TEDWomen 2017
Isabel Wilkerson: The Great Migration and the power of a single decision
伊莎贝尔·威尔克森: 大移民以及一个决定的力量
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Readability: 3.9
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有时候，一个决定就能改变历史进程。听听记者和作家伊莎贝尔·威尔克森讲述的大移民的故事，从第一次世界大战到 70 年代，六百万非裔美国人从种族隔离的南部地区移居到了北部和西部地区。这是美国历史上第一次，最底层的人民表明自己有选择的机会，也愿意抓住机会——他们第一次有机会做出选择，如何才能不浪费自己与生俱来的天赋，威尔克森如此解释到。“这些人，通过自己的行动，完成了当时的政府，北方的和南方的，无法完成也不愿完成的事，”她说，“他们解放了自己。”
Isabel Wilkerson - Journalist, author
The author of "The Warmth of Other Suns," the story of the Great Migration, Isabel Wilkerson is a Pulitzer-winning journalist who uses narrative history to bring to light our shared humanity. Full bio
The author of "The Warmth of Other Suns," the story of the Great Migration, Isabel Wilkerson is a Pulitzer-winning journalist who uses narrative history to bring to light our shared humanity. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Imagine with me this scene.
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想象一下这个场景。
00:16
It's a scene that played out
in nearly all of our families.
in nearly all of our families.
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几乎每个家庭都曾上演。
00:22
It's a scene in which a young person,
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这场景关于一位年轻人，
00:26
somewhere in our family tree,
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来自族谱里某个支系，
00:29
somewhere in our lineage
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某一个远房宗亲，
00:31
had a heartbreaking decision to make.
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要做出一个痛心的决定。
00:35
It was a decision to leave all
that they had known.
that they had known.
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决定要离开他们所熟知的一切。
00:40
And all of the people that they had loved
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离开所有他们所爱的人，
00:44
and to set out for a place far, far away
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出发前往远方，
00:48
that they had never seen
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那是一个完全陌生的地方，
00:50
in hopes that life might be better.
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他们希望能在那里过上更好的生活。
00:53
Migration is usually
a young person's endeavor.
a young person's endeavor.
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移民一般发生在年轻人身上。
00:59
It's the kind of thing that you do
when you're on the cusp of life.
when you're on the cusp of life.
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往往是生活里一个重要转折点。
01:03
And so, there is, in all of our families,
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在我们所有人的家庭中，
01:07
this young person
somewhere in our background.
somewhere in our background.
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总会有这么一个年轻人存在。
01:11
That person is standing at a dock,
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他或许正站在码头，
01:14
about to board a ship
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准备登船，
01:16
that will cross the Atlantic
or the Pacific Ocean.
or the Pacific Ocean.
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他将横穿大西洋或者太平洋。
01:20
That person is loading up a truck
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他或许在往卡车上装行李，
01:24
that will cross the Rio Grande.
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准备穿过格兰德河。
01:27
Or that person is standing
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又或者，
01:30
at a railroad platform
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他站在火车月台上，
01:32
about to board a train
that will cross rivers and mountains
that will cross rivers and mountains
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准备乘火车穿过河流和山脉，
01:38
out of the Jim Crow South
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逃离种族隔离的南方，
01:40
to what they hope
will be freedom in the North.
will be freedom in the North.
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去到北方，希望能得到自由。
01:45
And there, with this young person
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而跟这位年轻人一起，
01:50
as they are about to board that ship,
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送他们登船，
01:54
that boat,
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或者上小艇，
01:55
that truck, that train,
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或者上卡车，火车的，
01:58
are the people who raised them.
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正是养育了他们的人。
02:01
Their mother, their father,
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他们的母亲、父亲、
02:04
their aunt, their uncle,
their grandparents,
their grandparents,
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阿姨、叔叔、爷爷和奶奶，
02:08
whoever it might have been
who had gotten them to this point.
who had gotten them to this point.
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那些一路陪伴他成长至今的人。
02:13
Those older people
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这些上了年纪的人，
02:14
were not going to be able
to make the crossing with them.
to make the crossing with them.
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已经无法跟他们一起完成这趟旅程。
02:19
And as they looked into the eyes
of the people who had raised them,
of the people who had raised them,
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年轻人凝视着亲人的双眼，
02:24
there was no guarantee
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他们都无法确认，
02:26
that they would ever see them alive again.
