TED2010
George Whitesides: Toward a science of simplicity
George Whitesides: Ilmni soddalashtirish tomon
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Soddalik va osonlik: Biz buni ko'rganda taniy olamiz- lekin bu aslida nima? Bu maroqli va falsafali ma'ruzada George Whitesides bunga javob qidiradi.
George Whitesides - Chemist
In his legendary career in chemistry, George Whitesides has been a pioneer in microfabrication and nanoscale self-assembly. Now, he's fabbing a diagnostic lab on a chip. Full bio
In his legendary career in chemistry, George Whitesides has been a pioneer in microfabrication and nanoscale self-assembly. Now, he's fabbing a diagnostic lab on a chip. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:18
Most of the talks
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So'nggi bir necha kunlar
00:20
that you've heard in the last several fabulous days
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davomida siz eshitgan ko'pgina ma'ruzalar
00:23
have been from people who have the characteristic
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biror narsa ustida o'ylab ko'rgan, o'z sohasining
00:25
that they have thought about something,
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ustasi deb bilgan odamlar tomonidan berildi.
00:27
they are experts, they know what's going on.
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Ular sohalarining mohir ustalari, nima bo'layotganni bilishadi.
00:31
All of you know about the topic
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Siz hammangiz men gapiradigan mavzu
00:33
that I'm supposed to talk about.
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haqida bilasiz.
00:35
That is, you know what simplicity is,
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Yani soddalik, odiylik nima bilasiz,
00:37
you know what complexity is.
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murakkablik nimaligini ham bilasiz.
00:39
The trouble is, I don't.
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Shunisi hayratlanarliki, men bilmayman.
00:41
And what I'm going to do is share with you
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Shuning uchun bu haqida bilmaganimni
00:43
my ignorance on this subject.
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siz bilan baham ko'raman.
00:46
I want you to read this,
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Mana buni o'qing
00:48
because we're going to come back to it in a moment.
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shunki biz bunga yana qaytamiz.
00:53
The quote is from
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Bu aforizmni
00:55
the fabled Potter Stewart
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Potter Stweart yozgan,
00:59
opinion on pornography.
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Pornografiya haqida.
01:02
And let me just read it,
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Men sizga buni o'qib beray
01:04
the important details here:
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kerakli qismlarini.
01:06
"Shorthand description, ['hardcore pornography'];
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Pornografiyani qisqacha men hech
01:09
and perhaps I could never succeed in intelligibly defining it.
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tavsiflay olmayman, lekin
01:12
But I know it when I see it."
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uni ko'rganimda nimaligini bilaman.
01:14
I'm going to come back to that in a moment.
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Men buni birozdan keyin yoritaman.
01:17
So, what is simplicity?
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Xo'sh, oddiylik nima?
01:19
It's good to start with some examples.
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Ba'zi misollar bilan boshlagan ma'qul.
01:22
A coffee cup -- we don't think about coffee cups,
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Kofe chashkasi, biz ular haqida uncha o'ylamaymiz,
01:25
but it's much more interesting than one might think --
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lekin ular biz o'ylagandan ham qiziqroq.
01:27
a coffee cup is a device,
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Kofe chashkasi bu narsa, ha
01:30
which has a container and a handle.
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idish, uning sopi bor.
01:33
The handle enables you to hold it
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Sop sizga uni ushlashga inkon beradi,
01:36
when the container is filled with hot liquid.
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masalan idishda issiq suyuqlik bo'lganda.
01:39
Why is that important?
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Bu nega muhim?
01:41
Well, it enables you to drink coffee.
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Xo'sh, bu orgali siz kofe icha olasiz.
01:43
But also, by the way, the coffee is hot,
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aytgancha, kofe issiq,
01:45
the liquid is sterile;
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suyuqlik esa toza, steril.
01:47
you're not likely to get cholera that way.
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Siz unda vabo yuqtirolmaysiz.
01:49
So the coffee cup, or the cup with a handle,
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Xullas, kofe chashkasi, sopi bilan-
01:52
is one of the tools used by society
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bu jamiyat tomonidan umumsog'liqni
01:55
to maintain public health.
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qo'llaydigan narsa.
01:57
Scissors are your clothes,
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Qaychilar kiyimlar uchun.
01:59
glasses enable you to see things
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ko'zoynaklar narsalarni kurish inmkonini beradi
02:01
and keep you from being eaten by cheetahs
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va sizni sirtlonlar g'ajib tashlashidan
02:03
or run down by automobiles,
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yoki avtomobillar urib ketishidan himoya qiladi.
02:05
and books are, after all, your education.
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va kitoblar, qisqasini aytsak, sizning ta'limingiz.
02:08
But there's another class of simple things,
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Lekin yan boshqa bir sodda narsalar guruhi bor
02:10
which are also very important.
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va ular juda muhim.
02:12
Simple in function,
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Vazifasi sodda bo'lgan
02:14
but not at all simple in how they're constructed.
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lekin ishlab chiqarilishi sodda bo'lmagan narsalar.
02:17
And the two here are just examples.
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Man bu ikkita misol.
02:20
One is the cellphone, which we use every day.
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Biri uyali telefon, har kuni ishlatamiz uni.
