TEDGlobal 2012
Sanjay Pradhan: How open data is changing international aid
Sanjay Pradhan：开放性数据在怎样改变国际援助？
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我们该怎样确定发展基金及援助基金真正被落实到最需要它们的人身上呢？来自世界银行组织的Sanjay Pradhan谈到了三个可以让国际援助产生更大影响的重点——同时来抑制腐败问题。一个原则：要将有志向改变腐败系统的斗士们联合起来，并提供给他们所需的数据。
Sanjay Pradhan - Development Leader
Sanjay Pradhan is vice president of the World Bank Institute, helping leaders in developing countries learn skills for reform, development and good governance. Full bio
Sanjay Pradhan is vice president of the World Bank Institute, helping leaders in developing countries learn skills for reform, development and good governance. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
I grew up in Bihar, India's poorest state,
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我在印度最贫穷的地区比哈尔邦长大，
00:21
and I remember when I was six years old,
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并且我记得当我六岁的时候
00:24
I remember coming home one day to find a cart
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有一天我回到家时，在家门口找到一个手拉车，
00:28
full of the most delicious sweets at our doorstep.
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里面装满了最美味的零食。
00:33
My brothers and I dug in,
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我和我的兄弟们立刻开动猛吃，
00:37
and that's when my father came home.
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然后那个时候我父亲刚好回到家。
00:40
He was livid, and I still remember how we cried
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他当时面色铁青，我至今还记得我们怎样嚎啕大哭，
00:46
when that cart with our half-eaten sweets
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眼睁睁地看着那辆被我们吃了将近一半零食的车
00:50
was pulled away from us.
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被拖走了。
00:53
Later, I understood why my father got so upset.
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后来我才知道为什么我父亲如此生气。
00:58
Those sweets were a bribe
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因为那些零食其实是来自一个承包商的贿赂，
01:01
from a contractor who was trying to get my father
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他想通过贿赂从我父亲那里得到
01:04
to award him a government contract.
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一个政府合同。
01:08
My father was responsible for building roads in Bihar,
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我父亲负责比哈尔邦的道路建设，
01:13
and he had developed a firm stance against corruption,
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并且他的立场非常坚定，坚决反对腐败，
01:17
even though he was harassed and threatened.
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即使他因此被骚扰甚至威胁。
01:21
His was a lonely struggle, because Bihar
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我父亲的故事只是一个孤单的斗争过程，因为比哈尔邦
01:25
was also India's most corrupt state,
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曾经也是印度最腐败的邦，
01:28
where public officials were enriching themselves,
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那里的公职人员经常为自己谋取利益，
01:32
[rather] than serving the poor who had no means
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而不是服务那些穷苦的人民。
01:36
to express their anguish if their children
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这些穷人的孩子没有足够的食物，或者没有书读，
01:40
had no food or no schooling.
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而这些人也无处表达他们的痛苦。
01:44
And I experienced this most viscerally
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我深刻地体会到了这一切
01:48
when I traveled to remote villages to study poverty.
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当我去一些偏僻的村庄研究关于贫穷的问题。
01:55
And as I went village to village,
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我挨个去了许多村庄，
01:58
I remember one day, when I was famished and exhausted,
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我记得有一天，当我又累又饿，
02:05
and I was almost collapsing
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几乎要瘫倒的时候
02:07
in a scorching heat under a tree,
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我待在一棵树下，那时候天气非常燥热，
02:10
and just at that time, one of the poorest men in that village
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正在那个时候，一个几乎是那个村子里最穷的人
02:16
invited me into his hut and graciously fed me.
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邀请我去他的棚屋里休息，还非常和善地给我食物。
02:22
Only I later realized that what he fed me
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后来我才意识到他给我的那些食物
02:27
was food for his entire family for two days.
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原来是他一个家庭的整整两天的供给。
02:33
This profound gift of generosity
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他如此慷慨的给予给我留下了深刻的印象，
02:37
challenged and changed the very purpose of my life.
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并且挑战了以及改变了我整个人生的意义。
02:42
I resolved to give back.
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我下定决心要回报给他。
02:46
Later, I joined the World Bank, which sought to fight
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后来，我加入了世界银行组织，这个组织的目的是通过把来自
02:50
such poverty by transferring aid from rich to poor countries.
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富裕国家的援助输送到贫穷国家，来解决像这样的贫穷问题。
02:56
My initial work focused on Uganda, where I focused
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我刚开始的工作重心是乌干达，我着重于
03:01
on negotiating reforms with the Finance Ministry of Uganda
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与乌干达政府的财政部进行关于相关改革的谈判
03:06
so they could access our loans.
