TEDxMaui
Gary Greenberg: The beautiful nano details of our world
Gary Greenberg: 纳米世界的醉人之处
Filmed:
Readability: 3.3
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在3D显微镜下， 沙粒呈现出宛如色彩斑斓的糖果般模样，而花朵的雄蕊则变身为主题公园迷人的塔尖。Gary Greenberg 为我们揭开微观世界神秘的面纱。 (于TEDxMaui拍摄)
Gary Greenberg - Micro photographer
Gary Greenberg is a photographer, biomedical researcher and inventor intent on giving us all a view of the microscopic wonders all around us. Full bio
Gary Greenberg is a photographer, biomedical researcher and inventor intent on giving us all a view of the microscopic wonders all around us. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:17
So I want to talk a little bit about seeing the world
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我要讲的是如何
00:20
from a totally unique point of view,
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从一个全新的角度去看世界
00:22
and this world I'm going to talk about is the micro world.
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我要说的是微观世界
00:25
I've found, after doing this for many, many years,
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在从事这项工作多年以后，我发现
00:28
that there's a magical world behind reality.
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现实的背后藏着一个魔幻的世界
00:31
And that can be seen directly through a microscope,
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我们可以透过显微镜直接观察它
00:34
and I'm going to show you some of this today.
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今天我要跟你们分享其中一部分
00:36
So let's start off looking at something rather not-so-small,
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我们先从那些还不算太小的
00:40
something that we can see with our naked eye,
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肉眼就能观察到的东西开始吧
00:42
and that's a bee. So when you look at this bee,
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这是一只蜜蜂 你看它
00:44
it's about this size here, it's about a centimeter.
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大概是这样的大小 大约一厘米
00:47
But to really see the details of the bee, and really
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但是如果真的要看清楚细节 真正地
00:50
appreciate what it is, you have to look a little bit closer.
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欣赏它 你就更近距离地观察
00:53
So that's just the eye of the bee with a microscope,
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这是在显微镜下蜜蜂的眼部
00:56
and now all of a sudden you can see that the bee has
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忽然间你能看到蜜蜂的眼睛
00:59
thousands of individual eyes called ommatidia,
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其实是由上千只小眼所构成 叫做复眼
01:02
and they actually have sensory hairs in their eyes
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眼睛当中其实还有具传感作用的短毛
01:04
so they know when they're right up close to something,
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这样如果马上要碰到什么东西的时候能立刻察觉
01:06
because they can't see in stereo.
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因为蜜蜂是看不到立体影像的
01:10
As we go smaller, here is a human hair.
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当我们观察得更细微时，这是人类的头发
01:14
A human hair is about the smallest thing that the eye can see.
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头发大概是肉眼能看到的最小的东西了
01:17
It's about a tenth of a millimeter.
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大约是十分之一毫米
01:19
And as we go smaller again,
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让我们再缩小一点
01:20
about ten times smaller than that, is a cell.
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再小十倍的话，是细胞的大小
01:24
So you could fit 10 human cells
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十个人体细胞
01:26
across the diameter of a human hair.
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刚好能排满一根头发直径的长度
01:30
So when we would look at cells, this is how I really got
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所以说我们观察细胞的时候 这是我参与
01:32
involved in biology and science is by looking
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生物学和科学研究的方式
01:35
at living cells in the microscope.
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我用显微镜来观察活细胞
01:37
When I first saw living cells in a microscope, I was
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当我第一次从显微镜下看到活细胞时，
01:40
absolutely enthralled and amazed at what they looked like.
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我完全被它们的样子迷住了
01:43
So if you look at the cell like that from the immune system,
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如果你看到免疫系统的细胞
01:47
they're actually moving all over the place.
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它们其实活跃于各处
01:49
This cell is looking for foreign objects,
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这个细胞在寻找异物
01:52
bacteria, things that it can find.
