We're fine."
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Nismo mrtvi, dobro smo. Dobro smo."
06:03
And the doctor was, in fact, checking us
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A doktor nas je stalno proveravao
06:05
to make sure we were, in fact, fine.
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da bi bio siguran da smo, zapravo, dobro.
06:07
But in fact he was the person who was most susceptible to the oxygen.
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A on je u stvari, bio najpodložniji nedostatku kiseonika.
06:11
And one day he couldn't add up a line of figures.
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Jednog dana čak nije mogao da sabere niz brojeva.
06:13
And it was time for us to put oxygen in.
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I došlo je vreme da ubacimo nešto kiseonika unutra.
06:17
And you might think, well,
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I verovatno sada mislite:
06:19
"Boy, your life support system
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"Čoveče, izdavao vas je sistem
06:21
was failing you. Wasn't that dreadful?"
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za održavanje života. Zar to nije bilo zastrašujuće?"
06:23
Yes. In a sense it was terrifying.
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Jeste. U nekom smislu, bilo je zastrašujuće.
06:27
Except that I knew I could walk out the airlock door
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Osim što sam znala da sam mogla da išetam kroz hermetička vrata
06:30
at any time, if it really got bad,
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u svakom trenutku, ako bi situacija postala veoma loša.
06:32
though who was going to say, "I can't take it anymore!"?
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Mada, ko bi rekao: "Ne mogu više ovo da podnesem!"?
06:35
Not me, that was for sure.
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Ja ne, to je bilo sigurno.
06:37
But on the other hand, it was the scientific gold of the project,
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Sa druge strane, ovo je bilo pravo blago ovog projekta za naučnike,
06:41
because we could really crank this baby up,
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zato što smo zaista mogli da iskoristimo ovo
06:43
as a scientific tool,
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u naučne svrhe
06:45
and see if we could, in fact, find
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i vidimo da li možemo, zapravo, da nađemo
06:47
where those seven tons of oxygen had gone.
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gde je nestalo tih sedam tona kiseonika.
06:50
And we did indeed find it.
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I jesmo ga našli.
06:52
And we found it in the concrete.
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A našli smo ga u betonu.
06:54
Essentially it had done something very simple.
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Ono što je uradio bilo je, u stvari, veoma jednostavno.
06:56
We had put too much carbon in the soil in the form of compost.
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Pošto smo ubacili previše ugljenika u zemljište u vidu komposta,
06:59
It broke down; it took oxygen out of the air;
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on se raspao, vezao kiseonik iz vazduha,
07:01
it put CO2 into the air; and it went into the concrete.
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i oslobodio ugljendioksid u vazduh. I rastvorio se u betonu.
07:04
Pretty straightforward really.
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U stvari je veoma jednostavno.
07:06
So at the end of the two years
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Dakle, na kraju te dve godine,
07:08
when we came out, we were elated,
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kada smo izašli, bili smo ushićeni.
07:10
because, in fact, although you might say
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Jer, iako bi mnogi od vas rekli
07:13
we had discovered something that was quite "uhh,"
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da smo otkrili nešto što je "eh",
07:16
when your oxygen is going down,
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kada vam nivo kiseonika opada
07:18
stopped working, essentially, in your life support system,
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kada praktično prestane da radi u vašem sistemu za održavanje života,
07:21
that's a very bad failure.
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to je veliki neuspeh.
07:23
Except that we knew what it was. And we knew how to fix it.
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Ali mi smo znali u čemu je problem. I znali smo kako da ga rešimo.
07:26
And nothing else emerged
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I ništa drugo se nije pojavilo
07:28
that really was as serious as that.
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a da je bilo tako ozbiljno.
07:30
And we proved the concept, more or less.
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I u većoj ili manjoj meri, dokazali smo koncept.
07:32
People, on the other hand, was a different subject.
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Ljudi su, sa druge strane, bili potpuno drugačija stvar.
07:35
We were -- yeah I don't know that we were fixable.
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Mi smo - ne znam da li je bilo moguće nas popraviti.
07:38
We all went quite nuts, I will say.
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Kažem vam, postali smo ludi.
07:40
And the day I came out of Biosphere 2,
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Na dan kada sam napustila Biosferu 2
07:42
I was thrilled I was going to see all my family and my friends.
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bila sam oduševljena što ću videti moju porodicu i moje prijatelje.
07:46
For two years I'd been seeing people through the glass.