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这样他们可以得到我们的援助贷款。
03:08
But after we disbursed the loans, I remember
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但是当我们支付了贷款之后，我记得去乌干达考察
03:11
a trip in Uganda where I found newly built schools
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的时候我发现那些新造的学校
03:16
without textbooks or teachers,
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没有教科书也没有老师，
03:19
new health clinics without drugs,
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那些新建的医疗诊所没有药物，
03:22
and the poor once again without any voice or recourse.
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那些穷人还是没有发言的机会或是追索的权力。
03:28
It was Bihar all over again.
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乌干达简直就和当年的比哈尔邦一样。
03:31
Bihar represents the challenge of development:
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比哈尔邦代表着发展进程中的一种挑战，
03:35
abject poverty surrounded by corruption.
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即是腐败包围着那卑微的贫穷。
03:39
Globally, 1.3 billion people live on less than
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在全世界范围内，有1.3亿人口过着每天开销少于
03:43
$1.25 a day, and the work I did in Uganda
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1.25美元的日子，而我曾经在乌干达做过的工作
03:48
represents the traditional approach to these problems
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则代表着的这些问题的传统解决途径
03:53
that has been practiced since 1944,
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从1944年开始至今未变，
03:57
when winners of World War II, 500 founding fathers,
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当第二次世界大战的胜利者，那500个男性创始人，
04:03
and one lonely founding mother,
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以及一个孤零零的女性创始人，
04:06
gathered in New Hampshire, USA,
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在美国新罕布尔士州聚在一起，
04:09
to establish the Bretton Woods institutions,
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开创了布雷顿森林机构，
04:11
including the World Bank.
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包括世界银行组织在内。
04:13
And that traditional approach to development
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我之前讲到的区域发展的传统途径
04:17
had three key elements. First, transfer of resources
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有三个重要的问题。第一，从北边的发达国家向
04:20
from rich countries in the North
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南方的相对贫穷的国家
04:22
to poorer countries in the South,
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输入资源
04:25
accompanied by reform prescriptions.
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以及关于改革的具体方案。
04:28
Second, the development institutions that channeled
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第二，这些传输援助的发展机构
04:31
these transfers were opaque, with little transparency
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并不透明，你很难知道他们到底
04:36
of what they financed or what results they achieved.
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支援了什么项目或者达到了什么成果。
04:40
And third, the engagement in developing countries
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第三，在发展中国家开展的项目
04:44
was with a narrow set of government elites
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只跟少数政府官员有交流，
04:47
with little interaction with the citizens, who are
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而跟当地的人们有很少的互动，而这些人
04:50
the ultimate beneficiaries of development assistance.
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才应该是真正该受到发展援助的对象。
04:55
Today, each of these elements is opening up
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今天，这三个问题都正在得到关注
04:59
due to dramatic changes in the global environment.
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因为全球环境发生了重大的变化。
05:02
Open knowledge, open aid, open governance,
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开放的知识渠道，多方的援助以及更为透明的政府政策，
05:06
and together, they represent three key shifts
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综合起来，这代表了三个重要的变化
05:10
that are transforming development
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它们正在改变如今的发展方式，
05:12
and that also hold greater hope for the problems
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并且它们更代表着解决发展问题的希望，
05:16
I witnessed in Uganda and in Bihar.
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比如那些我在乌干达和比哈尔邦所见证的。
05:21
The first key shift is open knowledge.
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第一个重要的变化是开放的知识渠道。
05:24
You know, developing countries today will not simply
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你们知道，现在的发展中国家并不会直接
05:27
accept solutions that are handed down to them
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接受这些由美国、欧洲以及世界银行给它们
05:31
by the U.S., Europe or the World Bank.
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设计的经济发展解决方案。
05:35
They get their inspiration, their hope,
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从南方部分国家成功的经济发展中，
05:37
their practical know-how,
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其它发展中国家也有了自己的想法，自己的期望，
05:40
from successful emerging economies in the South.
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以及自己切实可行的措施。
05:43
They want to know how China lifted 500 million people
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它们想知道中国是怎样在30年内
05:48
out of poverty in 30 years,
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把5亿人带出贫穷的状况，
05:52
how Mexico's Oportunidades program
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墨西哥的“机遇”计划是怎样将数百万孩童的
05:55
improved schooling and nutrition for millions of children.