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细菌等能找到的东西
01:55
And it's looking around, and when it finds something,
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在此过程中，一旦有了目标
01:57
and recognizes it being foreign,
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并确认是异物
02:00
it will actually engulf it and eat it.
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就会把它吞噬掉
02:01
So if you look right there, it finds that little bacterium,
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你看，就在那里， 它找到了一个小细菌
02:05
and it engulfs it and eats it.
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于是就把它包围起来吃掉了
02:11
If you take some heart cells from an animal,
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如果从动物身上取部分心脏细胞
02:14
and put it in a dish, they'll just sit there and beat.
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再放到培养皿里，它们就会在那里不住地跳动
02:17
That's their job. Every cell has a mission in life,
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因为这是职责所在 每个生命体内的细胞都有其使命
02:20
and these cells, the mission is
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这些细胞 它们的任务是
02:22
to move blood around our body.
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把血液运送到身体各处
02:26
These next cells are nerve cells, and right now,
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这些是神经细胞 此刻
02:29
as we see and understand what we're looking at,
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当我们边看边学的时候
02:32
our brains and our nerve cells are actually doing this
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我们的脑细胞和神经细胞其实也在做一样的事情
02:34
right now. They're not just static. They're moving around
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它们不是静止的 它们在活动
02:36
making new connections, and that's what happens when we learn.
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建立新的联系 这是学习的过程
02:40
As you go farther down this scale here,
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当我们把测量范围进一步缩小
02:42
that's a micron, or a micrometer, and we go
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就是一微米 接下来
02:45
all the way down to here to a nanometer
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到纳米
02:48
and an angstrom. Now, an angstrom is the size
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和埃（一亿分之一厘米）
02:51
of the diameter of a hydrogen atom.
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埃的大小恰好是一个氢原子的直径的长度
02:54
That's how small that is.
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这就是小的程度
02:56
And microscopes that we have today can actually see
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如今的显微镜能让人们
02:58
individual atoms. So these are some pictures
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看到独立的原子 这些是它们的
03:01
of individual atoms. Each bump here is an individual atom.
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照片 每一个凸起都是一个单独的原子
03:04
This is a ring of cobalt atoms.
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这是一圈钴原子
03:07
So this whole world, the nano world, this area in here
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这一切，这个纳米世界, 以上
03:09
is called the nano world, and the nano world,
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被称为纳米世界
03:12
the whole micro world that we see,
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在整个看得见的微观世界里面
03:16
there's a nano world that is wrapped up within that, and
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还藏着这样一个纳米世界
03:19
the whole -- and that is the world of molecules and atoms.
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这是分子和原子的世界
03:23
But I want to talk about this larger world,
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但是我要讲的是相对较大的那个
03:25
the world of the micro world.
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即微观世界
03:28
So if you were a little tiny bug living in a flower,
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假设你是住在花朵里的一只小昆虫
03:32
what would that flower look like, if the flower was this big?
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那朵花看起来是什么样子的呢，如果它有这么大的话
03:35
It wouldn't look or feel like anything that we see
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看上去和感觉上跟人类
03:38
when we look at a flower. So if you look at this flower here,
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观察到的角度肯定是不一样的 所以如果你从这里看这朵花
03:41
and you're a little bug, if you're on that surface
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而你又是一只虫子 就在花里头
03:43
of that flower, that's what the terrain would look like.
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这个就是它看上去的样子
03:47
The petal of that flower looks like that, so the ant
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花瓣是这样的 而小蚂蚁
03:49
is kind of crawling over these objects, and if you look
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就在这些东西上面爬行 如果再靠近一点的话
03:52
a little bit closer at this stigma and the stamen here,
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在柱头和雄蕊这里
03:55
this is the style of that flower, and you notice
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这是花柱 注意看
03:58
that it's got these little -- these are like little jelly-like things
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上面有这些细小 像喈哩状的东西
04:02
that are what are called spurs. These are nectar spurs.
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我们称为花距 这是蜜距
04:07
So this little ant that's crawling here, it's like
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换而言之 对小蚂蚁而言 就像
04:09
it's in a little Willy Wonka land.
