TEDxGöteborg 2010
Anders Ynnerman: Visualizing the medical data explosion
安德斯·因纳曼Anders Ynnerman：可视化技术应对医学数据爆炸
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今天的医学扫描技术在短短几秒内，就能帮助医生从一个患者身上得到上千张透视图和几百万兆的数据。但是，医生们如何分析并从中挑选出有用的信息呢？在TEDx哥德堡演讲上，科学可视化技术专家安德斯.因纳曼向我们展示了诸多精妙的--用于分析海量数据的新技术--包括模拟尸检技术，还带我们一瞥研发中的一些颇具科幻小说色彩的医疗技术。演讲中还穿插着许多医学视图。
Anders Ynnerman - Scientific visualization expert
Anders Ynnerman studies the fundamental aspects of computer graphics and visualization, in particular large scale and complex data sets with a focus on volume rendering and multi-modal interaction. Full bio
Anders Ynnerman studies the fundamental aspects of computer graphics and visualization, in particular large scale and complex data sets with a focus on volume rendering and multi-modal interaction. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I will start by posing a little bit of a challenge:
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我首先给大家展示一个难题，
00:19
the challenge of dealing with data,
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一个处理数据的难题，
00:22
data that we have to deal with
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处理这些
00:24
in medical situations.
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医学数据的难题。
00:26
It's really a huge challenge for us.
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这对我们来说真的是个很大的挑战。
00:28
And this is our beast of burden --
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这就是让我们头疼的大难题。
00:30
this is a Computer Tomography machine,
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这是一台计算机X射线断层扫描仪--
00:32
a CT machine.
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也就是CT机。
00:34
It's a fantastic device.
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这个是很棒的机器。
00:36
It uses X-rays, X-ray beams,
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它使用X射线，X光束，
00:38
that are rotating very fast around the human body.
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从四面对人体进行快速扫射。
00:41
It takes about 30 seconds to go through the whole machine
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通过这台机器的时间约为30秒，
00:43
and is generating enormous amounts of information
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之后，它能收集到
00:45
that comes out of the machine.
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海量的信息。
00:47
So this is a fantastic machine
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从提高医疗质量的角度看，
00:49
that we can use
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这台机器
00:51
for improving health care,
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真是绝了。
00:53
but as I said, it's also a challenge for us.
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但是，它也同时给我们出了个难题。
00:55
And the challenge is really found in this picture here.
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这个难题就在这张照片里。
00:58
It's the medical data explosion
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我们现在面临着
01:00
that we're having right now.
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医学数据爆炸的难题。
01:02
We're facing this problem.
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这个难题就摆在我们面前。
01:04
And let me step back in time.
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我们来回顾一下历史。
01:06
Let's go back a few years in time and see what happened back then.
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我们回到几年以前，看看当时的情况。
01:09
These machines that came out --
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这些机器
01:11
they started coming in the 1970s --
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从二十世纪七十年代开始被投入使用--
01:13
they would scan human bodies,
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它们能够对人体进行扫描，
01:15
and they would generate about 100 images
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拍出100多张
01:17
of the human body.
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人体的透视图。
01:19
And I've taken the liberty, just for clarity,
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恕我冒昧，为了让大家看得更明白，
01:21
to translate that to data slices.
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我把这些数据转化成通俗的比方。
01:24
That would correspond to about 50 megabytes of data,
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这些数据总共有大约50兆，
01:26
which is small
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这不算大，
01:28
when you think about the data we can handle today
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我们今天用普通移动设备处理的信息
01:31
just on normal mobile devices.
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要比这大得多。
01:33
If you translate that to phone books,
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如果你把这些数据转化成电话簿，
01:35
it's about one meter of phone books in the pile.
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那么你会得到高达一米的一堆电话簿。
01:38
Looking at what we're doing today
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再看看我们今天
01:40
with these machines that we have,
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所使用的这些机器，
01:42
we can, just in a few seconds,
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我们可以在短短几秒钟内
01:44
get 24,000 images out of a body,
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得到24000张人体透视图。
01:46
and that would correspond to about 20 gigabytes of data,
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这相当于20千兆的数据，
01:49
or 800 phone books,
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或800本电话簿。
01:51
and the pile would then be 200 meters of phone books.