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教育和营养状况有效进行提高的。
05:59
This is the new ecosystem of open-knowledge flows,
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这是一个全新的开放知识流体系，
06:05
not just traveling North to South, but South to South,
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不只是由北向南的援助，而是南南对话，
06:10
and even South to North,
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甚至是由南向北的渠道，比如纽约如今就
06:12
with Mexico's Oportunidades today inspiring New York City.
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受到了墨西哥“机遇”项目的启示。
06:18
And just as these North-to-South transfers are opening up,
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当这些由北向南的援助正在变得更加开放，
06:22
so too are the development institutions
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同样的，这些组织援助的发展机构
06:25
that channeled these transfers.
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也在逐渐变得更为开放。
06:27
This is the second shift: open aid.
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这就是第二个变化：更透明的援助。
06:31
Recently, the World Bank opened its vault of data
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最近，世界银行组织向公众开放了其数据库，
06:35
for public use, releasing 8,000 economic and social indicators
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其中包括五十年来两百个国家的
06:39
for 200 countries over 50 years,
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八千个经济社会指数，
06:44
and it launched a global competition to crowdsource
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同时它开展了一个全球性比赛来寻找用来
06:48
innovative apps using this data.
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分析运用这些数据的创新型应用程序。
06:51
Development institutions today are also opening
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同时，一些发展机构得以建立
06:55
for public scrutiny the projects they finance.
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让公众可以审查他们资助的项目。
06:58
Take GeoMapping. In this map from Kenya,
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比如像来自肯尼亚的地图应用“GeoMapping”，
07:03
the red dots show where all the schools financed by donors
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上面的红点代表所有被捐款者资助的学校位置，
07:07
are located, and the darker the shade of green,
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并且在绿色阴影越深的区域，
07:11
the more the number of out-of-school children.
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有越多的不在读孩童。
07:15
So this simple mashup reveals that donors
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所以这个简单的数据混合显示了
07:19
have not financed any schools in the areas
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在这块有最多不在读孩童人数的区域内，
07:22
with the most out-of-school children,
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还未有捐款者在资助任何学校，
07:24
provoking new questions. Is development assistance
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这就提出了新的问题。我们的发展援助
07:28
targeting those who most need our help?
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有否针对在最需要帮助的人群？
07:33
In this manner, the World Bank has now GeoMapped
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用这种方法，世界银行组织现在已经在地理坐标上标记了
07:36
30,000 project activities in 143 countries,
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在143个地区开展的三万个项目，
07:41
and donors are using a common platform
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并且捐助者也在使用这样一个公共平台
07:44
to map all their projects.
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来标记他们所有的项目。
07:47
This is a tremendous leap forward in transparency
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这是在实现援助透明度和完善问责制上的
07:52
and accountability of aid.
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一个巨大的进步。
07:54
And this leads me to the third, and in my view,
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并且这联系到了第三点，在我的看法里是
07:57
the most significant shift in development:
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发展过程中最重要的变化：
08:01
open governance. Governments today are opening up
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开放的政府管理。 如今各个政府正在逐渐变得更为开放
08:05
just as citizens are demanding voice and accountability.
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与公众在要求的更多的声音与责任制度相符合。
08:09
From the Arab Spring to the Anna Hazare movement in India,
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从“阿拉伯之春” 到印度的"安纳·哈扎尔运动"，
08:13
using mobile phones and social media
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手机与社交媒体的运用
08:16
not just for political accountability
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并不只是为了政治上的监督与问责，
08:18
but also for development accountability.
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同时也为了地区发展的监督与问责。
08:22
Are governments delivering services to the citizens?
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当地政府是否在为其公民提供服务？
08:27
So for instance, several governments in Africa
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比如说，部分在非洲和东亚的政府
08:31
and Eastern Europe are opening their budgets to the public.
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正在逐步向公众开放预算。
08:36
But, you know, there is a big difference between a budget
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但是，你知道，在公共预算和可以真正被理解的预算
08:39
that's public and a budget that's accessible.
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之间是有巨大的不同的。
08:43
This is a public budget. (Laughter)
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这是公共预算。（大笑）
08:48
And as you can see, it's not really accessible
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你可以发现，它并不是真的能被一个普通老百姓
08:52
or understandable to an ordinary citizen
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得以获得或者了解
08:54
that is trying to understand how the government is spending its resources.
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来理解政府到底是如何分配花销它的资源的。
08:59
To tackle this problem, governments are using new tools
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来解决这样一个问题，政府们正在运用新的工具
09:03
to visualize the budget so it's more understandable
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来视觉化他们的预算，
09:08
to the public.