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置身于威力旺卡(Willy Wonka)的奇妙世界当中一样
04:11
It's like a little Disneyland for them. It's not like what we see.
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有如身处迪士尼乐园 跟我们看到的不一样
04:15
These are little bits of individual grain of pollen
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这是颗粒花粉的样子
04:19
there and there, and here is a --
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在那里 还有那里 这个呢
04:23
what you see as one little yellow dot of pollen,
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是你看到的那些呈黄点状的花粉
04:25
when you look in a microscope, it's actually made
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透过显微镜 它其实是由
04:27
of thousands of little grains of pollen.
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上千个细小的花粉粒所组成
04:31
So this, for example, when you see bees flying around
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举例来说 当你看到蜜蜂环绕着
04:33
these little plants, and they're collecting pollen,
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这些小株植物飞行 并采集花粉时
04:36
those pollen grains that they're collecting, they pack
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它们搜集花粉粒
04:39
into their legs and they take it back to the hive,
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把它们藏在腿上 再带回巢中
04:41
and that's what makes the beehive,
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是建筑蜂巢的原料
04:44
the wax in the beehive. And they're also collecting nectar,
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就是蜂蜡 同时它们也搜集花蜜
04:47
and that's what makes the honey that we eat.
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也就是酿造我们吃的蜂蜜的材料
04:51
Here's a close-up picture, or this is actually a regular picture
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这是一幅特写，就是平常的
04:55
of a water hyacinth, and if you had really, really good vision,
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凤眼蓝的图片，假如你有很好的视力
04:57
with your naked eye, you'd see it about that well.
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肉眼就能看得同样清楚了
05:00
There's the stamen and the pistil. But look what the stamen
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这是雄蕊和雌蕊 再来看
05:02
and the pistil look like in a microscope. That's the stamen.
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显微镜下它们的样子 这是雄蕊
05:06
So that's thousands of little grains of pollen there,
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这是上千个花粉微粒
05:09
and there's the pistil there, and these are the little things
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这是雌蕊 这些小东西
05:12
called trichomes. And that's what makes the flower give
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称为毛状物 是花朵用来散发香味用的
05:16
a fragrance, and plants actually communicate
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植物之间的沟通
05:20
with one another through their fragrances.
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用的就是它们的香气
05:25
I want to talk about something really ordinary,
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我想讲一些真的很常见的事物
05:27
just ordinary sand.
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平常的沙粒
05:29
I became interested in sand about 10 years ago,
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大约十年前起我开始对沙产生了兴趣
05:31
when I first saw sand from Maui,
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当我初次见到来自毛伊岛(Maui)的沙的时候
05:34
and in fact, this is a little bit of sand from Maui.
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这就是毛伊岛的沙
05:37
So sand is about a tenth of a millimeter in size.
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一粒沙差不多是十分一毫米
05:40
Each sand grain is about a tenth of a millimeter in size.
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每一粒都大概是这个大小
05:43
But when you look closer at this, look at what's there.
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但当你靠近细看时，看看观察的结果
05:45
It's really quite amazing. You have microshells there.
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是很迷人的 你看到的是微小的贝壳
05:49
You have things like coral.
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有像珊瑚一样的东西
05:51
You have fragments of other shells. You have olivine.
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还有其他贝类的碎片 有橄榄石
05:55
You have bits of a volcano. There's a little bit
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火山碎片 那里有一点点
05:57
of a volcano there. You have tube worms.
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是火山碎片 还有管栖蠕虫
05:59
An amazing array of incredible things exist in sand.
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沙里面藏着许多引人入胜的东西
06:04
And the reason that is, is because in a place like this island,
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之所以有这样的结果，是因为这个岛上
06:07
a lot of the sand is made of biological material
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大部分的沙都是由生物材料构成的
06:09
because the reefs provide a place where all these
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因为礁石是许多
06:12
microscopic animals or macroscopic animals grow,
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极小生物生长的地方
06:16
and when they die, their shells and their teeth
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当它们死去后他们的壳和牙齿
06:18
and their bones break up and they make grains of sand,
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还有骨头会分解形成沙粒
06:21
things like coral and so forth.