02:23
And it rests on a complexity,
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lekin u murakkablikdan tashkil topgan
02:25
which has some characteristics
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o'ziga xos hususiyatlari bor
02:27
very different from those that my friend
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va mening do'stim Benoit Mandelbrot
02:29
Benoit Mandelbrot discussed,
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aytib o'tgandan faqrli
02:31
but are very interesting.
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lekin juda qiziqarli.
02:33
And the other, of course, is a birth control pill,
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Va ikkinchisi esa, homiladorlki oldini oladigan dorilar,
02:36
which, in a very simple way,
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bu dori oddiy usul bilan
02:38
fundamentally changed the structure of society
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jamiyatning tuzilishini tubdan o'zgartirdi
02:40
by changing the role of women in it
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yani ayollarning rolini o'zgartirdi
02:43
by providing to them
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ularga jinsiy ko'payish
02:45
the opportunity to make reproductive choices.
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borasida tanlashga imkon berdi.
02:50
So, there are two ways of thinking about this word, I think.
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Menimcha, bunga ikki usul bilan yondashish mumkin.
02:53
And here I've corrupted
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Va men bu yerda Potter Stewartning gapini
02:55
the Potter Stewart quotation
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biroz boshqa yo'lda qo'llayapman
02:58
by saying that we can think about something --
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yani biz biror narsa haqida o'ylab,
03:00
which spans all the way from scissors
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masalan qaychilardan boshlab
03:02
to the cell phone,
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uyali telefongacha
03:04
Internet and birth control pills --
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intenet va homiladorlik oldini oluvchi dorilarni
03:06
by saying that they're simple,
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oddiy narsalar deb ataymiz
03:09
the functions are simple,
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ularning vazifalari oddiy
03:11
and we recognize what that simplicity is
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va biz ularni ko'rganimizda
03:13
when we see it.
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ularning oddiyligini taniy olamiz.
03:15
Or there may be another way of doing it,
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Yoki boshqa usul bilan yondoshsak,
03:19
which is to think about the problem in terms of what --
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yani muammoga , falsafa tomonidan
03:22
if you associate with moral philosophers --
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qarash, va bu
03:25
is called the teapot problem.
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choynak muammosi deb ataladi.
03:29
The teapot problem I'll pose this way.
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Choynak muammosi quyidagidan iborat.
03:32
Suppose you see a teapot,
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Tasavvur qiling choynak bor,
03:34
and the teapot is
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va bu choynak
03:37
filled with hot water.
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issiq suv bilan to'ldirilgan.
03:39
And you then ask the question:
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Endi siz so'raysiz:
03:41
Why is the water hot?
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Nima uchun suv issiq?
03:43
And that's a simple question.
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Va bu oddiy savol.
03:45
It's like, what is simplicity?
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Bu huddi: oddiylik nima? deganday
03:47
One answer would be:
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bir javob shunday bo'lishi mumkin:
03:49
because the kinetic energy of the water molecules is high
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chunki suv molekulalarining kinetik energiyasi yuqori
03:51
and they bounce against things rapidly --
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va ular devorlarga tez tez uriladi.
03:53
that's a kind of physical science argument.
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Bu fizikaviy tomondan javob berish.
03:56
A second argument would be:
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Ikkinchi javob quyidagicha:
03:58
because it was sitting on a stove with the flame on --
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chunki, u olov yonib turgan gazda turgan edi.
04:01
that's an historical argument.
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Bu tarixiy yondashuv.
04:03
A third is that I wanted hot water
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Uchinchisi esa, men choy uchun
04:05
for tea --
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issiq suv hohlagan edim deydi.
04:07
that's an intentional argument.
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Bu maqsad bilan yondashuv.
04:09
And, since this is coming from a moral philosopher,
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Va bu faylasuv tomonidan kelayotgani uchun,
04:11
the fourth would be that it's part of God's plan for the universe.
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to'rtinchi javob: bu Xudoning borliq uchun yaratgan rejasining bir qismi.
04:14
All of these are possibilities.
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Bularning hammasi bo'lishi mumkin.
04:16
The point is that you get into trouble
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Muhimi shuki, siz bir savol berganda
04:19
when you ask a single question
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va birgina javob kutganingizda
04:21
with a single box for an answer,
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muammoga duch kelasiz,
04:23
in which that single question actually is many questions
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chunki savol aslida ko'p javoblarga ega
04:26
with quite different meanings,
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va har hil ma'nolarni ifodalaydi,
04:28
but with the same words.
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lekin bir hil so'zlar bilar
04:31
Asking, "What is simplicity?" I think falls in that category.
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Menimcha, oddiylik nima deb so'rash ham huddi shunday muammoga uchraydi.
04:35
What is the state of science?
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Ilm nima?
04:37
And, interestingly, complexity
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va qizig'i shuki, murakkablik
04:39
is very highly evolved.
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shuda yuqori darajada shakllangan.
04:41
We have a lot of interesting information
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Bizda murakkablik nimaligi
04:43
about what complexity is.
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haqida juda ko'p qiziqalri ma'lumotlar bor.
04:45
Simplicity, for reasons
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Oddiy, sodda esa, ba'zi sabablarga ko'ra
04:47
that are a little bit obscure,
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biroz mavhum tushuncha,
04:49
is almost not pursued,
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va deyarli o'ylab ko'rilmagan,
04:51
at least in the academic world.
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hech bo'lmaganda, ilmiy tomondan.