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用以让公众更加容易理解。
09:10
In this map from Moldova, the green color shows
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在这个来自莫多尔瓦的地图，绿色代表
09:14
those districts that have low spending on schools
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这些有着低开销但是高教育成果的
09:18
but good educational outcomes,
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学校区域，
09:20
and the red color shows the opposite.
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而红色则代表相反的区域。
09:24
Tools like this help turn a shelf full of inscrutable documents
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像这样的工具可以把满满一书架的天书文件
09:30
into a publicly understandable visual,
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变成大众化和视觉化的结果，
09:34
and what's exciting is that with this openness,
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并且这样的开放度让人激动的是，
09:38
there are today new opportunities for citizens
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如今我们拥有了新的途径让公众
09:42
to give feedback and engage with government.
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来与政府进行交流与反馈。
09:45
So in the Philippines today, parents and students
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在今天的菲律宾，父母与学生
09:49
can give real-time feedback on a website,
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可以在一个名为“Checkmyschool.org”的网站上即时反馈，
09:54
Checkmyschool.org, or using SMS, whether teachers
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或者用短信的方式来反馈情况，比如学校里是否
09:59
and textbooks are showing up in school,
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有足够的老师与课本，
10:01
the same problems I witnessed in Uganda and in Bihar.
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这些我曾经在乌干达和比哈尔亲眼所见的问题。
10:06
And the government is responsive. So for instance,
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并且政府是会回应的。所以比如，
10:09
when it was reported on this website that 800 students
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当网站上显示有人举报有学校因为腐败问题而停下
10:14
were at risk because school repairs had stalled
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学校维修工作，从而导致八百名学生不能上课时，
10:18
due to corruption, the Department of Education
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菲律宾教育部门
10:20
in the Philippines took swift action.
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马上采取了行动。
10:23
And you know what's exciting is that this innovation
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并且你也知道，令人激动的是这样的创新
10:27
is now spreading South to South, from the Philippines
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正在南方地区传播开来，从菲律宾
10:32
to Indonesia, Kenya, Moldova and beyond.
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到印度尼西亚，肯尼亚，摩尔多瓦还有更多国家。
10:36
In Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, even an impoverished
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在坦桑尼亚的达累斯萨拉姆，即使是一个非常贫穷
10:40
community was able to use these tools
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的集体也可以使用这样的工具
10:44
to voice its aspirations.
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来让他人听见他们的期望。
10:47
This is what the map of Tandale looked like
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这是Tandale地图在2011年8月看起来的样子，
10:50
in August, 2011. But within a few weeks,
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但是在几个星期之内，
10:54
university students were able to use mobile phones
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大学学生成功地运用手机
10:58
and an open-source platform to dramatically map
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和一个开放资源平台来详细地刻画出
11:03
the entire community infrastructure.
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这整个区域的基础设施。
11:07
And what is very exciting is that citizens were then
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令人激动的是，当地居民们立刻开始反馈
11:11
able to give feedback as to which health or water points
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关于哪个健康或者水利设施
11:16
were not working, aggregated
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没有在正常运行，
11:19
in the red bubbles that you see,
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你可以看到这些聚集的红色气泡，
11:21
which together provides a graphic visual
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提供了贫穷人们的共同想法
11:26
of the collective voices of the poor.
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的一种图像视觉化效果。
11:31
Today, even Bihar is turning around and opening up
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如今，比哈尔邦也正在转变地更加开放，
11:36
under a committed leadership that is making government
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在一个政府承诺的更为透明、公众更易理解并且提供
11:39
transparent, accessible and responsive to the poor.
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有效回应的领导团体之下。
11:44
But, you know, in many parts of the world,
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但是，你知道，在世界上很多地方，
11:48
governments are not interested in opening up
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许多政府并不愿意变得更为开放，
11:51
or in serving the poor, and it is a real challenge
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或者来为贫穷的人民作出服务，这是对于
11:56
for those who want to change the system.
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想改变这样情况的人们一个真正的挑战。
12:00
These are the lonely warriors
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孤军奋战的他们，如同我父亲，
12:04
like my father and many, many others,
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还有更多更多的人，
12:07
and a key frontier of development work
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他们需要联合起来，通过发展工作当中
12:10
is to help these lonely warriors join hands
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关键的前沿技术让他们
12:15
so they can together overcome the odds.