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这些电话簿堆起来足有200米高。
01:53
What's about to happen --
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接下来会发生什么呢--
01:55
and we're seeing this; it's beginning --
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我们所看到的，是一个开始--
01:57
a technology trend that's happening right now
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一种技术的发展趋势，
01:59
is that we're starting to look at time-resolved situations as well.
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我们开始考虑耗时的问题。
02:02
So we're getting the dynamics out of the body as well.
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我们甚至可以捕捉人体的动态。
02:05
And just assume
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试想一下，
02:07
that we will be collecting data during five seconds,
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我们在5秒钟内收集的数据，
02:10
and that would correspond to one terabyte of data --
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大小为一百万兆。
02:12
that's 800,000 books
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那相当于八十万本书
02:14
and 16 kilometers of phone books.
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或一万六千米厚的电话簿。
02:16
That's one patient, one data set.
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这只是从一个患者身上采集的一组数据。
02:18
And this is what we have to deal with.
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这就是我们面临的难题。
02:20
So this is really the enormous challenge that we have.
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一个巨大的挑战。
02:23
And already today -- this is 25,000 images.
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这里有两万五千个图像，
02:26
Imagine the days
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试想一下，
02:28
when we had radiologists doing this.
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在过去，放射线专家是这样工作的。
02:30
They would put up 25,000 images,
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那么今天，他们就得把两万五千张图放上去，
02:32
they would go like this, "25,0000, okay, okay.
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这样一张张地看：“第两万五千张，好了好了，
02:35
There is the problem."
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找到问题了。”
02:37
They can't do that anymore. That's impossible.
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现在他们可不能这么做了；这是不可能的。
02:39
So we have to do something that's a little bit more intelligent than doing this.
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那么我们就必须使一点小聪明。
02:43
So what we do is that we put all these slices together.
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我们把这些图片整合在一起。
02:45
Imagine that you slice your body in all these directions,
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假设你把自己从各个角度切成簿片，
02:48
and then you try to put the slices back together again
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接着，再把这些簿片拼回去，
02:51
into a pile of data, into a block of data.
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组成一个数据堆，再组成一个数据块。
02:53
So this is really what we're doing.
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这就是我们的工作。
02:55
So this gigabyte or terabyte of data, we're putting it into this block.
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我们把这千兆或百万兆的数据整合成这个数据块。
02:58
But of course, the block of data
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当然，这个数据块
03:00
just contains the amount of X-ray
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只包含了被人体吸收了的
03:02
that's been absorbed in each point in the human body.
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X光所呈现出的人体各个部位。
03:04
So what we need to do is to figure out a way
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我们需要的是，找出一种方法
03:06
of looking at the things we do want to look at
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让我们看到，我们想要看到的部位，
03:09
and make things transparent that we don't want to look at.
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同时把那些我们不需要看到的部分隐藏起来。
03:12
So transforming the data set
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把数据转化为
03:14
into something that looks like this.
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这样的形式。
03:16
And this is a challenge.
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这是颇具挑战的。
03:18
This is a huge challenge for us to do that.
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而且是个艰巨的挑战。
03:21
Using computers, even though they're getting faster and better all the time,
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使用计算机虽然能够更快更好地得到数据，
03:24
it's a challenge to deal with gigabytes of data,
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但是在得到几千兆
03:26
terabytes of data
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甚至上百万兆的数据之后
03:28
and extracting the relevant information.
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如何从中抽取有用信息，成了巨大的挑战。
03:30
I want to look at the heart.
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我想透视心脏，
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I want to look at the blood vessels. I want to look at the liver.
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透视那些血管，肝脏，
03:34
Maybe even find a tumor,
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在某些情况下，
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in some cases.
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我要看是否有肿瘤。
03:39
So this is where this little dear comes into play.
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这时这个小宝贝给了我启示。
03:41
This is my daughter.
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这是我女儿。
03:43
This is as of 9 a.m. this morning.
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照片上是早上九点。
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She's playing a computer game.
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她正在玩电脑游戏。
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She's only two years old,
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她才两岁。
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and she's having a blast.
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看她玩得眉飞色舞的。
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So she's really the driving force
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她就是图形处理器
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behind the development of graphics-processing units.
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得到发展的原动力。
03:58
As long as kids are playing computer games,
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只要孩子们继续玩电脑游戏，
04:00
graphics is getting better and better and better.
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电脑制图的技术就会越来越好。
04:02
So please go back home, tell your kids to play more games,
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所以请大家回去以后多多鼓励自己的孩子打电脑游戏，
04:04
because that's what I need.