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Zadnje dve godine, viđala sam ljude kroz staklo,
07:49
And everybody ran up to me.
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i svi su potrčali ka meni.
07:51
And I recoiled. They stank!
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Ali ja sam ustuknula. Smrdeli su!
07:55
People stink!
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Ljudi smrde!
07:57
We stink of hairspray and underarm deodorant,
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Smrdimo na sprej za kosu i dezodoranse
08:00
and all kinds of stuff.
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i mnoštvo drugih stvari.
08:02
Now we had stuff inside Biosphere to keep ourselves clean,
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Mi jesmo imali sredstva za higijenu u Biosferi,
08:05
but nothing with perfume.
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ali nismo imali ništa sa parfemima.
08:07
And boy do we stink out here.
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Bože što mi smrdimo ovde.
08:10
Not only that,
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Ne samo to,
08:12
but I lost touch of where my food came from.
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ja sam izgubila i osećaj odakle dolazi moja hrana.
08:16
I had been growing all my own food.
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Bila sam sama uzgajala svu svoju hranu.
08:19
I had no idea what was in my food, where it came from.
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A sada nisam imala pojma šta se sve nalazilo u mojoj hrani, niti odakle je dolazila.
08:22
I didn't even recognize half the names in most of the food that I was eating.
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Čak nisam mogla da prepoznam polovinu imena stvari koje sam jela.
08:25
In fact, I would stand for hours in the aisles of shops,
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U stvari, satima sam stajala pored polica u prodavnicama,
08:28
reading all the names on all of the things.
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čitajući sva imena sastojaka na svim stvarima.
08:30
People must have thought I was nuts.
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Ljudi su sigurno mislili da sam poludela.
08:32
It was really quite astonishing.
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To je bilo zaista začuđujuće.
08:38
And I slowly lost track
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I polako sam izgubila trag
08:41
of where I was in this big biosphere, in this big biosphere that we all live in.
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tome gde sam ja u ovoj velikoj biosferi, biosferi u kojoj svi živimo.
08:45
In Biosphere 2 I totally understood
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U Biosferi 2 sam potpuno razumela
08:48
that I had a huge impact on my biosphere, everyday,
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da sam svakodnevno imala ogroman uticaj na moju biosferu,
08:52
and it had an impact on me,
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i da je ona imala uticaj na mene,
08:54
very viscerally, very literally.
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veoma jak i bukvalan.
08:56
So I went about my business:
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I tako sam se posvetila svom poslu,
08:58
Paragon Space Development Corporation,
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Paragonskoj Korporaciji za Prostorno Uređenje,
09:00
a little firm I started with people while I was in the Biosphere,
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maloj firmi koju sam osnovala dok sam bila u Biosferi,
09:02
because I had nothing else to do.
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jer nisam imala šta drugo da radim.
09:04
And one of the things we did was
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Jedna od stvari na kojima smo radili
09:06
try to figure out: how small can you make these biospheres,
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je bio pokušaj da otkrijemo koliko malim možete da napravite ove biosfere.
09:08
and what can you do with them?
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I šta sve možete da uradite sa njima?
09:10
And so we sent one onto the Mir Space Station.
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Tako smo jednu poslali na svemirsku stanicu Mir.
09:13
We had one on the shuttle and one on the International Space Station,
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Jednu smo držali u šatlu, a drugu u međunarodnoj svemirskoj stanici
09:16
for 16 months, where we managed to produce
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tokom 16 meseci, gde smo uspeli da stvorimo
09:18
the first organisms to go through
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prve organizme koji su prošli
09:20
complete multiple life cycles in space --
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više životnih ciklusa u svemiru.
09:22
really pushing the envelope
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Time smo zaista pomerili granice
09:24
of understanding how malleable
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razumevanja o tome koliko su fleksibilni
09:26
our life systems are.
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naši životni sistemi.
09:29
And I'm also proud to announce
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Oduševljena sam što mogu da objavim,
09:31
that you're getting a sneak preview -- on Friday we're going to announce
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da prvi imate uvid u ovo - u petak ćemo objaviti
09:34
that we're actually forming a team
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da zapravo formiramo tim
09:36
to develop a system to grow plants on the Moon,
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za razvoj sistema za uzgoj biljaka na Mesecu,
09:39
which is going to be pretty fun.
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što će biti veoma zabavno.
09:41
And the legacy of that is a system that we were designing:
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Ishod svega toga biće sistem koji smo dizajnirali,
09:44
an entirely sealed system to grow plants to grow on Mars.