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像是珊瑚等
06:24
So here's, for example, a picture of sand from Maui.
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比方说 这就是一幅毛伊岛上沙的图片
06:28
This is from Lahaina,
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这是来自于拉海纳(Lhaina)
06:30
and when we're walking along a beach, we're actually
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我们沿着沙滩走的时候其实
06:32
walking along millions of years of biological and geological history.
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也正在浏览历经百万年的生物学和地理学历史
06:35
We don't realize it, but it's actually a record
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我们或者没有意识到这点，但它确实
06:38
of that entire ecology.
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是生态系统的完整纪录
06:40
So here we see, for example, a sponge spicule,
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请看 这是一个海绵骨针
06:43
two bits of coral here,
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两个珊瑚碎片
06:46
that's a sea urchin spine. Really some amazing stuff.
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一根海胆刺 真的是很吸引人的
06:50
So when I first looked at this, I was -- I thought,
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所以我第一次看的时候我想的是
06:52
gee, this is like a little treasure trove here.
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这简直是一个宝库啊
06:54
I couldn't believe it, and I'd go around dissecting
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实在让人难以置信 我到处寻找
06:56
the little bits out and making photographs of them.
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分析这些细小的片断 再为它们拍照
07:00
Here's what most of the sand in our world looks like.
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世界上大部分的沙看起来是这个样子的
07:02
These are quartz crystals and feldspar,
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这些是石英晶体和长石
07:05
so most sand in the world on the mainland
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也就是说地球大陆上大多数的沙
07:08
is made of quartz crystal and feldspar. It's the erosion of granite rock.
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都是石英晶体和长石构成的 是花岗岩被侵蚀后的产物
07:12
So mountains are built up, and they erode away by water
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山脉形成后经历流水
07:16
and rain and ice and so forth,
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和冰霜雨雪等的洗礼
07:18
and they become grains of sand.
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最后就成了沙子
07:19
There's some sand that's really much more colorful.
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有一些沙的色彩特别丰富
07:22
These are sand from near the Great Lakes,
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这些是五大湖区附近的沙
07:24
and you can see that it's filled with minerals
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可以看到里面有
07:26
like pink garnet and green epidote, all kinds of amazing stuff,
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粉色石榴石和绿帘石以及各种神奇的矿物质
07:29
and if you look at different sands from different places,
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当观察来自不同地方的沙
07:32
every single beach, every single place you look at sand,
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每一片海滩每一个地方的沙
07:35
it's different. Here's from Big Sur, like they're little jewels.
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都是不一样的。这是大苏尔(Big Sur)海岸的沙 它们像小粒的珠宝
07:40
There are places in Africa where they do the mining
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在非洲某处 人们开采宝石的地方
07:42
of jewels, and you go to the sand where the rivers have
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你去看江河汇入
07:47
the sand go down to the ocean, and it's like literally looking
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大海处的沙 在显微镜下就跟
07:49
at tiny jewels through the microscope.
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看着微小的宝石一般
07:52
So every grain of sand is unique. Every beach is different.
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所以说每一粒沙都是独一无二的. 每处沙滩也各不相同
07:55
Every single grain is different. There are no two grains
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这世上没有
07:58
of sand alike in the world.
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一模一样的两粒砂
08:00
Every grain of sand is coming somewhere and going somewhere.
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每一粒沙子都有自己的过去和未来
08:03
They're like a snapshot in time.
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通过沙粒我们看到一幅浓缩了时空的快照
08:07
Now sand is not only on Earth, but sand is
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不仅在地球上有沙
08:10
ubiquitous throughout the universe. In fact, outer space
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宇宙当中它们也是无处不在的 事实上 外太空
08:13
is filled with sand, and that sand comes together
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充斥着沙 它们汇聚一体
08:17
to make our planets and the Moon.