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这对我帮助太大了。
04:06
So what's inside of this machine
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这台机器
04:08
is what enables me to do the things that I'm doing
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帮助我
04:10
with the medical data.
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分析医学数据。
04:12
So really what I'm doing is using these fantastic little devices.
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我所利用的就是这些神奇的小设备。
04:15
And you know, going back
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时间倒退
04:17
maybe 10 years in time
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到大概十年以前，
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when I got the funding
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我得到赞助，
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to buy my first graphics computer --
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购买了第一台绘图电脑。
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it was a huge machine.
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它是台巨大的机器，
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It was cabinets of processors and storage and everything.
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由许多处理器，存储器等等组成的大柜子。
04:28
I paid about one million dollars for that machine.
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这台机器花了我一百万美元。
04:32
That machine is, today, about as fast as my iPhone.
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这台机器运算的速度跟我的iPhone差不多。
04:37
So every month there are new graphics cards coming out,
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每个月都有新的显卡上市。
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and here is a few of the latest ones from the vendors --
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这是商家最新推出的产品--
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NVIDIA, ATI, Intel is out there as well.
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英伟达（NVIDIA），冶天（ATI），还有因特尔的产品也出来了。
04:45
And you know, for a few hundred bucks
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花个几百美元，
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you can get these things and put them into your computer,
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你就能把这些东西买到手，装到自己电脑上，
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and you can do fantastic things with these graphics cards.
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这些显卡能完成许多不可思议的事情。
04:52
So this is really what's enabling us
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这就是
04:54
to deal with the explosion of data in medicine,
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我们控制医疗数据爆炸的法宝，
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together with some really nifty work
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再加上一些
04:59
in terms of algorithms --
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绝妙的演算--
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compressing data,
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精简数据，
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extracting the relevant information that people are doing research on.
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提取研究用的相关数据。
05:06
So I'm going to show you a few examples of what we can do.
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接下来我会为大家展示我们的工作成果。
05:09
This is a data set that was captured using a CT scanner.
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这是一组由CT机采集的数据。
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You can see that this is a full data [set].
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这是一组完整的数据。
05:15
It's a woman. You can see the hair.
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这是一位女性。你们能看到她的发丝。
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You can see the individual structures of the woman.
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还能看到她各个部位的结构。
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You can see that there is [a] scattering of X-rays
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你们可以看到她的牙齿以及里面的金属
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on the teeth, the metal in the teeth.
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在X光效果下的成像。
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That's where those artifacts are coming from.
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那是人造的部分。
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But fully interactively
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但是通过使用，
05:31
on standard graphics cards on a normal computer,
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装有标准显卡的普通电脑，
05:34
I can just put in a clip plane.
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我就可以装入一个剪切平面软件。
05:36
And of course all the data is inside,
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所有的数据都在里面，
05:38
so I can start rotating, I can look at it from different angles,
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我可以进行翻转，从不同角度观察，
05:41
and I can see that this woman had a problem.
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可以看到这位女性的问题是在哪里。
05:44
She had a bleeding up in the brain,
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她的大脑有一处出血，
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and that's been fixed with a little stent,
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医生用一个支架对其进行修复，
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a metal clamp that's tightening up the vessel.
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那是一个金属钳锁紧了那根血管。
05:50
And just by changing the functions,
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有了调节功能，
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then I can decide what's going to be transparent
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我就能自由决定哪些部分可以被隐去，
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and what's going to be visible.
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哪些部位可以凸显出来。
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I can look at the skull structure,
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我可以看到头骨的结构，
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and I can see that, okay, this is where they opened up the skull on this woman,
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好的，这位女性曾经做过开颅手术，
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and that's where they went in.
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他们是从这个部位进去的。
06:04
So these are fantastic images.
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这些都是非常精密的视图，
06:06
They're really high resolution,
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分辨率极高，
06:08
and they're really showing us what we can do
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让我们看到了
06:10
with standard graphics cards today.
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现今标准显卡的真正能耐。
06:13
Now we have really made use of this,
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我们很好地利用了这个技术，
06:15
and we have tried to squeeze a lot of data
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把大量的数据
06:18
into the system.
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压缩到这个系统里。
06:20
And one of the applications that we've been working on --
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这是我们正在研究的应用之一--
06:22
and this has gotten a little bit of traction worldwide --
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这在世界范围内引起了不小的轰动--
06:25
is the application of virtual autopsies.