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potpuno zatvoreni sistem za uzgoj biljaka za uzgoj na Marsu.
09:48
And part of that is that we had to model
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Deo ovoga je bio modelovanje
09:50
very rapid circulation of CO2
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veoma brzog kruženja ugljen-dioksida
09:54
and oxygen and water through this plant system.
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i kiseonika i vode, kroz ovaj biljni sistem.
09:57
As a result of that modeling
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Kao rezultat tog modelovanja,
09:59
I ended up in all places,
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završila sam na svakakvim mestima
10:01
in Eritrea, in the Horn of Africa.
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u Eritreji, na Rogu Afrike.
10:04
Eritrea, formerly part of Ethiopia,
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Eritreja, nekadašnji deo Etiopije,
10:07
is one of those places that is astonishingly beautiful,
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je jedno od onih zadivljujuće lepih mesta
10:12
incredibly stark, and I have no understanding
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neverovatno jednostavno, a opet nisam mogla da razumem
10:16
of how people eke out a living there.
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kako ljudi preživljavaju tamo.
10:18
It is so dry.
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Tako je suvo.
10:20
This is what I saw.
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Ovo je ono što sam videla.
10:22
But this is also what I saw.
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Ali i ovo je deo onoga što sam videla.
10:24
I saw a company that had
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Videla sam kompaniju koja
10:27
taken seawater
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je na morskoj vodi
10:30
and sand, and they were growing
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i pesku, uzgajala
10:33
a kind of crop that will grow on pure salt water without having to treat it.
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poljoprivrednu kulturu koja može da se uzgaja na slanoj vodi bez potrebe da se preradi.
10:37
And it will produce a food crop.
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I proizvešće hranu.
10:39
In this case it was oilseed.
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U ovom slučaju uljane semenke.
10:41
It was astonishing. They were also producing mangroves
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To je bilo zadivljujuće. Takođe su proizvodili mangrove
10:44
in a plantation.
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na plantaži.
10:46
And the mangroves were providing wood
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A mangrove su dalje korišćene za dobijanje drveta,
10:48
and honey and leaves for the animals,
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meda i lišća za životinje
10:50
so that they could produce milk and whatnot,
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tako da su one mogle da daju mleko i još štošta
10:52
like we had in the Biosphere.
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kao što smo mi radili u Biosferi.
10:54
And all of it was coming from this: shrimp farms.
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A sve to je dolazilo iz ovoga, farme škampa.
10:58
Shrimp farms are a scourge on the earth,
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Farme škampa su pošast na zemlji,
11:00
frankly, from an environmental point of view.
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iskreno, sa stanovišta životne sredine.
11:02
They pour huge amounts of pollutants into the ocean.
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One oslobađaju ogromne količine zagađivača u okean.
11:05
They also pollute their next-door neighbors.
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Takođe zagađuju i svoje najbliže komšije.
11:08
So they're all shitting each other's ponds, quite literally.
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Dakle, upropašćuju jezerca jedno drugom. Bukvalno.
11:11
And what this project was doing
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Ono što se radilo u ovom projektu,
11:14
was taking the effluent of these,
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jeste da je tečan otpad sa ovih farmi,
11:16
and turning them into all of this food.
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pretvaran u svu ovu hranu.
11:18
They were literally turning pollution into abundance for a desert people.
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Doslovce su zagađenje pretvarali u obilje za ljude iz pustinje.
11:23
They had created an industrial ecosystem, of a sense.
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Stvorili su neku vrstu industrijskog ekosistema.
11:27
I was there because I was actually modeling the mangrove portion
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Bila sam tamo jer sam zapravo pravila model udela mangrova
11:31
for a carbon credit program, under the U.N.
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za kreditni program ugljenika, pod pokroviteljstvom Ujedinjenih Nacija
11:33
Kyoto Protocol system.
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u okviru Kjoto protokola.
11:35
And as I was modeling this mangrove swamp,
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I dok sam pravila ovaj model močvare mangrova,
11:37
I was thinking to myself, "How do you put a box around this?"
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razmišljala sam: "Kako ovo da stavim u kutiju"?
11:40
When I'm modeling a plant in a box, literally,
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Kada pravim model biljke u kutiji, bukvalno
11:43
I know where to draw the boundary.
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znam gde da povučem granice.
11:45
In a mangrove forest like this I have no idea.
