TEDxMaui
Gary Greenberg: The beautiful nano details of our world
蓋瑞·葛林伯格（Gary Greenberg）：美不勝收的奈米世界
Filmed:
Readability: 3.3
1,118,591 views
以立體 3D 顯微鏡拍攝的沙粒，會呈現糖果般的五彩繽紛；花的雄蕊則變成了主題樂園裡的奇妙尖塔。蓋瑞·葛林伯格揭開顯微世界的動人精彩細節。（本影片在 TEDxMaui 拍攝。）
Gary Greenberg - Micro photographer
Gary Greenberg is a photographer, biomedical researcher and inventor intent on giving us all a view of the microscopic wonders all around us. Full bio
Gary Greenberg is a photographer, biomedical researcher and inventor intent on giving us all a view of the microscopic wonders all around us. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:17
So I want to talk a little bit about seeing the world
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那麼，我想稍微談一談
00:20
from a totally unique point of view,
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從獨一無二的角度來看世界
00:22
and this world I'm going to talk about is the micro world.
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而我所要談的世界是指「顯微世界」
00:25
I've found, after doing this for many, many years,
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我在這行做了很多很多年之後，發現
00:28
that there's a magical world behind reality.
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事物本體背後還有一個神奇的世界
00:31
And that can be seen directly through a microscope,
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而那個世界可以透過顯微鏡直接看到
00:34
and I'm going to show you some of this today.
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今天我就要展示一些給大家看
00:36
So let's start off looking at something rather not-so-small,
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那麼我們從一些不是那麼小的東西開始看吧
00:40
something that we can see with our naked eye,
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一些我們可以用肉眼看到的東西
00:42
and that's a bee. So when you look at this bee,
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這是一隻蜜蜂。你看到的這隻蜜蜂
00:44
it's about this size here, it's about a centimeter.
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大概這麼大，大概是一公分吧
00:47
But to really see the details of the bee, and really
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但是要能真確看到蜜蜂的細節，要能真的
00:50
appreciate what it is, you have to look a little bit closer.
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欣賞到牠的樣子，你得更近一點看
00:53
So that's just the eye of the bee with a microscope,
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這就是以顯微鏡看到的蜜蜂眼睛
00:56
and now all of a sudden you can see that the bee has
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突然間你可以看到這隻蜜蜂擁有
00:59
thousands of individual eyes called ommatidia,
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成千上萬的小眼睛，稱作复眼
01:02
and they actually have sensory hairs in their eyes
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他們的眼睛上的確長了感覺髮細胞
01:04
so they know when they're right up close to something,
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所以他們會知道他們接近了物體
01:06
because they can't see in stereo.
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因為他們看東西沒有立體感
01:10
As we go smaller, here is a human hair.
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現在我們來看更小的物體，這是人的毛髮
01:14
A human hair is about the smallest thing that the eye can see.
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人的毛髮大概是肉眼所能見的最小物體
01:17
It's about a tenth of a millimeter.
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大約是十分之一公釐
01:19
And as we go smaller again,
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我們再看更小的
01:20
about ten times smaller than that, is a cell.
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比毛髮再小約十倍的東西，就是細胞
01:24
So you could fit 10 human cells
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所以你把十個人體細胞橫排
01:26
across the diameter of a human hair.
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就是一根頭髮的直徑大小
01:30
So when we would look at cells, this is how I really got
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所以當我們看細胞，這也是我如何
01:32
involved in biology and science is by looking
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跨入生物學界及科學界，就是
01:35
at living cells in the microscope.
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以顯微鏡看活細胞
01:37
When I first saw living cells in a microscope, I was
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當我第一次以顯微鏡看活細胞
01:40
absolutely enthralled and amazed at what they looked like.
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我完全被吸引住，訝異於它們的樣子
01:43
So if you look at the cell like that from the immune system,
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如果你看像這樣來自免疫系統的細胞
01:47
they're actually moving all over the place.
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它們其實是到處移動的
01:49
This cell is looking for foreign objects,
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這個細胞正在尋找外來物體
01:52
bacteria, things that it can find.
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譬如細菌這些它能找到的東西
01:55
And it's looking around, and when it finds something,
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它四處尋找，當它找到什麼
01:57
and recognizes it being foreign,
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並且辨識它為外來物體
02:00
it will actually engulf it and eat it.