04:53
We academics -- I am an academic --
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Biz akademiklar- men ham akademik- olimman-
04:55
we love complexity.
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biz murraklikni yaxshi ko'ramiz.
04:57
You can write papers about complexity,
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siz murakkablik haqida maqolalar yozishingiz mumkin.
04:59
and the nice thing about complexity is
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Murakkablikning yaxhshi tomoni shuki
05:01
it's fundamentally intractable in many ways,
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u har tomonlama o'zaro ta'sirda bo'la oladi
05:03
so you're not responsible for outcomes. (Laughter)
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va siz uning natijasi uchun javobgar emassiz.
05:06
Simplicity -- all of you really would like
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Soddalik bu siz har kuni
05:09
your Waring Blender in the morning
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ertalab turib mevalardan sharbat tayyorlaysiz,
05:11
to make whatever a Waring Blender does,
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sharbat tayorlagich asbob o'z vazifasini bajaradi-
05:13
but not explode or play Beethoven.
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siz bilasizki bu asbob Bethoven musiqasini chalmaydi.
05:16
You're not interested in the limits of these things.
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Siz narsalarning chegarasi haqida hadeb ham o'ylab ko'rmaysiz.
05:19
So what one is interested in
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Xullas, biz qiziqadigan narsa bu
05:21
has a lot to do with the rewards of the system.
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narsalarning bizga foydasi.
05:24
And there's a lot of rewards in thinking
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Va biz murakkab narsalar
05:26
about complexity and emergence,
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haqida ko'p o'ylaganda, oddiy narsalarga
05:28
not so much in thinking about simplicity.
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qaraganda ko'proq foyda ko'ramiz.
05:31
One of the things I want to do
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Va men xohlagan narsalardan biri
05:33
is to help you with a very important task --
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shuki sizga juda muhim vazifani tushuntirish,
05:36
which you may not know that you have very often --
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qaysiki, siz odatda uning mavjudligini bilmaysiz
05:39
which is to understand
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yani bu Fizik bilan birga o'tirib
05:41
how to sit next to a physicist at a dinner party
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suhbat qura olishni
05:44
and have a conversation. (Laughter)
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tushunishdir.
05:46
And the words that I would like you to focus on
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Boshqacha qilib aytganda, siz murakkab
05:49
are complexity and emergence,
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narsalarga e'tibor berasiz
05:51
because these will enable you to start the conversation
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shunki ana shu narsalar suhbatni boshlashga yordam beradi
05:54
and then daydream about other things.
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keyin siz boshqa narsalar haqida hayolga cho'mib ketasiz.
05:56
(Laughter)
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(Kulgi)
05:59
All right, what is complexity in this view of things,
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Narsalarga kelsak, xo'sh murakkablik nima?
06:02
and what is emergence?
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va kelib chiqish nima?
06:04
We have, actually, a pretty good working definition of complexity.
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Biz aslida Murakkablikni tavsiflay olamiz
06:07
It is a system, like traffic,
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bu bir tizim, huddi transportga o'xhshash
06:09
which has components.
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o'z qismlariga ega.
06:11
The components interact with one another.
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qismlar bir biri bilan munosabatda
06:13
These are cars and drivers. They dissipate energy.
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Huddi mashina va haydovchilar kabi. Ular energiya chiqaradi.
06:16
It turns out that, whenever you have that system,
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Qarabsizki, har safar bu tizimga ega bo'lganda
06:18
weird stuff happens,
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g'alati hodisa sodir bo'ladi,
06:20
and you in Los Angeles
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va siz Los Angelesda buni
06:22
probably know this better than anyone.
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hammadan yaxhshi bilsangiz kerak.
06:25
Here's another example,
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Yana boshqa misol
06:27
which I put up because
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va menimcha bu hozirda
06:29
it's an example of really important current science.
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juda muhim ilmiy misol.
06:32
You can't possibly read that. It's not intended that you read it,
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Buni o'qiy olmassiz, o'qish uchun mo'ljallanmagan.
06:35
but that's a tiny part
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Lekin bu kimyoviy jarayon,
06:37
of the chemical reactions going on
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reaktsiyaning bir kichik qismi
06:39
in each of your cells at any given moment.
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va bu har biringizning hujayrangizda hozir sodir bo'layapti.
06:42
And it's like the traffic that you see.
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Huddi transportdek, va eng ajablanarlisi shuki
06:45
The amazing thing about the cell is that
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hujayralar o'zaro
06:47
it actually does maintain a fairly stable
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juda mustahakam
06:49
working relationship with other cells,
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munosatbatdadir.
06:52
but we don't know why.
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Lekin nima uchun biz bilmaymiz.
06:54
Anyone who tells you that we understand life,
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Kimdakim sizga biz hayotni tushuna olamiz desa
06:56
walk away.
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unda nari keting.
06:59
And let me reduce this to the simplest level.
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keling men bu sodda yo'l bilan tushuntiray.
07:02
We've heard from Bill Gates recently.
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Biz yaqinda Bill Gatesdan eshitdik.
07:04
All of us, to some extent, study
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Biz hammamiz qaysidir darajada
07:06
this thing called a Bill Gates.
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Bill Gates degan narsani o'rganamiz.
07:08
Terrific. You learn everything you can about that.
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Zo'r. Siz iloji boricha bu haqida hamma narsani o'rganasiz.