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这就是模拟验尸技术。
06:27
So again, looking at very, very large data sets,
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看着这庞大的数据群，
06:29
and you saw those full-body scans that we can do.
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你们刚才看到我们能做全身扫描。
06:32
We're just pushing the body through the whole CT scanner,
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我们只要让整个人体通过CT机，
06:35
and just in a few seconds we can get a full-body data set.
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不到几秒钟，我们就能得到全身的数据。
06:38
So this is from a virtual autopsy.
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这就是一次虚拟验尸。
06:40
And you can see how I'm gradually peeling off.
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你们可以看到我正在一层一层把画面剥开。
06:42
First you saw the body bag that the body came in,
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首先你看到的是包着裹尸袋的尸体，
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then I'm peeling off the skin -- you can see the muscles --
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接着，我把皮肤剥开-- 你们可以看见肌肉--
06:48
and eventually you can see the bone structure of this woman.
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最后你们可以看见这位女性的骨骼。
06:51
Now at this point, I would also like to emphasize
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现在，我想强调一下，
06:54
that, with the greatest respect
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对以下图片中的死者，
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for the people that I'm now going to show --
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我深怀敬意--
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I'm going to show you a few cases of virtual autopsies --
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我将向大家展示几个模拟验尸的案例--
07:00
so it's with great respect for the people
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我向这些因暴力导致死亡的人们
07:02
that have died under violent circumstances
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表示敬意
07:04
that I'm showing these pictures to you.
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我展示的是他们的验尸情况。
07:08
In the forensic case --
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在法医鉴定的案例中--
07:10
and this is something
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在这几年里
07:12
that ... there's been approximately 400 cases so far
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在瑞典，我所在的地区
07:14
just in the part of Sweden that I come from
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已经有大约400个案例
07:16
that has been undergoing virtual autopsies
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使用了
07:18
in the past four years.
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模拟验尸技术。
07:20
So this will be the typical workflow situation.
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这是验尸的常规程序。
07:23
The police will decide --
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警察会决定--
07:25
in the evening, when there's a case coming in --
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案发当晚，
07:27
they will decide, okay, is this a case where we need to do an autopsy?
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他们会决定，好，我们需要对这个案子进行尸检。
07:30
So in the morning, in between six and seven in the morning,
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于是第二天早上，大概六七点钟，
07:33
the body is then transported inside of the body bag
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尸体就会被放进裹尸袋
07:35
to our center
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运到我们中心
07:37
and is being scanned through one of the CT scanners.
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然后穿过CT机。
07:39
And then the radiologist, together with the pathologist
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接着，放射线专家会，病理学家
07:41
and sometimes the forensic scientist,
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有时候还需要法医，
07:43
looks at the data that's coming out,
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一起进行观察数据，
07:45
and they have a joint session.
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他们会进行综合分析。
07:47
And then they decide what to do in the real physical autopsy after that.
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之后，他们决定在实际的尸检过程中应该如何操作。
07:52
Now looking at a few cases,
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现在我们看一些案例，
07:54
here's one of the first cases that we had.
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这是我们第一批案例的其中之一。
07:56
You can really see the details of the data set.
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你们可以看到数据群的细节；
07:59
It's very high-resolution,
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清晰度非常高。
08:01
and it's our algorithms that allow us
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我们采用的演算法
08:03
to zoom in on all the details.
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让我们可以把细节放大。
08:05
And again, it's fully interactive,
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它完全受你控制，
08:07
so you can rotate and you can look at things in real time
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你可以翻转，在这些设备上
08:09
on these systems here.
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进行实时观察。
08:11
Without saying too much about this case,
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案情就不多说了，
08:13
this is a traffic accident,
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这是一起交通意外，
08:15
a drunk driver hit a woman.
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一个司机酒后驾车撞倒了一位女士。
08:17
And it's very, very easy to see the damages on the bone structure.
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我们可以很清晰地看到她骨头所受的损伤。
08:20
And the cause of death is the broken neck.
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颈骨断裂导致死亡。
08:23
And this women also ended up under the car,
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这位女士被车轮碾压，
08:25
so she's quite badly beaten up
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所以她的颈部
08:27
by this injury.
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受到了严重损伤。
08:29
Here's another case, a knifing.
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这是另一个案例，受害人被刀刺死。
08:32
And this is also again showing us what we can do.