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形成我们的行星和月球
08:20
And you can see those in micrometeorites.
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你看这些微小的陨石
08:22
This is some micrometeorites that the Army gave me,
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是军方提供的
08:24
and they get these out of the drinking wells in the South Pole.
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来自南极饮用水的取水井
08:27
And they're quite amazing-looking, and these are the
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实在是非常迷人 正是这些
08:30
tiny constituents that make up the world that we live in --
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微小的元素造就了我们所生活的
08:34
the planets and the Moon.
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行星系和月球
08:36
So NASA wanted me to take some pictures of Moon sand,
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美国宇航局局(NASA)希望我能给月球上的沙拍点照片
08:39
so they sent me sand from all the different landings
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他们把四十年前阿波罗计划登月时在不同着陆点
08:42
of the Apollo missions that happened 40 years ago.
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所搜集到的沙发给了我
08:46
And I started taking pictures with my three-dimensional microscopes.
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然后我就开始用三维显微镜给它们拍照
08:50
This was the first picture I took. It was kind of amazing.
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这是第一张 惊人的美
08:53
I thought it looked kind of a little bit like the Moon, which is sort of interesting.
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我觉得它看上去就像月球 所以很妙
08:57
Now, the way my microscopes work is, normally
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显微镜的工作原理是 通常情况下
08:59
in a microscope you can see very little at one time,
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用显微镜 我们每次能观察到的并不多
09:02
so what you have to do is you have to refocus the microscope,
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所以就必须不断的重新对焦
09:05
keep taking pictures, and then I have a computer program
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连续拍摄 然后运用电脑程序
09:08
that puts all those pictures together
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汇总所有的照片
09:11
into one picture so you can see actually what it looks like,
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整合为一张后才能看到真实的样子
09:14
and I do that in 3D. So there, you can see,
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而我则要在三维空间里做上述的事 请看
09:17
is a left-eye view. There's a right-eye view.
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这是左眼的视角 这是右眼的视角
09:20
So sort of left-eye view, right-eye view.
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就像先左边看 再右边看
09:23
Now something's interesting here. This looks very different
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这里很有趣的是 它看起来
09:25
than any sand on Earth that I've ever seen, and I've
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跟我所看过的所有地球上的沙都不一样
09:27
seen a lot of sand on Earth, believe me. (Laughter)
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相信我 地球上的沙我看得可不少
09:31
Look at this hole in the middle. That hole was caused
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你看中间的空洞 它是由于
09:34
by a micrometeorite hitting the Moon.
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小陨石撞击月球而形成的
09:36
Now, the Moon has no atmosphere, so micrometeorites
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因为月球没有大气层 所以
09:39
come in continuously, and the whole surface of the Moon
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会不断受到陨尘的袭击 月球表面
09:42
is covered with powder now, because for four billion years
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如今呈粉末状 就是由于40亿年来
09:45
it's been bombarded by micrometeorites,
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不断被陨尘撞击的结果
09:47
and when micrometeorites come in at about
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当陨尘以
09:50
20 to 60,000 miles an hour, they vaporize on contact.
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每小时20到六万英里的速度袭来时 一旦击中目标便会气化
09:54
And you can see here that that is --
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你可以从这里看到 那就是
09:56
that's sort of vaporized, and that material is holding this
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类似气化后的状况 它能
09:58
little clump of little sand grains together.
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把细小的沙粒凝聚在一起
10:01
This is a very small grain of sand, this whole thing.
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这是一粒小沙子
10:03
And that's called a ring agglutinate.
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也被称作环状凝聚物
10:05
And many of the grains of sand on the Moon look like that,
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许多月球表面的沙粒都是这个样子的
10:09
and you'd never find that on Earth.