07:10
And then there's another kind of thing that you might study,
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Va yana boshqa o'rganish kerak bo'lgan narsalar bordir.
07:13
and you study that hard.
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Va siz ularni astoidil o'rganasiz.
07:15
That's a Bono, this is a Bono.
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Bu Bono, anau u Bono.
07:17
But then, if you know everything you can know about those two things,
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Lekin, keyin siz bu 2 narsa haqida o'rganish mumkin bo'lgan hamma narsani bilasiz
07:20
and you put them together,
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va ularni birga qo'shasiz,
07:22
what can you say about this combination?
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keyin bu to'plam haqida nima deya olasiz?
07:24
The answer is, not a lot.
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Javobi: uncha ko'p emas.
07:26
And that's complexity.
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Va mana bu murakkablikdir.
07:28
Now, imagine building that up to a city, or to a society,
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Endi, tasavvur qiling shahar, jamiyat miqyosida
07:31
and you've got, obviously, an interesting problem.
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va albatta sizda juda qiziqarli muammo paydo bo'ladi.
07:34
All right, so let me give you an example
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Keling misol keltiray
07:37
of simplicity
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oddiylikning ma'lum bir
07:39
of a particular kind.
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turi haqida.
07:41
And I want to introduce a word
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Keyin men sizga bir so'zni
07:43
that I think is very useful,
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tanishtiraman, menimcha juda foydali
07:45
which is stacking.
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yani bu to'plash.
07:47
And I'm going to use stacking for a kind of simplicity
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va to'plashni men oddiylikning bir tuirga misol qilaman
07:50
that has the characteristic
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yani u shunday xususiyatga egaki
07:52
that it is so simple
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u juda oddiy
07:54
and so reliable
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va ishonarli
07:56
that I can build things with it.
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va men u bilan narsalarni qura olaman.
07:58
Or I'm going to use simple to mean
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Yani men oddiylik deganni
08:00
reliable, predictable, repeatable.
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ishonarli, oldindan bilsa bo'ladigan, va takrorlash mumkin deb tushunaman.
08:05
And I'm going to use as an example the Internet,
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Bir misol bu internet
08:07
because it's a particularly good example
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chunki u jamlash, to'plashning
08:09
of stacked simplicity.
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juda yaxshi bir namunasi.
08:12
We call it a complex system, which it is,
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Biz uni murakkab tizim deb ataymiz,
08:14
but it's also something else.
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lekin uning yana boshqa tomoni bor.
08:17
The Internet starts with mathematics,
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Internet Matematikadan boshlanadi.
08:20
it starts with binary.
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U binar (1,0), qo'shlik bilan boshlanadi.
08:22
And if you look at the list of things on the bottom,
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Va agar siz quyidagi narsalarga e'tibor bersangiz,
08:25
we are familiar with the Arabic numbers
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biz arab raqqamlari bilan tanishmiz
08:27
one to 10 and so on.
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birdan 10 gacha va hakozo.
08:29
In binary, one is 0001,
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Binar tizimida bir bu 0001
08:32
seven is 0111.
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va yetti esa 0111
08:35
The question is: Why is binary
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Savol shuki: Nima uchun Binar tizimi
08:37
simpler than Arabic?
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Arab raqamlaridan soddaroq?
08:39
And the answer is, simply,
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Javob oddiygina
08:41
that if I hold up three fingers, you can count that easily,
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agar 3 barmoqni kursatda, osongina sanay olasiz
08:44
but if I hold up this,
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lekin agar men bunday qilsam
08:46
it's sort of hard to say that I just did seven.
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yetti ekanligina sanash biroz murakkab.
08:48
The virtue of binary is that it's the simplest possible way
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Maqsad shuki raqamlarni eng
08:51
of representing numbers.
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sodda usul bilan ko'rsatish.
08:53
Anything else is more complicated.
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Boshqa hammasi undan murakkabdir.
08:55
You can catch errors with it,
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Va siz xatolarni topishingiz mumkin.
08:57
it's unambiguous in its reading,
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Uni o'qish ikki ma'noli emas
08:59
there are lots of good things about binary.
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Binar tiziming juda ko'p yaxshi tomonlari bor.
09:01
So it is very, very simple
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Yani, uni o'qishni o'rgangach
09:03
once you learn how to read it.
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uning juda juda sodda ekanini ko'rasiz.
09:05
Now, if you like to represent
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Endi, agar siz nol va birni
09:07
this zero and one of binary,
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binar orqali ifodalamoqchi bo'lsangiz
09:09
you need a device.
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sizga asbob kerak.
09:11
And think of things in your life
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Va agar siz hayotiy misol bilan
09:13
that are binary,
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binar tizimini ifodalashni xohlasangiz,
09:15
one of them is light switches.
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ularning biri bu chiroqni o'chirib yoqishdir.
09:17
They can be on and off. That's binary.
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ular o'chadi va yonadi. mana bu Binar tizimdir.
09:19
Now wall switches, we all know, fail.
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Biz bilamizgi bu devordagi uskuna ishlamay qolishi mumkin,
09:23
But our friends who are condensed matter physicists
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lekin bizning Zich Materiya Fizik do'stlarimiz
09:25
managed to come up, some 50 years ago,
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50 yilcha oldin, juda ajoyib uskuna o'ylab topishdi
09:28
with a very nice device, shown under that bell jar,
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mana bur ko'rib turganingizdek
09:31
which is a transistor.