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这也展示了我们的技术。
08:34
It's very easy to look at metal artifacts
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我们能够轻易地让人体内的人造金属物体
08:36
that we can show inside of the body.
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显现出来。
08:39
You can also see some of the artifacts from the teeth --
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大家可以看到死者牙齿里的人造物--
08:42
that's actually the filling of the teeth --
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实际上是补牙的填充物--
08:44
but because I've set the functions to show me metal
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我设定了显示金属的功能，
08:47
and make everything else transparent.
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所以身体其它部位都变得透明了。
08:49
Here's another violent case. This really didn't kill the person.
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这是另外一宗暴力案件。这一处不是致命伤。
08:52
The person was killed by stabs in the heart,
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致命的几刀捅进了心脏，
08:54
but they just deposited the knife
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凶手最后
08:56
by putting it through one of the eyeballs.
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把刀插进死者一只眼球里。
08:58
Here's another case.
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这是另一个案子。
09:00
It's very interesting for us
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研究刀伤
09:02
to be able to look at things like knife stabbings.
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是很有意思的。
09:04
Here you can see that knife went through the heart.
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大家可以看到那把刀穿过了心脏。
09:07
It's very easy to see how air has been leaking
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我们可以很清楚地看到
09:09
from one part to another part,
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空气从一头穿进另一头，
09:11
which is difficult to do in a normal, standard, physical autopsy.
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这在实地的常规标准尸检中是很难看到的。
09:14
So it really, really helps
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在刑事案件的侦察中，
09:16
the criminal investigation
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这对确定死者死因
09:18
to establish the cause of death,
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帮助非常大，
09:20
and in some cases also directing the investigation in the right direction
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在一些案件中，还能协助案件调查，
09:23
to find out who the killer really was.
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找到凶手。
09:25
Here's another case that I think is interesting.
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这里还有一个很有意思的案例。
09:27
Here you can see a bullet
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你们看那颗子弹，
09:29
that has lodged just next to the spine on this person.
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它射在这人的脊椎骨上。
09:32
And what we've done is that we've turned the bullet into a light source,
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我们所做的是，把这颗子弹，处理成一个光源，
09:35
so that bullet is actually shining,
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这样子弹是发光的，
09:37
and it makes it really easy to find these fragments.
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这样便于我们找到这些碎片。
09:40
During a physical autopsy,
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在进行肉体解剖时，
09:42
if you actually have to dig through the body to find these fragments,
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想要翻遍身体各个部位去寻找那些碎片，
09:44
that's actually quite hard to do.
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是非常困难的。
09:48
One of the things that I'm really, really happy
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今天我非常高兴，能够想大家展示
09:50
to be able to show you here today
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这样一个设备，
09:53
is our virtual autopsy table.
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那就是我们的模拟尸检台。
09:55
It's a touch device that we have developed
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我们根据前期的演算法，使用图形处理器
09:57
based on these algorithms, using standard graphics GPUs.
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开发出了这个触控设备。
10:00
It actually looks like this,
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这就是这台仪器，
10:02
just to give you a feeling for what it looks like.
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让大家看看它大致的样子。
10:05
It really just works like a huge iPhone.
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它使用起来就像一个巨型iPhone手机。
10:08
So we've implemented
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你可以在这台仪器上
10:10
all the gestures you can do on the table,
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做任何的动作，
10:13
and you can think of it as an enormous touch interface.
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你可以把它看成一个巨大的触屏。
10:17
So if you were thinking of buying an iPad,
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如果你在考虑买一个iPad平板电脑，
10:19
forget about it. This is what you want instead.
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赶紧打住；这才是你真正想要的。
10:22
Steve, I hope you're listening to this, all right.
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史蒂夫（苹果公司CEO），你可听好啦。
10:26
So it's a very nice little device.
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这才是个非常实用的小仪器。
10:28
So if you have the opportunity, please try it out.
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如果有机会，你一定要试试。
10:30
It's really a hands-on experience.
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这手感可是一流的。
10:33
So it gained some traction, and we're trying to roll this out
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它引起了不小的轰动，我们也在努力推广这个技术，
10:36
and trying to use it for educational purposes,
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努力把它运用在教学当中，
10:38
but also, perhaps in the future,
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但是，也许在将来，
10:40
in a more clinical situation.