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Ali u šumi mangrove kao što je ova, nisam imala pojma.
11:48
Well, of course you have to draw the boundary around the whole of the Earth.
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Naravno, granica se mora iscrtati oko cele Zemlje.
11:51
And understand its interactions with the entire Earth.
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I moramo da razumemo njene interakcije sa celom Zemljom.
11:54
And put your project in that context.
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A svoj projekat stavljate u taj kontekst.
11:59
Around the world today we're seeing an incredible transformation,
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Danas širom sveta vidimo jednu neverovatnu transformaciju.
12:04
from what I would call a biocidal species,
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Od onoga što ja nazivam bioubistvena vrsta,
12:08
one that -- whether we intentionally or unintentionally --
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ona koju smo namerno ili nenamerno
12:11
have designed our systems to kill life, a lot of the time.
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dizajnirali u našim sistemima da većinu vremena uništava život.
12:15
This is in fact, this beautiful photograph,
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Ovo je u stvari, ova prelepa fotografija,
12:19
is in fact over the Amazon.
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je napravljena iznad Amazona.
12:21
And here the light green are areas of massive deforestation.
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Ovde su, kao svetlo zelene, prikazane regije masovne seče šuma.
12:26
And those beautiful wispy clouds
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A ovi prelepi paperjasti oblaci
12:28
are, in fact, fires, human-made fires.
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su, zapravo, namerno uzrokovani požari.
12:32
We're in the process of transforming from this,
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Trenutno smo u procesu transformacije iz ovoga
12:35
to what I would call a biophilic society,
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u ono sto bih ja nazvala društvom koje obožava prirodu,
12:39
one where we learn to nurture society.
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u ono u kome učimo da vrednujemo društvo.
12:42
Now it may not seem like it, but we are.
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Možda vam se čini da nismo u tom procesu, ali zapravo jesmo.
12:45
It is happening all across the world,
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To se trenutno dešava širom sveta,
12:48
in every kind of walk of life,
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u svakom segmentu života,
12:50
and every kind of career
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u svakoj vrsti karijere
12:52
and industry that you can think of.
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i industrije koju možemo da zamislimo.
12:56
And I think often times people get lost in that.
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Često razmišljam o tome da su se ljudi tu izgubili.
12:59
They go, "But how can I possibly find my way in that?
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Oni često govore: "Ali kako ja mogu na nađem svoj put u svemu tome?
13:02
It's such a huge subject."
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To je tako krupna stvar."
13:04
And I would say that the small stuff counts. It really does.
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Ali ja bih rekla da se male stvari računaju. Zaista je tako.
13:08
This is the story of a rake in my backyard.
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Ovo je priča o grabulji iz mog zadnjeg dvorišta.
13:13
This was my backyard,
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Ovo je bilo moje dvorište,
13:15
very early on, when I bought my property.
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jako odavno, kada sam tek kupila svoje imanje.
13:17
And in Arizona, of course, everybody puts gravel down.
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A u Arizoni naravno, svi posipaju svoja dvorišta šljunkom.
13:20
And they like to keep everything beautifully raked. And they keep all the leaves away.
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Vole da je sve divno izgrabuljano. Uklanjaju svo lišće.
13:24
And on Sunday morning the neighbors leaf blower comes out,
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Nedeljom ujutro, komšije uklanjaju lišće duvačicama,
13:27
and I want to throttle them.
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a ja želim da ih zadavim.
13:29
It's a certain type of aesthetic.
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To je pitanje estetike.
13:32
We're very uncomfortable with untidiness.
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Ne osećamo se prijatno pored neurednosti.
13:35
And I threw away my rake.
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I tako sam ja odbacila moju grabulju.
13:39
And I let all of the leaves fall from the trees that I have on my property.
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I pustila sam svo lišće da otpadne sa drveća koje imam na svom posedu.
13:43
And over time, essentially what have I been doing?
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Šta sam ja to, u stvari, radila?
13:45
I've been building topsoil.
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Formirala sam površinski sloj komposta.
13:47
And so now all the birds come in. And I have hawks.
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Tako da sada dolaze ptice. Čak i jastrebi.
13:49
And I have an oasis.
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Ja sada imam oazu.
13:53
This is what happens every spring. For six weeks,
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Ovo se dešava svakog proleća. Tokom šest nedelja,
13:57
six to eight weeks, I have this flush of green oasis.
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šest do osam nedelja, ja imam pravi bum zelenila.
14:00
This is actually in a riparian area.