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bu transistor.
09:33
A transistor is nothing more than a wall switch.
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Transiztor huddi devordagi o'chirib-yoqadigan narsaday
09:35
It turns things on and off,
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u narsalarni yoqadi va o'chiradi
09:37
but it does so without moving parts
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lekin u buni qismlarni siljitmasdan qiladi
09:39
and it doesn't fail, basically, for a very long period of time.
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va u ishlamay qolmaydi, xullas ancha uzoq vaqtga yaraydi.
09:42
So the second layer of simplicity
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Soddalikning ikkinchi darajasi yani bu
09:45
was the transistor in the Internet.
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transistor va internetdir.
09:48
So, since the transistor is so simple,
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Transistorlar sodda bo'lgani uchun
09:51
you can put lots of them together.
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ularning bir nechasini birga ulash mumkin.
09:53
And you put lots of them together and you come with
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Va ularning ko'pisi birga ulaganda
09:55
something called integrated circuits.
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qo'shma zanjirsimon tarmoq kelib chiqadi.
09:57
And a current integrated circuit
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va bu har bir tok tarmog'i
09:59
might have in each one of these chips
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bunday chip- yani qismlarga ega
10:01
something like a billion transistors,
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va ular huddi milliard transistor kabidir
10:03
all of which have to work perfectly every time.
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va har biri ,har safar juda yaxhshi ishlaydi.
10:06
So that's the next layer of simplicity,
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Va bu soddalikning keyingi darajasi,
10:09
and, in fact, integrated circuits
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va aslida, zanjirsimon tarmoqlar
10:11
are really simple in the sense that they,
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aslida juda sodda
10:13
in general, work really well.
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va umuman rosa yaxshi ishlaydi.
10:15
With integrated circuits, you can build cellphones.
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Ular yordamida siz uyali telefonlar yasay olasiz.
10:18
You all are accustomed to having your cellphones work
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Siz hammangiz uyali telefoninggizni ishlashiga o'rganib qolgansiz
10:21
the large majority of the time.
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ko'pincha.
10:23
In Boston ... Boston is a little bit like Namibia
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Bostonda esa, biroz Namibiga o'xshash
10:25
in its cell phone coverage, (Laughter)
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yani uyali telefon signaliga kelsak
10:27
so that we're not accustomed to that all the time,
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va biz uni har doim ishlashiga ko'nikmaganmiz
10:29
but some of the time.
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lekin ba'zan bo'lib turadi.
10:32
But, in fact, if you have cell phones,
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Lekin, sizda uyali telefon bo'lsa
10:34
you can now go to this nice lady
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siz bu Namibiyaning
10:36
who's somewhere like Namibia,
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biror yeridagi bu ajoyib ayolga borsangiz bo'ladi
10:38
and who is extremely happy with the fact
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u shuning uchun juda hursdandki,
10:40
that although she does not have
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uning M.I.T universitetidan
10:42
an master's degree in
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elektrik injiner muhandis
10:44
electrical engineering from MIT,
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Master dimplomi bo'lmasa ham
10:46
she's nonetheless able to hack her cell phone
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u baribir uyali telefoniga qandaydir xakerlik qilib
10:48
to get power in some funny way.
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uni qandaydir usul bilan quvvatini ishga tushira oladi.
10:51
And from that comes the Internet.
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Bundan kelib chiqib, Internetga kelsak.
10:53
And this is a map of bitflows across the continent.
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Bu xarita materik bo'ylab bayt oqimini ko'rsatadi.
10:56
The two blobs that are light in the middle there
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eng yoriq va gavjum ishlatilgan joy
10:59
are the United States and Europe.
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bu AQSH va Evropa.
11:01
And then back to simplicity again.
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Va yana oddiylikka qaytamiz.
11:04
So here we have what I think is one of the great ideas,
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Menimcha bizda eng zo'r kashfiyotlardan biri
11:07
which is Google.
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Google bor,
11:09
Which, in this simple portal
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u huddi oddiy yo'l bilan ishlaydi,
11:11
makes the claim
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ular aytishicha dunyoda
11:13
that it makes accessible
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hamma axborotlarga
11:15
all of the world's information.
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u orqali bog'lanish mumkin.
11:17
But the point is that
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Lekin shunisi muhimki
11:19
that extraordinary simple idea
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bu g'aroyib fikr
11:22
rests on layers of simplicity
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oddiy qatlamlardan iborat
11:25
each compounded into a complexity
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va har bir qatlam esa o'zicha sodda bo'lgan
11:27
that is itself simple,
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murakkablikdan yo'g'rilgan,
11:29
in the sense that it is completely reliable.
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va unga butunlay ishonsa bo'ladi.
11:33
All right, let me then finish off
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Keling men endi 4 ta gap
11:35
with four general statements,
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va 2 ta aforizmni misol qilib
11:39
an example and two aphorisms.
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ma'ruzamni tugatay.
11:42
The characteristics, which I think
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Oddiy, sodda narsalarning
11:44
are useful to think about for simple things:
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xususiyatlaini sanaydigan bo'lsak:
11:47
First, they are predictable.
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birinchida, ularning ishlashini oldindan aytib berish mumkin
11:51
Their behavior is predictable.