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有生之年还能否再见。
02:31
Remember, there was no Skype,
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别忘了，当时没有 Skype，
02:34
no e-mail, no cell phones
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没有电子邮件，没有手机，
02:38
not even reliable long-distance
telephone service.
telephone service.
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甚至没有稳定的长途电话服务。
02:41
And even if there had been,
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即便是有这些，
02:43
many of the people that they were leaving
did not even have telephones.
did not even have telephones.
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留在家乡的亲人很多都没有电话。
02:49
This was going to be a complete break
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这是一次彻底的分离，
02:52
from all that they knew
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远离熟悉的一切，
02:54
and all of the people that they loved.
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远离所爱的人。
02:57
And the very next time
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很可能下一次
02:59
that they might hear anything
about the people who had raised them
about the people who had raised them
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他再听到家人的消息，
03:04
might be a telegram saying,
"Your father has passed away."
"Your father has passed away."
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也许就是一封电报，
“你的父亲已经去世。”
“你的父亲已经去世。”
03:11
Or, "Your mother is very, very ill.
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或者，“你的母亲病重，
03:15
You must return home quickly
if you are to see her alive again."
if you are to see her alive again."
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请尽快赶回来见她最后一面。”
03:21
That is the magnitude of the sacrifice
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这是一种巨大的牺牲，
03:25
that had to have happened
in nearly all of our families
in nearly all of our families
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几乎发生在我们的每一个家庭，
03:30
just for us to be here.
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仅仅为了让我们今天能站在这里。
03:32
A single decision
that changed the course of families
that changed the course of families
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一个简单的决定，
改变了家庭的轨迹，
改变了家庭的轨迹，
03:37
and lineages and countries and history
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甚至改变了家族、
国家和历史的轨迹，
国家和历史的轨迹，
03:41
to the current day.
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一路走到今天。
03:45
One of these migration streams
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其中有一股移民潮，
03:47
stands out in ways
that we may not realize.
that we may not realize.
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它很有特点，
可能我们还没有意识到。
可能我们还没有意识到。
03:51
It was called the Great Migration.
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它被称作大移民。
03:54
It was the outpouring
of six million African Americans
of six million African Americans
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有 600 万非裔美国人，
04:00
from the Jim Crow South
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从种族隔离的南部，
04:02
to the cities of the North and West,
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涌入北部和西部的城市，
04:05
from the time of World War I
until the 1970s.
until the 1970s.
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从第一次世界大战
持续到70年代。
持续到70年代。
04:10
It stands out because this
was the first time in American history
was the first time in American history
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之所以说它突出，
是因为这是美国历史上第一次，
是因为这是美国历史上第一次，
04:16
that American citizens
had to flee the land of their birth
had to flee the land of their birth
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美国公民逃离自己的出生地，
04:23
just to be recognized as the citizens
that they had always been.
that they had always been.
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仅仅为了使自己与生俱来的
公民身份得到承认。
公民身份得到承认。
04:28
No other group of Americans
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而其他族裔的美国人
04:30
has had to act like immigrants
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完全不需要这么做，
04:34
in order to be recognized as citizens.
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来使自己的公民身份得到承认。
04:37
So this great migration was not a move.
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因此这次大移民
并不是搬个家那么简单。
并不是搬个家那么简单。
04:43
It was actually a seeking
of political asylum
of political asylum
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这实际上是一次
寻求政治避难的过程，
寻求政治避难的过程，
04:47
within the borders of one's own country.
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只不过发生在自己国家内部。
04:51
They were defecting a caste system
known as Jim Crow.
known as Jim Crow.
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他们从俗称吉姆·克劳的
种族制度中逃离，
种族制度中逃离，
04:57
It was an artificial hierarchy
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这是一种人为划分的等级制度，
04:59
in which everything
that you could and could not do
that you could and could not do
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你能做的、不能做的一切，
05:03
was based upon what you looked like.
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都由你的外表来决定。
05:07
This caste system was so arcane
that it was actually against the law
that it was actually against the law
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这个制度是如此荒谬，
以致于出现下面这种情况：
以致于出现下面这种情况：
05:12
for a black person and a white person
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在伯明翰，如果一个黑人
和一个白人，
和一个白人，
05:15
to merely play checkers
together in Birmingham.
together in Birmingham.
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在一起下西洋棋是违法的。
05:19
You could go to jail
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你真的会被投进监狱，
05:20
if you were caught playing checkers
with a person of a different race.
with a person of a different race.