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Ovo je zapravo u priobalnom pojasu.
14:02
And all of Tucson could be like this
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I ceo Tuson bi mogao da bude ovakav
14:04
if everybody would just revolt and throw away the rake.
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samo kada bi se svi pobunili i odbacili svoje grabulje.
14:07
The small stuff counts.
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Male stvari se računaju.
14:11
The Industrial Revolution -- and Prometheus --
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Industrijska revolucija i Prometej,
14:14
has given us this, the ability to light up the world.
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dali su nam ovo: mogućnost da osvetlimo svet.
14:19
It has also given us this,
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Takođe su nam dali i ovo:
14:21
the ability to look at the world from the outside.
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da na svet gledamo spolja.
14:25
Now we may not all have
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Sada, možda nemamo svi
14:27
another biosphere that we can run to,
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drugu biosferu u koju možemo da odemo
14:29
and compare it to this biosphere.
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i uporedimo je sa ovom.
14:32
But we can look at the world,
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Ali možemo da pogledamo na svet
14:34
and try to understand where we are in its context,
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i pokušamo da razumemo gde smo mi u njegovom kontekstu
14:39
and how we choose to interact with it.
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i kako biramo da vršimo interakciju sa njim.
14:43
And if you lose where you are in your biosphere,
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Ako izgubite pojam o tome gde ste u vašoj biosferi,
14:46
or are perhaps having a difficulty connecting
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ili ako možda imate problem sa povezivanjem
14:48
with where you are in the biosphere,
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sa tim gde ste unutar nje,
14:50
I would say to you,
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rekla bih vam
14:53
take a deep breath.
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da udahnete duboko.
14:56
The yogis had it right.
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Jogisti su u pravu, znate.
14:58
Breath does, in fact, connect us all
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Dah nas, u stvari, sve povezuje
15:01
in a very literal way.
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na veoma bukvalan način.
15:03
Take a breath now.
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Sada udahnite.
15:05
And as you breathe, think
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Dok dišete, razmišljajte
15:07
about what is in your breath.
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o tome šta se nalazi u vašem dahu.
15:11
There perhaps is the CO2 from the person sitting next-door to you.
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Tu je verovatno ugljen-dioksid osobe koja sedi u susednoj sobi.
15:16
Maybe there is a little bit of oxygen
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Možda u njemu ima i nešto kiseonika
15:18
from some algae on the beach not far from here.
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od algi sa plaže koja se nalazi nedaleko odavde.
15:23
It also connects us in time.
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Takođe nas to povezuje i u vremenu.
15:26
There may be some carbon in your breath
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Možda u vašem dahu ima ugljenika
15:30
from the dinosaurs.
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dinosaurusa.
15:33
There could also be carbon that you are exhaling now
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Možda čak ima i ugljenika koji sada izdišete,
15:38
that will be in the breath
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a koji će se naći u dahu
15:42
of your great-great-great-grandchildren.
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vaših pra-pra-pra-unuka.
15:45
Thank you. (Applause)
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Hvala.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jane Poynter - BiospherianAfter weathering two years in Biosphere 2, Jane Poynter is trying to create technologies that allow us to live in hostile environments -- like outer space.
Why you should listen
Jane Poynter is one of only eight people to live in Biosphere 2 for two years. In 1991, she and seven others were locked in a three-acre, hermetically-sealed environment in the Arizona desert. Nothing was allowed in or out, and everything had to be recycled. Poynter, and the rest of the team, endured dangerously low oxygen levels and constant hunger, but they survived -- something many scientists said was impossible.
After leaving Biosphere 2, Poynter went on to found Paragon Space Development Corporation, along with her former fellow biospherian and now husband, Taber MacCallum. Paragon develops technologies that might allow humans to live in extreme environments such as outer space and underwater. As president of Paragon, Poynter has had experiments flown on the International Space Station, Russian Mir Space Station and US Space Shuttle, as well as working on underwater technologies with the US Navy.
However, Poynter has not given up on her homeland -- Biosphere 1. She continues to consult on and write about sustainable development and new green technologies. In concert with the World Bank, she has worked on projects to mitigate climate change and to grow crops in typically arid and hostile regions of Africa and Central America. Through talks and appearances, she builds awareness of the fragile state of the environment. After all, she knows what it's like to watch your biosphere begin to break down.
The New York Times looks back on the Biosphere 2 story >>
Jane Poynter | Speaker | TED.com