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這細胞就把它吞沒，吃掉
02:01
So if you look right there, it finds that little bacterium,
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所以如果你看那裡，它找到了那個小細菌
02:05
and it engulfs it and eats it.
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就把它吞沒，吃掉了
02:11
If you take some heart cells from an animal,
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如果你拿一些動物的心臟細胞
02:14
and put it in a dish, they'll just sit there and beat.
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放在盤子上，它們就會在那裡跳動
02:17
That's their job. Every cell has a mission in life,
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這是它們的工作。每個細胞都有自己的使命，
02:20
and these cells, the mission is
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而這些細胞，它們的使命就是
02:22
to move blood around our body.
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在我們的身體裡輸送血液。
02:26
These next cells are nerve cells, and right now,
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接下來看的是神經細胞，而就是現在
02:29
as we see and understand what we're looking at,
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就在我們看著某樣東西並試著理解時
02:32
our brains and our nerve cells are actually doing this
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我們的腦部及神經細胞就在做這件事
02:34
right now. They're not just static. They're moving around
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就是現在。它們並非靜止不動。它們會移動
02:36
making new connections, and that's what happens when we learn.
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產生新的連結，這就是我們學習時會發生的事
02:40
As you go farther down this scale here,
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隨著看的東西愈來愈小
02:42
that's a micron, or a micrometer, and we go
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那是一微米，即百萬分之一公尺，再繼續
02:45
all the way down to here to a nanometer
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往下看到一奈米
02:48
and an angstrom. Now, an angstrom is the size
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再到一埃米（angstrom）。那麼，一埃米
02:51
of the diameter of a hydrogen atom.
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就是氫原子的直徑大小
02:54
That's how small that is.
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一埃米就是這麼小
02:56
And microscopes that we have today can actually see
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現今的顯微鏡已經可以看到
02:58
individual atoms. So these are some pictures
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原子。所以這就是
03:01
of individual atoms. Each bump here is an individual atom.
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原子的圖片。每個小突起皆為一個原子
03:04
This is a ring of cobalt atoms.
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這是鈷原子環
03:07
So this whole world, the nano world, this area in here
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所以這整個世界，這奈米世界，這個領域
03:09
is called the nano world, and the nano world,
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叫奈米世界，這個奈米世界
03:12
the whole micro world that we see,
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我們所看到的整個顯微世界
03:16
there's a nano world that is wrapped up within that, and
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是包含了奈米世界在裡面的
03:19
the whole -- and that is the world of molecules and atoms.
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而整個 -- 但那是分子及原子世界
03:23
But I want to talk about this larger world,
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我想談的是大一點的世界
03:25
the world of the micro world.
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就是顯微世界這個領域
03:28
So if you were a little tiny bug living in a flower,
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所以如果你是隻住在花朵裡的小蟲
03:32
what would that flower look like, if the flower was this big?
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如果這朵花是這麼大，這花看起來會是什麼樣子？
03:35
It wouldn't look or feel like anything that we see
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它絕不會是我們看一朵花時
03:38
when we look at a flower. So if you look at this flower here,
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所看到或感覺到的樣子。所以如果你看這朵花
03:41
and you're a little bug, if you're on that surface
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而你是隻小蟲，如果你處在那朵花的表面上
03:43
of that flower, that's what the terrain would look like.
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這就是你的地面的樣子
03:47
The petal of that flower looks like that, so the ant
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那朵花的花瓣看起來會像那樣，所以這螞蟻
03:49
is kind of crawling over these objects, and if you look
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會好像爬過這些物體，而如果你
03:52
a little bit closer at this stigma and the stamen here,
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再近一點看這裡的柱頭及雄蕊
03:55
this is the style of that flower, and you notice
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這是那朵花的花柱，那你會注意到
03:58
that it's got these little -- these are like little jelly-like things
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那裡有一些小小的 -- 像小小的果凍一樣的東西
04:02
that are what are called spurs. These are nectar spurs.
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這些被稱做花距。這些是儲存花蜜的花距
04:07
So this little ant that's crawling here, it's like
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所以這隻在這裡爬的小螞蟻，就好像
04:09
it's in a little Willy Wonka land.