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而地球上找不到
10:13
Most of the sand on the Moon,
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月球上大部分的沙
10:16
especially -- and you know when you look at the Moon,
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尤其是，你可以看到月球
10:18
there's the dark areas and the light areas. The dark areas
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有背光面也有向光面
10:20
are lava flows. They're basaltic lava flows,
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背光面是熔岩流 是玄武岩的熔岩流
10:24
and that's what this sand looks like, very similar
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这是它们的沙的样子
10:27
to the sand that you would see in Haleakala.
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和哈里阿卡拉火山（Haleakala）的沙很像
10:30
Other sands, when these micrometeorites come in,
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其他的沙子 当陨石接近时
10:34
they vaporize and they make these fountains,
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它们会气化而形成这些喷泉
10:37
these microscopic fountains that go up into the --
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这些微小的喷泉喷涌而上
10:40
I was going to say "up into the air," but there is no air --
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我本来想说冲到空中，但是这里并没有空气
10:42
goes sort of up, and these microscopic glass beads
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那就只能说涌向上方吧 这些微粒
10:46
are formed instantly, and they harden, and by the time
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瞬间成型并固化为玻璃状的颗粒
10:49
they fall down back to the surface of the Moon,
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当它们坠回月球表面的时候
10:52
they have these beautiful colored glass spherules.
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就成了色彩斑斓的玻璃小球
10:55
And these are actually microscopic;
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它们都是能用显微镜捕捉得到的
10:57
you need a microscope to see these.
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只要有合适的工具
10:59
Now here's a grain of sand that is from the Moon,
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这是一颗来自月球的沙粒
11:03
and you can see that the entire
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你能看到完整的
11:05
crystal structure is still there.
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剔透的结构仍得以完整的呈现
11:08
This grain of sand is probably about
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这粒沙大概有
11:10
three and a half or four billion years old,
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三十五亿到四十亿年的历史了
11:12
and it's never eroded away like the way we have sand
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它没有像地球上的沙那样
11:14
on Earth erodes away because of water and tumbling,
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受到水分，碰撞
11:18
air, and so forth. All you can see is a little bit of erosion
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空气等的侵蚀 只有看到的极小的侵蚀
11:21
down here by the Sun, has these solar storms,
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来自太阳 像是太阳雨
11:26
and that's erosion by solar radiation.
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和太阳辐射
11:31
So what I've been trying to tell you today is
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所以说 今天我想告诉大家的是
11:33
things even as ordinary as a grain of sand
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平凡如一粒沙
11:37
can be truly extraordinary if you look closely
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只要观察入微，也有它独特的魅力
11:40
and if you look from a different and a new point of view.
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只要你能找到不同的视角和新的观察角度
11:43
I think that this was best put by William Blake when he said,
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我想英国诗人威廉·布莱克(William Blake)说的最好了
11:48
"To see a world in a grain of sand
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一沙一世界
11:50
and a heaven in a wild flower,
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一花一片天
11:53
hold infinity in the palm of your hand,
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掌中握无限
11:55
and eternity in an hour."
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永恒刹那间
11:58
Thank you. (Applause)
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谢谢（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Gary Greenberg - Micro photographerGary Greenberg is a photographer, biomedical researcher and inventor intent on giving us all a view of the microscopic wonders all around us.
Why you should listen
A photographer and filmmaker with a Ph.D. in biomedical research, Gary Greenberg creates new ways to capture the spectacular landscapes that are hidden from everyday perception inside grains of sand, human cells and flower petals. Using high-definition, three-dimensional light microscopes -- for which he holds 18 patents -- Greenberg makes the miracles of nature tangible, exposing their hidden details. Most recently, Greenberg turned his attention to sand grains, photographing samples from around the world for the book, A Grain of Sand: Nature's Secret Wonder. For it, Greenberg even photographed moon sand returned from NASA’s Apollo 11 Mission.
Greenberg has also taught at the University of Southern California and has been a featured artist at the Science Museum of Minnesota.
Gary Greenberg | Speaker | TED.com