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如果你被发现跟不同种族的人
一起下西洋棋。
一起下西洋棋。
05:25
Someone must have seen
a black person and a white person
a black person and a white person
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肯定有人见过一个黑人和一个白人，
05:30
playing checkers with someone
in some town square.
in some town square.
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在某个小镇的广场上下西洋棋。
05:33
And maybe the wrong person was winning
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也许那个黑人赢了，
05:37
or they were having too good of a time,
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或者他们玩得太开心了，
05:39
but whatever it was that this person saw,
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但不管那个人看到了什么，
05:42
with this black person
and this white person playing checkers,
and this white person playing checkers,
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只要当黑人和白人在一起下棋，
05:45
they felt the entire foundation
of Southern civilization was in peril.
of Southern civilization was in peril.
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他们就会觉得整个南方的文明
都处于危险的境地。
都处于危险的境地。
05:50
And decided that it was worth
taking the time
taking the time
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于是他们决定要花些时间，
05:52
to write this down as a law.
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把这个写进法律里。
05:56
This caste system was so arcane
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这个种族制度是如此荒谬，
05:58
that in courtrooms throughout the South
there was actually a black Bible
there was actually a black Bible
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以至于在整个南部的法庭上
都会有一本黑色的圣经，
都会有一本黑色的圣经，
06:04
and an altogether separate white Bible
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跟一本白色的圣经完全区分开，
06:07
to swear to tell the truth on in court.
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用来宣誓陈述事实。
06:12
The very word of God was segregated
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在南方的种族隔离制度下，
06:15
in the caste system of the Jim Crow South.
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连上帝的话都被隔离了。
06:20
The same sacred object
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同样神圣的东西，
06:23
could not be touched
by hands of different races.
by hands of different races.
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却不能被不同种族的人触碰。
06:28
This artificial hierarchy,
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这种人为的等级制度，
06:31
because it goes against
human desires to be free,
human desires to be free,
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正因为它违背了人类对自由的渴望，
06:37
required a tremendous amount
of violence to maintain.
of violence to maintain.
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所以需要大量的暴力行为来维系。
06:42
Such that every four days,
somewhere in the American South,
somewhere in the American South,
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在美国南部某些地区，
在几十年的时间内，
在几十年的时间内，
06:47
every four days
an African American was lynched
an African American was lynched
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每 4 天就有一名
非裔美国人被私刑处死，
非裔美国人被私刑处死，
06:50
for some perceived breach of protocol
in this caste system
in this caste system
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因为被发现违反了
种族制度的某些条款，
种族制度的某些条款，
06:54
in the decades leading up
to the start of the Great Migration.
to the start of the Great Migration.
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这直接导致了大移民的开始。
07:00
This caste system had been put in place
for many, many reasons.
for many, many reasons.
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这一种族制度产生的原因有很多，
07:05
But one of them was to maintain
the economic order of the South,
the economic order of the South,
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其中一个是要维持南方的经济秩序，
07:10
which required not just
a supply of cheap labor
a supply of cheap labor
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不仅需要廉价的劳动力供应，
07:14
but an oversupply of cheap labor
to work at the will of the land.
to work at the will of the land.
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而且需要超量的廉价劳动力
来满足土地的需求。
来满足土地的需求。
07:20
This Great Migration began
when the North had a labor problem.
when the North had a labor problem.
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大移民潮开始的时候，
正是北方出现了劳动力问题。
正是北方出现了劳动力问题。
07:26
The North had a labor problem
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北方的劳动力问题
07:28
because it had been relying
on cheap labor from Europe --
on cheap labor from Europe --
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是因为它依赖于欧洲的廉价劳动力，
07:31
immigrants from Europe --
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来自欧洲的移民，
07:32
to work the factories and the foundries
and the steel mills.
and the steel mills.
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在工厂、铸造车间和钢厂工作。
07:36
But during World War I,
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但是在一战期间，
07:38
migration from Europe
came to a virtual halt.
came to a virtual halt.
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来自欧洲的移民事实上停止了。
07:42
And so the North had a labor problem.
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北方出现了劳动力问题。
07:44
And so the North decided to go
and find the cheapest labor in the land
and find the cheapest labor in the land
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他们要寻找最廉价的劳动力，
07:50
which meant African Americans
in the South,
in the South,
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也就是南方的非裔美国人，
07:53
many of whom were not even being paid
for their hard work.
for their hard work.