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在小小的歡樂糖果屋裡一樣
04:11
It's like a little Disneyland for them. It's not like what we see.
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對牠們而言這就好像小迪斯奈樂園
完全不像我們所看見的
完全不像我們所看見的
04:15
These are little bits of individual grain of pollen
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這些是單顆花粉粒
04:19
there and there, and here is a --
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那裡和那裡，這是個 --
04:23
what you see as one little yellow dot of pollen,
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你看到的一顆顆小黃點花粉
04:25
when you look in a microscope, it's actually made
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當你用顯微鏡看的時候，它其實是由
04:27
of thousands of little grains of pollen.
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上千顆的小花粉粒組成
04:31
So this, for example, when you see bees flying around
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所以舉個例子，這個，當你看到蜜蜂在這些植物
04:33
these little plants, and they're collecting pollen,
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四周飛來飛去採集花粉
04:36
those pollen grains that they're collecting, they pack
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牠們會把採集來的花粉粒
04:39
into their legs and they take it back to the hive,
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堆在腳上，帶回蜂巢
04:41
and that's what makes the beehive,
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這些就是蜂巢的組成份
04:44
the wax in the beehive. And they're also collecting nectar,
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蜂巢的蜂蠟。蜜蜂也採蜜
04:47
and that's what makes the honey that we eat.
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那就是我們吃的蜂蜜
04:51
Here's a close-up picture, or this is actually a regular picture
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這是布袋蓮的特寫圖，或者應該說這才是
04:55
of a water hyacinth, and if you had really, really good vision,
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布袋蓮真正的圖像。如果你的視力非常好
04:57
with your naked eye, you'd see it about that well.
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那麼你用肉眼應該也可以清楚看到這些
05:00
There's the stamen and the pistil. But look what the stamen
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這是雄蕊及雌蕊。但請看清楚在顯微鏡下
05:02
and the pistil look like in a microscope. That's the stamen.
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雄蕊及雌蕊的樣子。這是雄蕊
05:06
So that's thousands of little grains of pollen there,
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所以那是成千上萬的小花粉粒
05:09
and there's the pistil there, and these are the little things
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而這是雌蕊，這些小東西
05:12
called trichomes. And that's what makes the flower give
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叫毛茸。這就是花有
05:16
a fragrance, and plants actually communicate
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味道的原因，而植物的確以香味
05:20
with one another through their fragrances.
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來彼此溝通
05:25
I want to talk about something really ordinary,
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我想談談再普通不過的東西
05:27
just ordinary sand.
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就是普通的沙子
05:29
I became interested in sand about 10 years ago,
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約十年前我對沙產生興趣
05:31
when I first saw sand from Maui,
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那時我第一次看到夏威夷毛伊島（Maui）的沙
05:34
and in fact, this is a little bit of sand from Maui.
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事實上，這就是來自毛伊島的小沙粒
05:37
So sand is about a tenth of a millimeter in size.
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所以沙的大小約十分之一公釐
05:40
Each sand grain is about a tenth of a millimeter in size.
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每顆沙粒的尺寸都大約是十分之一公釐
05:43
But when you look closer at this, look at what's there.
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但當你更近一點看，看看這裡有什麼
05:45
It's really quite amazing. You have microshells there.
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實在令人嘆為觀止。你有這些微小的貝殻
05:49
You have things like coral.
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你有像珊瑚一樣的東西
05:51
You have fragments of other shells. You have olivine.
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也有其它貝殻的碎片。還有橄欖石
05:55
You have bits of a volcano. There's a little bit
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你也有火山碎片。那裡有一些小小的
05:57
of a volcano there. You have tube worms.
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火山碎片。還有一些管狀蠕蟲
05:59
An amazing array of incredible things exist in sand.
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在沙裡存在著不可思議的東西，令人讚嘆的陣容
06:04
And the reason that is, is because in a place like this island,
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原因是因為像這種島的地方
06:07
a lot of the sand is made of biological material
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有很多沙子源自生物成分
06:09
because the reefs provide a place where all these
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因為珊瑚礁提供了這些顯微動物
06:12
microscopic animals or macroscopic animals grow,
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或肉眼可見的動物生長的地方
06:16
and when they die, their shells and their teeth
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而當這些動物死亡時，他們的殼、牙齒
06:18
and their bones break up and they make grains of sand,
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及骨頭會分解成為沙粒
06:21
things like coral and so forth.