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我们会更多地将它运用在临床医学上。
10:43
There's a YouTube video that you can download and look at this,
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你可以从YouTube网上下载这个视频，
10:45
if you want to convey the information to other people
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如果你有意，可以把模拟尸检的信息
10:47
about virtual autopsies.
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介绍给其他人。
10:50
Okay, now that we're talking about touch,
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好的，既然我们谈到了“手感”，
10:52
let me move on to really "touching" data.
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那我就让大家看看一些真正有“手感”的数据。
10:54
And this is a bit of science fiction now,
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目前这还只能算是科学幻想，
10:56
so we're moving into really the future.
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因为我们现在要去到未来。
10:59
This is not really what the medical doctors are using right now,
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现在的医生还没有开始使用这些技术，
11:02
but I hope they will in the future.
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但是我希望他们未来可以用上。
11:04
So what you're seeing on the left is a touch device.
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大家看到屏幕左边的是一个触控装置。
11:07
It's a little mechanical pen
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这是一支机械笔，
11:09
that has very, very fast step motors inside of the pen.
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在这支笔里装有高速步进电机。
11:12
And so I can generate a force feedback.
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我可以用它触发力反馈。
11:14
So when I virtually touch data,
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当我触碰模拟数据时，
11:16
it will generate forces in the pen, so I get a feedback.
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这支笔会发出反作用力，于是我得到了反馈。
11:19
So in this particular situation,
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我们看一下这个案例，
11:21
it's a scan of a living person.
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这是一个活人的扫描数据。
11:23
I have this pen, and I look at the data,
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我拿着这支笔，看着数据，
11:26
and I move the pen towards the head,
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把笔伸进他的头部，
11:28
and all of a sudden I feel resistance.
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突然间，我感到了反作用力，
11:30
So I can feel the skin.
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我能触到皮肤，
11:32
If I push a little bit harder, I'll go through the skin,
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如果再用点力， 就能穿过皮肤，
11:34
and I can feel the bone structure inside.
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感觉到里面的骨骼。
11:37
If I push even harder, I'll go through the bone structure,
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再用点力，就穿过了骨骼，
11:39
especially close to the ear where the bone is very soft.
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从耳部附近插进去，这里的骨头很软。
11:42
And then I can feel the brain inside, and this will be the slushy like this.
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现在我触碰到大脑了，感觉挺粘稠的。
11:45
So this is really nice.
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这技术真是绝了。
11:47
And to take that even further, this is a heart.
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更绝的还在后面，这是一颗心脏。
11:50
And this is also due to these fantastic new scanners,
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这些新型扫描仪真是太棒了，
11:53
that just in 0.3 seconds,
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仅在0.3秒之内
11:55
I can scan the whole heart,
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我就能把这整颗心脏扫描下来，
11:57
and I can do that with time resolution.
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仪器的时间分辨率非常高。
11:59
So just looking at this heart,
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请大家看这颗心脏，
12:01
I can play back a video here.
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我播放一段录像。
12:03
And this is Karljohan, one of my graduate students
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这是克里万，我的一个研究生，
12:05
who's been working on this project.
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他正在研究这个项目。
12:07
And he's sitting there in front of the Haptic device, the force feedback system,
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他正在操作触感仪器，也就是力反馈系统，
12:10
and he's moving his pen towards the heart,
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他正在用笔触碰这颗心脏，
12:13
and the heart is now beating in front of him,
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这颗心正在他面前跳动，
12:15
so he can see how the heart is beating.
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他可以清楚地看到心脏跳动的情况。
12:17
He's taken the pen, and he's moving it towards the heart,
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他拿着笔，靠近心脏，
12:19
and he's putting it on the heart,
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他正在拿笔触碰心脏，
12:21
and then he feels the heartbeats from the real living patient.
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这样，他可以感觉到一个患者活生生的心跳。
12:24
Then he can examine how the heart is moving.
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然后他可以检查心脏的动态。
12:26
He can go inside, push inside of the heart,
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他还可以进入心脏，
12:28
and really feel how the valves are moving.
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感觉里面瓣膜的动态。
12:31
And this, I think, is really the future for heart surgeons.
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我认为这就是心脏外科手术。
12:34
I mean it's probably the wet dream for a heart surgeon
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我是说这能让外科医生做梦都偷笑，
12:37
to be able to go inside of the patient's heart
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因为你可以在动手术之前
12:40
before you actually do surgery,
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先进入患者的心脏，
12:42
and do that with high-quality resolution data.