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他们中的很多人甚至都拿不到薪水。
07:57
Many of them were working
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他们辛勤劳作，
07:58
for the right to live on the land
that they were farming.
that they were farming.
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只是为了能够
在自己耕种的土地上生活。
在自己耕种的土地上生活。
08:01
They were sharecroppers
and not even being paid.
and not even being paid.
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他们都是佃农，没有报酬。
08:04
So they were ripe for recruitment.
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因此适合被招募。
08:07
But it turned out
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但结果是，
08:09
that the South did not take kindly
to this poaching of its cheap labor.
to this poaching of its cheap labor.
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南方很不满这种
觊觎他们廉价劳动力的行为。
觊觎他们廉价劳动力的行为。
08:14
The South actually did everything it could
to keep the people from leaving.
to keep the people from leaving.
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他们用尽一切手段来阻止黑人们离开。
08:19
They would arrest people
from the railroad platforms.
from the railroad platforms.
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他们会在铁路月台上进行抓捕。
08:22
Remember, putatively free
American citizens.
American citizens.
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别忘了，这些都是
名义上自由的美国公民。
名义上自由的美国公民。
08:26
They would arrest them
from their train seats.
from their train seats.
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他们有可能从火车座位上被带走。
08:29
And when there were too many
people to arrest,
people to arrest,
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如果要逮捕的人太多，
08:32
they would wave the train on through
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他们会直接把火车开回去，
08:34
so that people who had been hoping
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让那些满怀希望，
08:37
and saving
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省吃俭用，
08:38
and praying for the chance
to get to freedom
to get to freedom
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祈祷能得到自由的人们，
08:41
had to figure out:
How now will we get out?
How now will we get out?
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不得不想清楚：
现在该怎么逃出去？
现在该怎么逃出去？
08:46
And as they made their way
out of the South,
out of the South,
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当他们顺利逃离南方，
08:49
away from Jim Crow,
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逃离种族隔离地区，
08:52
they followed three
beautifully predictable streams
beautifully predictable streams
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他们会沿着 3 条固定路线前进，
08:55
as is the case in any migration
throughout human history.
throughout human history.
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跟历史上的移民潮一样。
09:00
In this particular case,
there were three streams.
there were three streams.
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具体来说，有 3 条路线。
09:03
One was the migration along the East Coast
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一条是沿着东海岸，
09:08
from Florida, Georgia,
the Carolinas and Virginia
the Carolinas and Virginia
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从佛罗里达、乔治亚、
南北卡罗莱纳和维吉尼亚
南北卡罗莱纳和维吉尼亚
09:12
to Washington DC, to Philadelphia,
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2858
到华盛顿、费城
09:15
New Jersey, New York
and on up the East coast.
and on up the East coast.
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新泽西、纽约然后一路沿东海岸北上。
09:19
There was the Midwest stream,
146
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1611
还有一条中西部的路线，
09:20
which carried people
from Mississippi, Alabama,
from Mississippi, Alabama,
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是从密西西比、阿拉巴马、
09:24
Tennessee and Arkansas
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2214
田纳西和阿肯色，
09:27
to Chicago, to Detroit,
to Cleveland and the entire Midwest.
to Cleveland and the entire Midwest.
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4655
到芝加哥、底特律、
克里夫兰和整个中西部地区。
克里夫兰和整个中西部地区。
09:31
And then there was the West Coast stream,
150
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2191
最后是西海岸路线，
09:34
which carried people
from Louisiana and Texas
from Louisiana and Texas
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3973
从路易斯安那和得克萨斯
09:38
out to California.
152
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1428
到加利福尼亚。
09:39
And when they really wanted to get away,
153
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2444
如果想逃得更远一点，
09:42
they went to Seattle.
154
570434
1627
他们就会去西雅图。
09:44
And when they really, really
wanted to get away,
wanted to get away,
155
572085
3842
如果还要更更更远，
09:47
they went to Alaska,
156
575951
1725
就会去阿拉斯加，
09:49
the farthest possible point
within the borders of the United States
within the borders of the United States
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4257
那儿应该是美国境内，
09:53
from Jim Crow South.
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1563
离种族隔离区最远的地方。
09:57
Before the Great Migration began,
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2429
在大移民开始前，
10:00
90 percent of all African Americans
were living in the South.
were living in the South.