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譬如像珊瑚等等的東西都會
06:24
So here's, for example, a picture of sand from Maui.
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所以這裡舉個例子，這張圖是從毛伊來的沙
06:28
This is from Lahaina,
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這是從拉海納（Lahaina）來的
06:30
and when we're walking along a beach, we're actually
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當我們沿著海灘行走時，我們其實是
06:32
walking along millions of years of biological and geological history.
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走了一趟數百萬年的生物及地質歷史
06:35
We don't realize it, but it's actually a record
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我們並沒有意識到這件事，但這真的是
06:38
of that entire ecology.
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整本生態學的記錄
06:40
So here we see, for example, a sponge spicule,
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所以這裡舉個例，我們看見一條海綿的骨針
06:43
two bits of coral here,
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這是兩小片珊瑚碎片
06:46
that's a sea urchin spine. Really some amazing stuff.
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這是海膽的硬棘刺。真的很令人讚嘆的東西
06:50
So when I first looked at this, I was -- I thought,
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所以當我第一次看到這個，我簡直 -- 我想，
06:52
gee, this is like a little treasure trove here.
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天啊！這簡直就是個小的藏寶窟。
06:54
I couldn't believe it, and I'd go around dissecting
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我簡直不敢相信！我四處尋找剖析
06:56
the little bits out and making photographs of them.
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這些小粒子並且照相
07:00
Here's what most of the sand in our world looks like.
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這些就是我們看到的沙的樣子
07:02
These are quartz crystals and feldspar,
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這些是石英及長石
07:05
so most sand in the world on the mainland
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所以全球大陸絕大多數的沙子
07:08
is made of quartz crystal and feldspar. It's the erosion of granite rock.
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都是由石英及長石所組成，因為花崗岩受到侵蝕
07:12
So mountains are built up, and they erode away by water
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所以山脈形成後被水或雨或冰等等
07:16
and rain and ice and so forth,
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風化侵蝕
07:18
and they become grains of sand.
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這些山就變成沙粒
07:19
There's some sand that's really much more colorful.
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這是一些色彩更繽紛的沙子
07:22
These are sand from near the Great Lakes,
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這些沙是從五大湖區邊上來的
07:24
and you can see that it's filled with minerals
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你可以看到它充滿礦物
07:26
like pink garnet and green epidote, all kinds of amazing stuff,
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像是粉紅色的石榴石和綠簾石，各種令人驚奇的東西
07:29
and if you look at different sands from different places,
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而且如果你觀看從不同的地方來的沙子
07:32
every single beach, every single place you look at sand,
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你去看從每一個海灘、每一個地方來的沙
07:35
it's different. Here's from Big Sur, like they're little jewels.
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都不一樣。這些是從北加州大索爾（Big Sur）來的，好像小珠寶
07:40
There are places in Africa where they do the mining
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在非洲有些地方是開採
07:42
of jewels, and you go to the sand where the rivers have
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貴重寶石的。如果你去那邊河裡看那些
07:47
the sand go down to the ocean, and it's like literally looking
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被沖到海裡的沙，你的確可以
07:49
at tiny jewels through the microscope.
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從顯微鏡下看到那些小小的珠寶
07:52
So every grain of sand is unique. Every beach is different.
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所以每顆沙粒都是獨特的，每個海灘都不一樣
07:55
Every single grain is different. There are no two grains
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每一顆沙粒都不同，這世界沒有
07:58
of sand alike in the world.
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一模一樣的兩顆沙
08:00
Every grain of sand is coming somewhere and going somewhere.
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每一粒沙都有來處，也都有終點
08:03
They're like a snapshot in time.
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他們就像時間的剪影
08:07
Now sand is not only on Earth, but sand is
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那麼沙不僅僅存在於地球，沙還在
08:10
ubiquitous throughout the universe. In fact, outer space
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這宇宙裡無所不在。事實上外太空
08:13
is filled with sand, and that sand comes together
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充滿了沙，而這些沙子組合成
08:17
to make our planets and the Moon.