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进行一次高清画质的模拟手术。
12:44
So this is really neat.
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这真是太美妙了。
12:47
Now we're going even further into science fiction.
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现在我们看到的科幻技术更加超前。
12:50
And we heard a little bit about functional MRI.
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大家应该听说过功能性核磁共振成像技术。
12:53
Now this is really an interesting project.
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这是一个很有意思的项目。
12:56
MRI is using magnetic fields
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核磁共振成像被运用磁场，
12:58
and radio frequencies
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电波频率
13:00
to scan the brain, or any part of the body.
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对大脑或身体其它部位进行扫描。
13:03
So what we're really getting out of this
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我们在用这个技术
13:05
is information of the structure of the brain,
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获取大脑结构的信息，
13:07
but we can also measure the difference
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不仅如此，我们还能测量
13:09
in magnetic properties of blood that's oxygenated
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血液在含氧以及缺氧的状态下，
13:12
and blood that's depleted of oxygen.
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其磁属性的变化差异。
13:15
That means that it's possible
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这意味着我们有可能
13:17
to map out the activity of the brain.
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将大脑活动的情况反映出来。
13:19
So this is something that we've been working on.
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这是我们目前正在研发的项目。
13:21
And you just saw Motts the research engineer, there,
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现在大家看到的是研发工程师马茨
13:24
going into the MRI system,
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他正在通过核磁共振成像系统，
13:26
and he was wearing goggles.
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他戴着眼镜。
13:28
So he could actually see things in the goggles.
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从眼镜里他可以看到图像。
13:30
So I could present things to him while he's in the scanner.
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当他在受扫描的时候，我可以给他展示图像。
13:33
And this is a little bit freaky,
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这有点吓人，
13:35
because what Motts is seeing is actually this.
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因为马茨看到的是这个，
13:37
He's seeing his own brain.
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他自己的大脑。
13:40
So Motts is doing something here,
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马茨正在使用大脑的这个部分。
13:42
and probably he is going like this with his right hand,
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可能他正在用右手做这个动作，
13:44
because the left side is activated
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因为他的左脑的运动皮层
13:46
on the motor cortex.
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正在兴奋。
13:48
And then he can see that at the same time.
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他可以看到同样的图像。
13:50
These visualizations are brand new.
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这些成像技术都是最新的。
13:52
And this is something that we've been researching for a little while.
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我们在这方面的研究已经进行了很长一段时间。
13:55
This is another sequence of Motts' brain.
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这是马茨大脑的另外一次活动。
13:58
And here we asked Motts to calculate backwards from 100.
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我们让马茨从100开始倒数。
14:01
So he's going "100, 97, 94."
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于是他开始“100， 97， 94”
14:03
And then he's going backwards.
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这样倒数。
14:05
And you can see how the little math processor is working up here in his brain
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大家可以看到这个处理数学的指令让他的大脑工作，
14:08
and is lighting up the whole brain.
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让整个大脑都活跃起来了。
14:10
Well this is fantastic. We can do this in real time.
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这绝了。我们能够进行实时操作。
14:12
We can investigate things. We can tell him to do things.
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我们可以进行测试。我们可以给他下指令。
14:14
You can also see that his visual cortex
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大家还可以看到他的视觉皮层
14:16
is activated in the back of the head,
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在他后脑的部位兴奋起来了。
14:18
because that's where he's seeing, he's seeing his own brain.
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这是因为他在看自己的大脑。
14:20
And he's also hearing our instructions
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他同时
14:22
when we tell him to do things.
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也在听我们的指示。
14:24
The signal is really deep inside of the brain as well,
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尽管信号处在大脑的深层部位，
14:26
and it's shining through,
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但是它活跃部位可以显现出来，
14:28
because all of the data is inside this volume.
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这是因为所有的数据都在其中了。
14:30
And in just a second here you will see --
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一会儿大家会看到--
14:32
okay, here. Motts, now move your left foot.
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就是这里。 马茨，现在动一动你的左脚。
14:34
So he's going like this.
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接着他开始动左脚。
14:36
For 20 seconds he's going like that,
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持续了20秒钟。
14:38
and all of a sudden it lights up up here.
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忽然，这个部位活跃了起来。
14:40
So we've got motor cortex activation up there.
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这样我们看到这里的皮层运动区兴奋起来。
14:42
So this is really, really nice,
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这真的非常神奇。
14:44
and I think this is a great tool.