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4413
90%的非裔美国人生活在南方。
10:04
Nearly held captive in the South.
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2833
准确的说应该是被关在南方。
10:08
But by the time
this Great Migration was over,
this Great Migration was over,
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3190
但到大移民结束的时候，
10:11
nearly half were living
all over the rest of the country.
all over the rest of the country.
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3452
差不多有一半的人分布在全国各地。
10:14
So this ended up being
nearly a complete redistribution
nearly a complete redistribution
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3578
这基本上是一次
10:18
of part of an entire people.
165
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2214
对人口的再分配。
10:23
This Great Migration was the first time
in American history
in American history
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5166
这场大移民，是美国历史上第一次，
10:28
that the lowest caste people
167
616228
2925
来自最底层的人民
10:31
signaled that they had options
and were willing to take them.
and were willing to take them.
168
619326
3761
有了选择的机会，
他们也希望抓住机会。
他们也希望抓住机会。
10:36
That had not happened
in the three centuries
in the three centuries
169
624227
4449
3 个世纪前，当非裔美国人
踏上这片土地以来，
踏上这片土地以来，
10:40
in which African Americans
had been on that soil at that time.
had been on that soil at that time.
170
628701
5169
这样的事还从未发生过。
10:46
It had not happened
in 12 generations of enslavement
in 12 generations of enslavement
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4417
在经过了 1 个世纪的种族隔离
和 12 代奴隶制，
和 12 代奴隶制，
10:51
that preceded
nearly a century of Jim Crow.
nearly a century of Jim Crow.
172
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3050
这样的事才第一次发生。
10:55
How many "greats"
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2460
你要在祖父前面
10:57
do you have to add
to the word "grandparent"
to the word "grandparent"
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3230
加上多少个“曾”，
11:01
to begin to imagine how long
enslavement lasted in the United States?
enslavement lasted in the United States?
175
649227
6097
才能想象出奴隶制
在美国存在了多长时间？
在美国存在了多长时间？
11:08
Secondly, this Great Migration
was the first time in American history
was the first time in American history
176
656715
6262
其次，大移民是在美国历史上第一次
11:15
that the lowest caste people
177
663001
2861
来自最底层的人民
11:17
actually had a chance
to choose for themselves
to choose for themselves
178
665886
4985
有机会为自己做选择，
11:22
what they would do
with their God-given talents
with their God-given talents
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3332
选择如何运用上帝赐予的天赋，
11:26
and where they would pursue them.
180
674251
1920
以及在哪里能实现它。
11:29
Think about those cotton fields
181
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2785
想象那些棉花地、
11:32
and those rice plantations
182
680649
2127
稻田、
11:34
and those tobacco fields
183
682800
2016
烟草地、
11:36
and those sugar plantations.
184
684840
1867
甘蔗园。
11:39
On those sugar plantations,
185
687410
2254
在甘蔗园里、
11:41
and on those tobacco fields,
186
689688
2357
烟草地里、
11:44
and on those rice plantations,
187
692069
2333
稻田里、
11:46
and on those cotton fields
188
694426
2142
棉花地里，
11:48
were opera singers,
189
696592
2087
有歌剧演员、
11:50
jazz musicians,
190
698703
2032
爵士乐手、
11:52
playwrights,
191
700759
1775
剧作家、
11:54
novelists,
192
702558
1658
小说家、
11:56
surgeons,
193
704240
1667
外科医生、
11:57
attorneys,
194
705931
1698
律师、
11:59
accountants,
195
707653
1587
会计、
12:01
professors,
196
709264
1714
教授、
12:03
journalists.
197
711002
1150
记者。
12:04
And how do we know that?
198
712653
1390
我们是怎么知道的呢？
12:06
We know that because that is
what they and their children
what they and their children
199
714533
4845
我们知道，是因为这是他们，
他们的孩子，
他们的孩子，
12:11
and now their grandchildren
and even great-grandchildren
and even great-grandchildren
200
719402
3883
他们的孙子，甚至是重孙，
12:15
have often chosen to become
201
723309
2196
会选择的职业，
12:17
once they had the chance
to choose for themselves
to choose for themselves
202
725529
4206
只要他们有机会来为自己选择，
12:21
what they would do
with their God-given talents.
with their God-given talents.
203
729759
2666
来运用上帝赐予的天赋。
12:25
Without the Great Migration,
204
733402
2439
没有大移民，
12:27
there might not have been
a Toni Morrison as we now know her to be.
a Toni Morrison as we now know her to be.