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Ular oddiy kutilgan yo'l bilan ishlaydi.
11:53
Now, one of the nice characteristics
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Endi, bu oddiy narsalar
11:55
of simple things
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xususiyatlarining biri
11:57
is you know what it's going to do, in general.
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siz ular umuman olganda nima qilishini bilasiz.
11:59
So simplicity and predictability
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Oddiylik va kutilgan natija
12:01
are characteristics of simple things.
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bu oddiy narsalarning xususiyati.
12:04
The second is, and this is a real world statement,
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Ikkinchisi, moddiy tomondan qaraganda
12:07
they're cheap.
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ular arzon.
12:09
If you have things that are cheap enough,
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Agar sizda arzon narsa bo'lsa
12:11
people will find uses for them,
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odamlar ularni ishlatishning yo'lini topadi
12:13
even if they seem very primitive.
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xatto ular juda sodda ibtidoiy tuyulsa ham.
12:15
So, for example, stones.
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Masalan, toshlar.
12:17
You can build cathedrals out of stones,
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Toshlardan siz binolar qura olasiz,
12:20
you just have to know what it does.
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siz shunchaki ularni nima qilishni bilsangiz bas.
12:22
You carve them in blocks and then you
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Ularni g'ishtga aylantirsa, va keyin
12:24
pile them on top of one another,
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bir birining ustiga qo'ysa
12:26
and they support weight.
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va ular og'irlikka chiday oladi.
12:28
So there has to be function, the function has to be predictable
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Va demak ularning kutilgan vazifasi bo'lishi kerak
12:31
and the cost has to be low.
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va ular arzon bo'lishi kerak.
12:33
What that means is
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Demak, ular
12:35
that you have to have a high performance
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vazifasini yaxshi bajarishi
12:37
or value for cost.
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yoki narxini oqlashi kerak.
12:41
And then I would propose
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Va men oxirgi qismni
12:43
as this last component
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sizga taklif qilaman
12:45
that they serve, or have the potential to serve,
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yani ular huddi qurilish materialidek
12:48
as building blocks.
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ishlaydi.
12:50
That is, you can stack them.
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Yani siz ularni ustma ust qo'yib jamlay olasiz
12:52
And stack can mean this way, or it can mean this way,
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bir yoki boshqa usul bilan
12:55
or it can mean in some arbitrary n-dimensional space.
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yoki bu siz tasavvur qilgan n o'lchamli fazodada bolishi mumkin.
12:58
But if you have something that has a function,
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Lekin sizda vazifa bajara oladigan
13:00
and it's really cheap,
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juda arzon
13:02
people will find new ways of putting it together
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va odamlar ular dan yangi narsalar yasash uchun
13:04
to make new things.
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ularni birlashtira oladigan yo'llari bor.
13:06
Cheap, functional, reliable things
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Arzon, ishlaydigan, ishonarli narsalar
13:09
unleash the creativity of people
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odamlarning ijodkorligiga yo'l ochadi
13:11
who then build stuff that you could not imagine.
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va keyin ular siz tasavvur qila olmaydigan narsalarni qurishadi.
13:14
There's no way of predicting the Internet
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Birinchi transistorga qarab turib siz
13:17
based on the first transistor.
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internetning paydo bo'lishini bashorat qilolmagan bo'lardingiz.
13:19
It just is not possible.
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Bu mumkin emas.
13:21
So these are the components.
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Demak bular faqat qurilish qismlari.
13:24
Now, the example
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Endi, bu misol
13:26
is something that I want to give you
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biz o'zimiz qiladigan
13:28
from the work that we ourselves do.
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ishdan namuna.
13:31
We are very interested in
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Biz rivojlanayotgan dunyoda
13:34
delivering health care in the developing world,
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tibbiy salomatlik yordamini berishga juda qiziqamiz.
13:37
and one of the things that we wish to do in this particular business
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Va bu sohada qilayotgan ayni bir narsa bu
13:40
is to find a way of doing medical diagnosis
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tibbiy diagnoz qo'yish uchun
13:43
at as close to zero cost
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hech pul ketgazmasdan
13:45
as we can manage.
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diagnoz qilishdir.
13:47
So, how does one do that?
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Buni qanday qilsa bo'ladi?
13:49
This is a world in which there's no electricity,
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Bu yerda elektr tok yo'q
13:51
there's no money, there's no medical competence.
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pul yo'q, tibbiy yetuklik yo'q.
13:54
And I don't want to spend your time in going through the details,
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Va men bu haqida batafsil gapriib o'tirmayman
13:57
but in the lower right-hand corner,
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lekin quyidagi o'ng burchakda
13:59
you see an example of the kind of thing that we have.
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siz bizdagi narsalarning namunasini ko'rasiz.
14:02
It's a little paper chip.
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bu kichkicha qog'oz chip.
14:04
It has a few things printed on it
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unda bir necha yozuvlar bor
14:06
using the same technology
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rasm kitoblarni ishlagandagi
14:08
that you use for making comic books,
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texnologiyadan foydalanib yozilgan
14:10
which was the inspiration for this particular idea.
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aslida u bizni juda ruhlantirdi.
14:13
And you put a drop, in this case, of urine at the bottom.
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va unign ustida tomdirasiz, masalan siydikni.
14:16
It wicks its way up into these little branches.