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我們的行星及月亮
08:20
And you can see those in micrometeorites.
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你可以從微隕石中發現這點
08:22
This is some micrometeorites that the Army gave me,
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這些是美國陸軍給我的微隕石
08:24
and they get these out of the drinking wells in the South Pole.
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他們從南極的一些飲水井裡挖出這些
08:27
And they're quite amazing-looking, and these are the
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他們看起來還挺好看的，而這些就是
08:30
tiny constituents that make up the world that we live in --
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組成我們所住的世界的小小成份 --
08:34
the planets and the Moon.
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這些行星及月亮
08:36
So NASA wanted me to take some pictures of Moon sand,
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所以美國太空總署要我拍一些月亮沙子的照片
08:39
so they sent me sand from all the different landings
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所以他們送了一些沙子給我，是40年前
08:42
of the Apollo missions that happened 40 years ago.
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阿波羅太空船從不同登陸點所採到的
08:46
And I started taking pictures with my three-dimensional microscopes.
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然後我開始用我的立體（3D）顯微鏡拍攝
08:50
This was the first picture I took. It was kind of amazing.
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這是我拍的第一張照片。還挺驚人的。
08:53
I thought it looked kind of a little bit like the Moon, which is sort of interesting.
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我認為這看起還有點像月球，還滿有趣的。
08:57
Now, the way my microscopes work is, normally
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那麼，我的顯微鏡運作的方法是，通常
08:59
in a microscope you can see very little at one time,
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在顯微鏡底下你一次能看到的東西非常少
09:02
so what you have to do is you have to refocus the microscope,
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所以你要做的是，你必須把顯微鏡重新對焦
09:05
keep taking pictures, and then I have a computer program
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不斷照相，然後我有一套電腦程式
09:08
that puts all those pictures together
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可以把這些照片組合起來
09:11
into one picture so you can see actually what it looks like,
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合成一張照片，所以你可以看到它真正的樣子
09:14
and I do that in 3D. So there, you can see,
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而且我做立體圖。所以這裡你看到的
09:17
is a left-eye view. There's a right-eye view.
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是左眼視圖，這則是右眼視圖
09:20
So sort of left-eye view, right-eye view.
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就好樣左眼看，右眼看一樣
09:23
Now something's interesting here. This looks very different
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那麼這裡有件很有趣的事。這與我曾看過的
09:25
than any sand on Earth that I've ever seen, and I've
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地球的沙都非常不一樣，我真的看過
09:27
seen a lot of sand on Earth, believe me. (Laughter)
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很多地球的沙，相信我。（笑）
09:31
Look at this hole in the middle. That hole was caused
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看看這個在中間的洞。那個洞是因為
09:34
by a micrometeorite hitting the Moon.
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微隕石撞擊月球造成的
09:36
Now, the Moon has no atmosphere, so micrometeorites
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那麼月球沒有大氣層，所以微隕石可以
09:39
come in continuously, and the whole surface of the Moon
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不斷進入，而整個月球表面
09:42
is covered with powder now, because for four billion years
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現在都被粉塵所覆蓋，因為過去四十億年
09:45
it's been bombarded by micrometeorites,
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它不停地被微隕石轟炸
09:47
and when micrometeorites come in at about
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所以當微隕石以大約每小時
09:50
20 to 60,000 miles an hour, they vaporize on contact.
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20到六萬英哩的速度進入時，在接觸月球時就蒸發了
09:54
And you can see here that that is --
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所以你可以看到這個 --
09:56
that's sort of vaporized, and that material is holding this
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這就是所謂蒸發，而那個材料就是把這些
09:58
little clump of little sand grains together.
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小小沙粒團塊粘起來的東西
10:01
This is a very small grain of sand, this whole thing.
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這是個非常小的沙粒，這整個東西都是
10:03
And that's called a ring agglutinate.
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那被稱為環粘合
10:05
And many of the grains of sand on the Moon look like that,
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很多月球上的沙粒看起來就像那樣
10:09
and you'd never find that on Earth.