205
735865
4658
也许今天就没有我们
熟悉的托妮·莫里森。
熟悉的托妮·莫里森。
12:33
Her parents were from Alabama
and from Georgia.
and from Georgia.
206
741451
3199
她的父母分别来自
阿拉巴马和乔治亚。
阿拉巴马和乔治亚。
12:36
They migrated to Ohio,
207
744674
2001
移民到了俄亥俄，
12:38
where their daughter
would get to do something
would get to do something
208
746699
2171
在那里，他们的女儿才能做一些
12:40
that we all take for granted
at this point,
at this point,
209
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2841
在今天看来是理所应当的事，
12:43
but which was against the law
and against protocol for African Americans
and against protocol for African Americans
210
751759
4539
但是，对于非裔美国人来说，
12:48
at the time that she would have been
growing up in the South,
growing up in the South,
211
756322
2874
如果她在父母曾生活的南方长大，
12:51
had they stayed.
212
759220
1182
就是违法和违规了。
12:52
And that is just to walk into a library
213
760426
2611
只是走进图书馆，
12:55
and take out a library book.
214
763061
2095
拿走一本图书，也是违法的。
12:57
Merely by making
the single decision to leave,
the single decision to leave,
215
765180
3976
仅仅是做了离开的决定，
13:01
her parents assured that their daughter
would get access to books.
would get access to books.
216
769180
4039
她的父母就能保证女儿能读到书。
13:05
And if you're going to become
a Nobel laureate,
a Nobel laureate,
217
773727
2738
如果你想成为一名诺贝尔获奖者，
13:08
it helps to get a book now and then.
218
776489
1944
能随时借到书，会大有帮助。
13:10
You know, it helps.
219
778457
1267
大家都懂，肯定会有帮助的。
13:13
Music as we know it was reshaped
by the Great Migration.
by the Great Migration.
220
781505
4391
大移民还重塑了我们的音乐。
13:19
As they came North,
they brought with them,
they brought with them,
221
787434
2491
他们移民到北方，
也将音乐带了过去，
也将音乐带了过去，
13:21
on their hearts and in their memories,
222
789949
2707
音乐存在他们的心里和记忆中，
13:24
the music that had sustained
the ancestors --
the ancestors --
223
792680
3094
支撑着他们的祖先，
13:27
the blues music, the spirituals
and the gospel music
and the gospel music
224
795798
3897
蓝调，灵歌和福音音乐，
13:31
that had sustained them
through the generations.
through the generations.
225
799719
2444
支撑了他们一代又一代人。
13:34
And they converted this music
into whole new genres of music.
into whole new genres of music.
226
802751
4270
他们将这些音乐
转变成了全新的形式。
转变成了全新的形式。
13:39
And got the chance to record this music,
227
807045
3008
并有机会把这些新创的音乐
13:42
this new music that they were creating,
228
810077
2079
录制下来，
13:44
and to spread it throughout the world.
229
812180
2142
传播到全世界。
13:47
Without the Great Migration,
"Motown" would not have existed.
"Motown" would not have existed.
230
815807
3388
如果没有大移民，
摩城唱片将不会存在。
摩城唱片将不会存在。
13:51
The founder, Berry Gordy,
his parents were from Georgia.
his parents were from Georgia.
231
819843
2976
创始人贝利·高迪的父母
来自乔治亚州。
来自乔治亚州。
13:54
They migrated to Detroit.
232
822843
1603
他们移居到了底特律。
13:56
And when he got to be a grown man,
he decided he wanted to go into music.
he decided he wanted to go into music.
233
824470
3694
他长大之后，决定要从事音乐。
14:00
But he didn't have the wherewithal
to go all over the country
to go all over the country
234
828188
3372
但他资金不够，没法走遍全国，
14:03
looking for the best talent,
235
831584
1580
去寻找那些有才华的人，
14:05
and it turned out he didn't have to.
236
833188
2265
其实他并不需要走远。
14:07
It turned out that there he was,
237
835477
1909
他所在之处，
14:09
surrounded by children
of the Great Migration
of the Great Migration
238
837410
3023
就有许多大移民的后代，
14:12
whose parents had brought this music up
with them during the journey.
with them during the journey.