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U bu kichkina tarmoqlarga so'riladi.
14:19
You know, no power required.
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va buning uchun quvvat kerak emas.
14:21
It turns colors. In this particular case,
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U ranglarni o'zgartiradi, masalan
14:23
you're reading kidney function.
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siz buyrak ahvolini bu yerda ko'ra olasiz.
14:26
And, since the health care worker
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va dunyoning u qismida
14:29
of much of this part of the world
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tibbiy yordam ko'rsatuvchilar
14:31
is an 18 year-old with an AK-47,
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asosan 18 yoshli va AK-47 miltiqli odamlar bo'lishi mumkin,
14:34
who happens to be out of work and is willing
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qaysiki ular ishsiz
14:36
to go around and do this sort of thing,
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va yon atrofda yurib telefoni bilan
14:38
he can take a picture of it with his cellphone,
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rasmga olib uni doktorga
14:40
send the picture back to where there is a doctor,
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yuboradi,
14:42
and the doctor can look at it.
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va doktor unga qaraydi.
14:44
So what you've done is to take a technology,
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Bu shunga misolki, texnologiya
14:47
which is available everywhere,
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hamma joyda mavjud
14:49
make a device, which is extremely cheap,
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arzon narsa yasang
14:52
and make it in such a fashion
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va uni modaga kiriting
14:54
that it is very, very reliable.
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va unga ishonib ishlatsa bo'ladigan bo'lsin.
14:56
If we can pull this off,
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Agar biz shunday qila olsak,
14:58
if we can build more function,
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biz unga qo'shimcha vazifalar kirita olamiz,
15:00
it will be stackable.
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jamlay olamiz
15:02
That is to say, if we can make the basic technology
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Yani, biz oddiy texnologiyani
15:05
of one or two things work,
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bir ikki narsa qilish uchun yasasak
15:07
it will be applicable to a very, very
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u insoniatning
15:09
large variety of human conditions,
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juda xilma xil ehtijoyi uchun ishlatila oladi.
15:11
and hence, extendable in both
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va uning vertikal va gorizontal bo'yicha
15:13
vertical and horizontal directions.
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kengaytirsa bo'ladi.
15:16
Part of my interest in this, I have to say,
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mening qizishimning biri shuki
15:18
is that I would like to -- how do I put this politely? --
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muloyimgina qilib aytganda, men AQSHning
15:21
change the way, or maybe eviscerate,
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so'g'liqni saqlash tizimini o'zgartirish,
15:23
the capital structure of the U.S. health care system,
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chunki u tubdan
15:26
which I think is fundamentally broken.
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singan va yaroqsizdir.
15:29
So, let me close --
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Xullas-
15:31
(Applause)
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(Qarsaklar)
15:34
Let me close with my two aphorisms.
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2 aforizmga kelsak.
15:36
One of them is from Mr. Einstein,
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Biri Mister Einshteindan.
15:38
and he says, "Everything should be made
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U shunday deydi: " Hamma narsa iloji boricha
15:40
as simple as possible, but not simpler."
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sodda qilib yasalishi kerak, lekin soddaroq emas"
15:43
And I think that's a very good way of thinking about the problem.
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Menimcha, bu muammo haqida o'ylashning juda yaxshi yo'lidir.
15:46
If you take too much out
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Agar siz biror sodda narsadan
15:48
of something that's simple, you lose function.
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juda ko'p qismini olib tashlasangiz, u vazifasini yo'qotadi.
15:50
You have to have low cost,
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U arzon bo'lishi kerak
15:52
but you also have to have a function.
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lekin vazifaga ham ega bo'lishi kerak.
15:54
So you can't make it too simple.
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Demak siz uni haddan ziyod sodda qilolmaysiz.
15:56
And the second is a design issue,
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Ikkinchi esa dizayn,
15:58
and it's not directly relevant, but it's a nice statement.
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u tubdan bog'liq emas, lekin yaxhshi yondashuv
16:01
This is by de Saint-Exupery.
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Bu esa Saint-Exupery.
16:04
And he says, "You know you've achieved perfection in design,
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U shunday deydi: Siz mukammal dizaynga shunda ega bo'lasizki,
16:07
not when you have nothing more to add,
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qachonki, unga qo'shadigan ham
16:10
but when you have nothing more to take away."
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olib tashlaydigan ham narsa yo'q"
16:12
And that certainly is going in the right direction.
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Menimcha bu to'g'ri yo'l.
16:16
So, what I think one can begin to do
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Demak, har bir odam shuni o'ylashni
16:19
with this kind of
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boshlash mumkin,
16:22
cut at the word simplicity,
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yani oddiylikning mazmuni haqida
16:24
which doesn't cover Brancusi,
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bu Rancuzzi emas,
16:26
it doesn't answer the question of
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u nima uchun Mondrian Vant Gofdan
16:28
why Mondrian is better or worse
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yaxhshiroq yoki yomonroq
16:31
or simpler or less simpler than Van Gogh,
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degan savollarga javob bermaydi,
16:33
and certainly doesn't address the question
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va u albatta Mozart yoki Bax yaxhshimi
16:35
of whether Mozart is simpler than Bach.
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degan savolga ham javob bermaydi.