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而你絕不會在地球上發現那個
10:13
Most of the sand on the Moon,
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月球上大多數的沙
10:16
especially -- and you know when you look at the Moon,
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尤其是 -- 你看到月亮就會了解
10:18
there's the dark areas and the light areas. The dark areas
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那裡有黑暗的地方及明亮的地方。黑暗的地方
10:20
are lava flows. They're basaltic lava flows,
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是熔岩流。它們是玄武質熔岩流
10:24
and that's what this sand looks like, very similar
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而那就是這沙的樣子，非常類似
10:27
to the sand that you would see in Haleakala.
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你在夏威夷哈雷卡拉（Haleakala）看到的沙
10:30
Other sands, when these micrometeorites come in,
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其他的沙子，當這些微隕石進入月球時
10:34
they vaporize and they make these fountains,
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它們就蒸發了，然後產生噴泉
10:37
these microscopic fountains that go up into the --
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這些微觀噴泉向上噴到 --
10:40
I was going to say "up into the air," but there is no air --
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我本來要說向上噴到「空氣」中，不過那裡沒有空氣 --
10:42
goes sort of up, and these microscopic glass beads
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就說是向上噴吧，然後這些微小的玻璃珠
10:46
are formed instantly, and they harden, and by the time
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立刻成型，變硬，然後當它們
10:49
they fall down back to the surface of the Moon,
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掉落回月球表面時
10:52
they have these beautiful colored glass spherules.
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就變成了這些色彩炫麗的玻璃球
10:55
And these are actually microscopic;
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這些都是微觀的
10:57
you need a microscope to see these.
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你需要一座顯微鏡才看得見這些
10:59
Now here's a grain of sand that is from the Moon,
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現在看到的是一顆來自月球的沙粒
11:03
and you can see that the entire
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而你可以看到這整體
11:05
crystal structure is still there.
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晶狀結構仍然存在
11:08
This grain of sand is probably about
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這粒沙的年紀大概已有
11:10
three and a half or four billion years old,
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三十五億到四十億年吧
11:12
and it's never eroded away like the way we have sand
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而且它永遠不會像我們地球上的沙一樣
11:14
on Earth erodes away because of water and tumbling,
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被水、滾動、空氣等等東西侵蝕風化
11:18
air, and so forth. All you can see is a little bit of erosion
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你只能在這下面看到一點點
11:21
down here by the Sun, has these solar storms,
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被太陽侵蝕的現象，是因為這些太陽風
11:26
and that's erosion by solar radiation.
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所以這是因為太陽輻射所造成的侵蝕
11:31
So what I've been trying to tell you today is
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所以今天我在這裡，試著想傳達的就是
11:33
things even as ordinary as a grain of sand
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即使平凡如沙粒的東西
11:37
can be truly extraordinary if you look closely
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如果你仔細看，如果你從不同的角度看，
11:40
and if you look from a different and a new point of view.
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從新的角度看，也能看出它真正非凡之處。
11:43
I think that this was best put by William Blake when he said,
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我想，當威廉·布萊克寫下這首詩時
已爲此下了最好的詮釋
已爲此下了最好的詮釋
11:48
"To see a world in a grain of sand
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一沙一世界
11:50
and a heaven in a wild flower,
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一花一天堂
11:53
hold infinity in the palm of your hand,
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掌中握無限
11:55
and eternity in an hour."
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剎那即永恆
11:58
Thank you. (Applause)
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謝謝。（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Gary Greenberg - Micro photographerGary Greenberg is a photographer, biomedical researcher and inventor intent on giving us all a view of the microscopic wonders all around us.
Why you should listen
A photographer and filmmaker with a Ph.D. in biomedical research, Gary Greenberg creates new ways to capture the spectacular landscapes that are hidden from everyday perception inside grains of sand, human cells and flower petals. Using high-definition, three-dimensional light microscopes -- for which he holds 18 patents -- Greenberg makes the miracles of nature tangible, exposing their hidden details. Most recently, Greenberg turned his attention to sand grains, photographing samples from around the world for the book, A Grain of Sand: Nature's Secret Wonder. For it, Greenberg even photographed moon sand returned from NASA’s Apollo 11 Mission.
Greenberg has also taught at the University of Southern California and has been a featured artist at the Science Museum of Minnesota.
Gary Greenberg | Speaker | TED.com