239
840457
3404
他们的父辈带着音乐上路。
14:16
And among those children
were these three girls,
were these three girls,
240
844822
3453
在这些孩子中有3位姑娘，
14:20
there was Mary Wilson,
241
848299
1886
分别是玛丽·威尔森，
14:23
Florence Ballard
242
851292
1326
弗洛伦斯·巴拉德
14:25
and there was a third one:
243
853405
1407
还有第 3 个，
14:27
Diana Ross.
244
855478
1150
黛安娜·罗斯。
14:29
We might not know Diana Ross' name
had there been no Great Migration.
had there been no Great Migration.
245
857111
4789
如果不是大移民的话，
我们可能不会知道黛安娜·罗斯。
我们可能不会知道黛安娜·罗斯。
14:33
Because like a lot of Americans
and a lot of human beings in general,
and a lot of human beings in general,
246
861925
3665
因为就像许多美国人
和许多普通人一样，
和许多普通人一样，
14:37
she might not have existed
because her parents might not have met.
because her parents might not have met.
247
865614
2852
她可能都不会出生，
因为她的父母可能都无法相遇。
因为她的父母可能都无法相遇。
14:40
Her mother was from Alabama,
248
868769
2206
她母亲来自阿拉巴马，
14:42
father from West Virginia,
249
870999
1746
父亲来自西维吉尼亚，
14:44
they migrated to Detroit, different years,
250
872769
3403
他们先后移民到底特律，
14:48
met, married, had her and her siblings,
251
876196
3167
相遇、结婚，有了黛安娜和她的姐妹，
14:51
and thus a legend was born.
252
879387
2349
一代传奇就这样诞生了。
14:54
Jazz was a creation
of the Great Migration.
of the Great Migration.
253
882705
3778
爵士乐是大移民的产物。
14:58
And one of the greatest gifts
of the Great Migration.
of the Great Migration.
254
886507
3666
是大移民带来的最好的礼物之一。
15:02
Starting with Louis Armstrong,
who was born in Louisiana
who was born in Louisiana
255
890197
3629
最开始是路易斯·阿姆斯特朗，
出生于路易斯安那，
出生于路易斯安那，
15:06
and migrated on the Illinois
Central Railroad to Chicago,
Central Railroad to Chicago,
256
894243
4016
沿着伊利诺伊州中部铁路
移民到了芝加哥，
移民到了芝加哥，
15:10
where he got the chance
to build on the talent
to build on the talent
257
898283
3403
在那里他有机会锻炼才华，
15:13
that was within him all along.
258
901710
2000
那些与生俱来的才华。
15:16
Miles Davis.
259
904267
1254
迈尔士·戴维斯。
15:17
His parents were from Arkansas.
260
905545
2055
他的父母来自阿肯色州。
15:19
They migrated to southern Illinois,
261
907624
2817
他们移民到伊利诺伊州南部，
15:22
where he would get the chance
to build on the talents
to build on the talents
262
910465
2871
在那里他有机会锻炼才华，
15:25
that were within him all along
263
913360
2311
那些与生俱来的才华，
15:27
but which could have gone fallow
in the cotton country of Arkansas.
in the cotton country of Arkansas.
264
915695
4394
原本这些才华可能会被埋没在
阿肯色州的棉花地里。
阿肯色州的棉花地里。
15:34
John Coltrane.
265
922124
1174
约翰·柯川。
15:36
He migrated at the age of 16
266
924029
2841
他是在 16 岁的时候，
15:38
from North Carolina to Philadelphia,
267
926894
3389
从北卡罗来纳州移民到了费城，
15:42
where, upon arrival in Philadelphia,
he got his first alto sax.
he got his first alto sax.
268
930307
4586
在到达费城的时候，
他得到了第一支中音萨克斯。
他得到了第一支中音萨克斯。
15:47
And there are lovers of jazz
who cannot imagine a world
who cannot imagine a world
269
935362
3468
爵士乐爱好者们简直无法想象
15:50
without John Coltrane
having gotten a hold of a saxophone.
having gotten a hold of a saxophone.
270
938854
3476
如果约翰·柯川手里没有萨克斯风，
这世界将会怎样。
这世界将会怎样。
15:56
Thelonious Monk.
271
944027
1150
塞隆尼斯·孟克。
15:58
Michael Jackson.
272
946345
1150
迈克尔·杰克逊。
16:00
Jesse Owens.
273
948138
1150
杰西·欧文斯。
16:01
Prince.