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我认为这是个绝妙的工具。
14:46
And connecting also with the previous talk here,
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结合我之前提到的内容，
14:48
this is something that we could use as a tool
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我们可以利用这样的工具
14:50
to really understand
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去真正了解
14:52
how the neurons are working, how the brain is working,
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神经元和大脑是如何工作的，
14:54
and we can do this with very, very high visual quality
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我们的技术可以做出非常高的画质
14:57
and very fast resolution.
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和极快的分辨率。
15:00
Now we're also having a bit of fun at the center.
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现在我们在中心的工作变得很有意思了。
15:02
So this is a CAT scan -- Computer Aided Tomography.
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这是一台计算机辅助断层扫“猫”仪（CAT）--
15:06
So this is a lion from the local zoo
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这是一头狮子
15:08
outside of Norrkoping in Kolmarden, Elsa.
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来自诺尔雪平当地的一家动物园。
15:11
So she came to the center,
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她被送到中心，
15:13
and they sedated her
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注射了镇定剂，
15:15
and then put her straight into the scanner.
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接着被放进这台扫描仪里。
15:17
And then, of course, I get the whole data set from the lion.
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接着，我得到了这头狮子的全套数据。
15:20
And I can do very nice images like this.
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我能得出画质非常高的图像。
15:22
I can peel off the layer of the lion.
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我可以把这头狮子层层剥开。
15:24
I can look inside of it.
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可以看到她身体内部的情况。
15:26
And we've been experimenting with this.
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我们一直在做这方面的实验。
15:28
And I think this is a great application
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我觉得在将来
15:30
for the future of this technology,
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会是非常有用的技术，
15:32
because there's very little known about the animal anatomy.
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因为我们对动物解剖学知之甚少。
15:35
What's known out there for veterinarians is kind of basic information.
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兽医们所得到的信息不够深入了。
15:38
We can scan all sorts of things,
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我们可以对任何东西，
15:40
all sorts of animals.
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任何动物进行扫描。
15:42
The only problem is to fit it into the machine.
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唯一的缺点是体积问题。
15:45
So here's a bear.
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这是一头熊。
15:47
It was kind of hard to get it in.
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把它弄进这台机器可真不容易。
15:49
And the bear is a cuddly, friendly animal.
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这头熊非常憨态可掬，也很友好。
15:52
And here it is. Here is the nose of the bear.
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大家看，这是熊的鼻子。
15:55
And you might want to cuddle this one,
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你可能很想摸摸它，
15:58
until you change the functions and look at this.
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但是当你改变效果，再看，
16:01
So be aware of the bear.
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就得小心了。
16:03
So with that,
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至此，
16:05
I'd like to thank all the people
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我想要感谢
16:07
who have helped me to generate these images.
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所有帮助我做出这些图像的人们。
16:09
It's a huge effort that goes into doing this,
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这是许多人的辛劳换来的，
16:11
gathering the data and developing the algorithms,
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他们收集数据，进行演算，
16:14
writing all the software.
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编写软件。
16:16
So, some very talented people.
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感谢这些才华洋溢的工作人员。
16:19
My motto is always, I only hire people that are smarter than I am
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我的人生信条是：我只雇用比我精明的人。
16:22
and most of these are smarter than I am.
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以上这些人大多都比我聪明。
16:24
So thank you very much.
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非常感谢大家。
16:26
(Applause)
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（众人鼓掌）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Anders Ynnerman - Scientific visualization expertAnders Ynnerman studies the fundamental aspects of computer graphics and visualization, in particular large scale and complex data sets with a focus on volume rendering and multi-modal interaction.
Why you should listen
Professor Anders Ynnerman received a Ph.D. in physics from Gothenburg University. During the early 90s he was doing research at Oxford University and Vanderbilt University. In 1996 he started the Swedish National Graduate School in Scientific Computing, which he directed until 1999. From 1997 to 2002 he directed the Swedish National Supercomputer Centre and from 2002 to 2006 he directed the Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC).
Since 1999 he is holding a chair in scientific visualization at Linköping University and in 2000 he founded the Norrköping Visualization and Interaction Studio (NVIS). NVIS currently constitutes one of the main focal points for research and education in computer graphics and visualization in the Nordic region. Ynnerman is currently heading the build-up of a large scale center for Visualization in Norrköping.
Anders Ynnerman | Speaker | TED.com