16:38
But it does make a point --
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Lekin u muhim,
16:40
which is one which, in a sense,
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yani ma'lum bir ma'noda
16:42
differentiates the real world of people who make things,
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u dunyodagi narsa ishlab chiqaradigan odamlar va
16:45
and the world of people who think about things,
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ular haqida o'ylaydigan odamlarni bir biridan farqlaydi,
16:48
which is, there is an intellectual merit
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yani, narsalarni iloji boricha
16:51
to asking: How do we make things
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qanday soddalashtirsak bo'ladi deb so'raydigan odamlarda ongli yondashuv bor.
16:53
as simple as we can,
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Ular qanday qilib arzon,
16:55
as cheap as we can, as functional as we can
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vazifasi bor
16:58
and as freely interconnectable as we can?
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va o'zaro erkin munosabatli narsalarni ishlasak bo'ladi deb so'raydi?
17:01
If we make that kind of simplicity in our technology
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Agar biz texnologiyani soddalashtirsak,
17:04
and then give it to you guys,
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va sizlarga bersak
17:06
you can go off and do all kinds of fabulous things with it.
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siz u bilan juda zo'r narsalar qila olasiz.
17:09
Thank you very much.
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Sizga Tashakkur.
17:11
(Applause)
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(Qarsaklar)
17:20
Chris Anderson: Quick question.
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Chris Anderson: qisqa bir savol.
17:22
So can you picture
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Demak siz buni tasavvur qila olasiz
17:25
that a science of simplicity
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ilmining oddiy soddaligi
17:27
might get to the point where
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shu darajaga yetish mumkinki
17:29
you could look out at various systems --
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siz har xil tizimlarga qarab
17:31
say a financial system or a legal system, health system -- and say,
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masalan, iqtisodiy, qonuniy, tibbiy tizimlarga qarab
17:34
"That has got to the point of danger
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ular xavfli bir darajaga yoki
17:36
or dysfunctionality for the following reasons,
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ma'lim sabablarga ko'ra yaroqsiz holga keldi
17:38
and this is how we might simplify it"?
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va uni qanday soddalashtirsak bo'ladi deb ayta olasizmi?
17:40
George Whitesides: Yes, I think you could. Because if you look
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George Whitesides: Ha, bunday qilsa bo'ladi agar
17:42
at the components from which the system is made
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siz tizimni tashkil qilgan qismlarga qarasangiz
17:44
and examine their fragility, or their stability,
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va ularning nomustahkamligini tekshirsangiz,
17:47
you can probably build a kind of risk assessment based on that basis.
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shu asosida siz muammoning xavfli tomoni qanday yeshish mumkilnigini ko'rasiz.
17:50
CA: Have you started to do that?
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CA: Siz buni boshladingizmi?
17:52
I mean, with the health system, you got a sort of
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Yani tibbiyot sohasida siz buni boshladingiz
17:54
radical solution on the cost side,
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narx navoni tubdan o'zgartirish,
17:56
but in terms of the system itself?
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lekin butun tizimga kelsakchi?
17:58
GW: Well, no.
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GW: Xo'sh, yo'q.
18:00
How do I put that simply? No.
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Man sizga oddiy javob, yo'q.
18:02
CA: That was a simple, powerful answer. GW: Yes.
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CA: Bu juda kuchli javob. GW. Ha.
18:05
CA: So, in terms of
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CA: Sizning diagnostika texnologiyangizga
18:07
that diagnostic technology that you've got,
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kelsak, uni qachon
18:09
where is that, and when do you see that
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va qayerda ishga tushganini
18:11
maybe getting rolled out to scale.
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ko'ramiz.
18:13
GW: That's coming out soon. I mean, the systems work,
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GW: Yaqinda keladi. Bu narsalar ishlaydi,
18:16
and we have to find out how to manufacture them and do things of this kind,
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va biz ular xalq uchun ishlab chiqarish haqida o'ylayapmiz
18:18
but the basic technology works.
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lekin asl texnologiya hozir ishlay oladi.
18:20
CA: You've got a company set up to ...
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Sizning bu sohada komaniyangiz bor-
18:22
GW: A foundation, a foundation. Not-for-profit.
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Bu Tashkilot, Moddiy foyda uchun emas.
18:25
CA: All right. Well, thank you so much for your talk. Thank you. (Applause)
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Mayli, Ma'ruzangiz uchun rahmat.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
George Whitesides - ChemistIn his legendary career in chemistry, George Whitesides has been a pioneer in microfabrication and nanoscale self-assembly. Now, he's fabbing a diagnostic lab on a chip.
Why you should listen
Someday Harvard chemistry professor George Whitesides will take the time to look back on the 950 scientific articles he's coauthored, the dozen companies he's co-founded or the 50-plus patents on which he's named. (He works in four main areas: biochemistry, materials science, catalysis and physical organic chemistry.) In the meantime, he's trying to invent a future where medical diagnosis can be done by anyone for little or no cost. He's co-founded a nonprofit called Diagnostics for All that aims to provide dirt-cheap diagnostic devices, to provide healthcare in a world where cost is everything.
Among his solutions is a low-cost "lab-on-a-chip," made of paper and carpet tape. The paper wicks bodily fluids -- urine, for example -- and turns color to provide diagnostic information, such as how much glucose or protein is present. His goal is to distribute these simple paper diagnostic systems to developing countries, where people with basic training can administer tests and send results to distant doctors via cameraphone.
George Whitesides | Speaker | TED.com