274
949821
1269
王子。
16:03
August Wilson.
275
951114
1150
奥古斯特·威尔逊。
16:04
Richard Wright.
276
952567
1374
理查德·赖特。
16:05
Ralph Ellison.
277
953965
1150
拉尔夫·艾里森。
16:07
Michelle Obama.
278
955711
1270
米歇尔·奥巴马。
16:09
These are all a few
of the millions of people
of the millions of people
279
957941
5048
这些只是数百万
移民后代中的一小部分，
移民后代中的一小部分，
16:15
who were products
of the single decision to migrate.
of the single decision to migrate.
280
963013
3912
他们都是移民这个决定的产物。
16:20
The people of the Great Migration
281
968769
1992
大移民的人
16:22
met with tremendous
resistance in the North.
resistance in the North.
282
970785
2507
在北方遇到了极大的抵制。
16:25
And they were not able to defeat
all social injustice.
all social injustice.
283
973809
4555
他们没法纠正所有的社会不公正。
16:31
But one person
284
979275
1825
但一个人
16:33
added to another person,
285
981124
2095
加上第二个人，
16:35
added to another person,
286
983243
1643
加上第三个人，
16:36
multiplied by millions,
287
984910
3055
加上数百万人，
16:39
were able to become the advance guard
of the civil rights movement.
of the civil rights movement.
288
987989
4926
就能成为民权运动的巨大先锋力量。
16:45
One person added to another person,
289
993471
2881
一个人加上第二个人，
16:48
added to another person,
290
996376
1611
加上第三个人，
16:50
multiplied by millions,
291
998011
1158
加上数百万人，
16:51
acting on a single decision,
292
999193
2349
因为一个决定而行动起来，
16:53
were able to change the region
that they had been forced to flee.
that they had been forced to flee.
293
1001566
4735
就可以改变他们原本要逃离的地方。
17:00
They had more power in leaving
294
1008136
2943
离开的力量
17:03
than by staying.
295
1011376
1150
比留下更加强大。
17:06
By their actions,
296
1014703
1404
通过他们的行动，
17:08
these people who had absolutely nothing
297
1016131
3834
这些一无所有的人
17:11
were able to do what a president
of the United States,
of the United States,
298
1019989
3954
甚至完成了美国总统，
17:15
Abraham Lincoln, was not able to do.
299
1023967
2649
亚布拉罕·林肯都无法完成的事情。
17:19
These people, by their actions,
300
1027586
3071
这些人，通过他们的行动，
17:22
were able to do
301
1030681
1169
完成了
17:23
what the Emancipation
Proclamation could not do.
Proclamation could not do.
302
1031874
3267
《解放奴隶宣言》
也无法完成的事情。
也无法完成的事情。
17:28
These people, by their actions,
303
1036411
3373
这些人，通过他们的行动，
17:31
were able to do what the powers that be,
304
1039808
3399
完成了当时的政府，
17:35
North and South,
305
1043231
2325
北方和南方，
17:37
could not or would not do.
306
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无法完成也不愿完成的事。
17:41
They freed themselves.
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1491
他们解放了自己。
17:43
Thank you.
308
1051991
1174
谢谢大家。
17:45
(Applause)
309
1053189
6034
（掌声）
17:51
Thank you.
310
1059247
1151
谢谢大家。
17:52
(Applause)
311
1060422
1935
（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Isabel Wilkerson - Journalist, authorThe author of "The Warmth of Other Suns," the story of the Great Migration, Isabel Wilkerson is a Pulitzer-winning journalist who uses narrative history to bring to light our shared humanity.
Why you should listen
Pulitzer Prize winner Isabel Wilkerson devoted 15 years to the research and writing of The Warmth of Other Suns. She interviewed more than 1,200 people, unearthed archival works and gathered the voices of the famous and the unknown to tell the epic story of the Great Migration, one of the biggest underreported stories of the 20th century and one of the largest migrations in American history.
The book was named to more than 30 Best of the Year lists, won the National Book Critics Circle Award, among other honors, and made national news when President Obama chose it for summer reading in 2011. In 2012, the New York Times named The Warmth of Other Suns to its list of the best nonfiction books of all time.
Wilkerson won the Pulitzer Prize for her work as Chicago Bureau Chief of the New York Times, making her the first black woman in the history of American journalism to win a Pulitzer and the first African-American to win for individual reporting.
Isabel Wilkerson | Speaker | TED.com