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能够一起克服各种困难。
12:19
So for instance, today, in Ghana, courageous reformers
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比如说，今天，在加纳，来自民间、议会以及政府的
12:24
from civil society, Parliament and government,
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勇敢的改革者们
12:27
have forged a coalition for transparent contracts
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形成了一个联盟，以实现石油透明合同为目的。
12:31
in the oil sector, and, galvanized by this,
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根据这个联盟，
12:35
reformers in Parliament are now investigating dubious contracts.
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议会当中的改革者们正着手调查可疑的合同。
12:41
These examples give new hope, new possibility
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这些例子为那些我在乌干达见到的问题，
12:46
to the problems I witnessed in Uganda
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以及如我父亲在比哈尔所遇到的问题，
12:49
or that my father confronted in Bihar.
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带来了新的希望和新的机遇。
12:54
Two years ago, on April 8th, 2010, I called my father.
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两年前，2010年4月8日，我打电话给我父亲，
13:01
It was very late at night, and at age 80,
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那天很晚了，我已经八十高龄的父亲
13:06
he was typing a 70-page public interest litigation
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正在打着一份七十页长的
13:11
against corruption in a road project.
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针对道路建设腐败问题的公益诉讼。
13:15
Though he was no lawyer, he argued the case in court
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虽然他不是律师，第二天他在公堂之上为这个
13:19
himself the next day. He won the ruling,
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案子辩护。他赢下了这场官司，
13:24
but later that very evening,
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可是晚上，
13:26
he fell, and he died.
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他倒下了，他离开了这个世界。
13:30
He fought till the end, increasingly passionate
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他一直战斗到了最后，拥有着不断增长的
13:35
that to combat corruption and poverty,
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热忱来与腐败和贫穷做斗争，
13:39
not only did government officials need to be honest,
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所以不只是政府官员需要变得更加真诚，
13:43
but citizens needed to join together
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公民也需要站在一起
13:46
to make their voices heard.
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来让自己的声音得以被外界听取。
13:49
These became the two bookends of his life,
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这两者成为了他生命中的两个端点，
13:54
and the journey he traveled in between
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并且他在其中的折返，体现了
13:57
mirrored the changing development landscape.
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正在改变的发展观念。
14:02
Today, I'm inspired by these changes, and I'm excited
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今天，我被这些变化启发着，并且我很开心
14:07
that at the World Bank, we are embracing
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在世界银行组织，我们正在拥抱这样的
14:10
these new directions, a significant departure
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新方向，一个与我二十年前在乌干达的工作
14:13
from my work in Uganda 20 years ago.
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不同的重大启程。
14:17
We need to radically open up development
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我们需要更加快速的开放这样的发展方向
14:20
so knowledge flows in multiple directions,
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让知识在多方向流通，
14:23
inspiring practitioners, so aid becomes transparent,
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来激励那些参与者们，让援助变得更加透明，
14:28
accountable and effective, so governments open up
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可以问责以及更加有效，让政府更加开放，
14:32
and citizens are engaged and empowered
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让民众更加积极地参与并被政府中的改革者们
14:36
with reformers in government.
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赋予更多的权力。
14:38
We need to accelerate these shifts.
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我们需要加速这样的变化。
14:41
If we do, we will find that the collective voices
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如果我们这样做了，我们会发现，
14:46
of the poor will be heard in Bihar,
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在比哈尔邦的贫穷的集体声音会被听见，
14:50
in Uganda, and beyond.
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在乌干达，在更广阔的地方。
14:52
We will find that textbooks and teachers
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我们会看到，教科书和老师
14:56
will show up in schools for their children.
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会出现在他们下一代的学校里。
15:00
We will find that these children, too,
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我们还会发现这些孩子一样能拥有一个真正的机会，
15:04
have a real chance of breaking their way out of poverty.
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来找到冲出贫穷的出路。
15:10
Thank you. (Applause)
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谢谢！（掌声）
15:13
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Sanjay Pradhan - Development LeaderSanjay Pradhan is vice president of the World Bank Institute, helping leaders in developing countries learn skills for reform, development and good governance.
Why you should listen
The World Bank Institute is the part of the World Bank that focuses on "capacity" -- the piece of polite jargon that masks a big question: How do countries learn? And in a state with a history of corruption, failure and debt, how can leaders -- both public and private-sector -- gain the ability to grow, build, govern? The WBI teaches those skills, focusing on the key force behind real change: building teams and coalitions.
Sanjay Pradhan joined the WBI in 2008, and has worked since then to refine its strategy into three interconnected plans: Open Knowledge, Collaborative Governance, and Innovative Solutions. He is an advocate of transparency and openness as development tools.
Sanjay Pradhan | Speaker | TED.com