TED2013
Jennifer Granholm: A clean energy proposal -- race to the top!
詹尼弗·格兰霍姆：一个清洁能源提案－－－力争上游！
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TED2013大会开幕伊始，詹尼弗·格兰霍姆抛出了一个针对美国人却又影响世界的问题：我们如何创造更多的工作？她的想法是通过投资新的可替代能源。而她所面对的巨大挑战是能否在借助或不借助分裂的美国国会的情况下达成这些投资？
Jennifer Granholm - Former governor of Michigan
A former two-term governor of Michigan, Jennifer M. Granholm makes the case for empowering states to create jobs through a Clean Energy Jobs Race to the Top. Full bio
A former two-term governor of Michigan, Jennifer M. Granholm makes the case for empowering states to create jobs through a Clean Energy Jobs Race to the Top. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
Well, I was introduced as
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好吧，他们介绍我是
00:19
the former Governor of Michigan,
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密歇根前州长，
00:21
but actually I'm a scientist.
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但其实我是一名科学家。
00:24
All right, a political scientist, it doesn't really count,
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是的，一名政治科学家并不算是真正的科学家，
00:27
but my laboratory was the laboratory of democracy
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但是我的实验室是民主实验室，
00:31
that is Michigan, and, like any good scientist,
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它在密歇根州，并且如任何一位出色的科学家一样，
00:34
I was experimenting with policy
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我进行的实验是关于政策，
00:37
about what would achieve the greatest good
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关于如何能够为最广大的民众
00:39
for the greatest number.
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带来最大福祉的政策。
00:42
But there were three problems, three enigmas
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但是我面临着三个问题、
00:46
that I could not solve,
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三个我无法解决的谜团，
00:48
and I want to share with you those problems,
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我想在这里与你们分享这些问题，
00:52
but most importantly,
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但最重要的是，
00:54
I think I figured out a proposal for a solution.
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我认为我找到了一个解决方案。
00:58
The first problem
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第一个问题是：
00:59
that not just Michigan, but every state, faces is,
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不仅仅是密歇根州, 每一个州都面临着
01:01
how do you create good jobs in America
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如何在全球化经济的大环境下
01:05
in a global economy?
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在美国创造好的就业？
01:07
So let me share with you some empirical data from my lab.
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首先让我们分享一下来自于我实验室的数据。
01:10
I was elected in 2002 and, at the end of my first year in office in 2003,
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我在2002年当选，2003年在我任期第一年即将结束时，
01:15
I got a call from one of my staff members, who said,
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我接到我的一名工作人员的电话，他告诉我说，
01:17
"Gov, we have a big problem.
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“州长，我们遇到了一个大问题。
01:19
We have a little tiny community called Greenville, Michigan,
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密歇根州有一个很小的社区格林维尔市，
01:23
population 8,000,
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人口为8000人，
01:25
and they are about to lose their major employer,
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而他们即将失去当地最大的雇主－－－
01:28
which is a refrigerator factory that's operated by Electrolux."
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一家由伊莱克斯运营的电冰箱工厂。“
01:33
And I said, "Well, how many people work at Electrolux?"
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然后我问道：“当地有多少人在伊莱克斯工作？”
01:36
And he said, "3,000 of the 8,000 people in Greenville."
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他说：“8000名当地居民中的3000人。”
01:41
So it is a one-company town.
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所以这是一个由一家公司支撑着的小镇。
01:43
And Electrolux was going to go to Mexico.
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而伊莱克斯打算将工厂迁到墨西哥。
01:48
So I said, "Forget that. I'm the new Governor.
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然后我说：“忘掉工厂搬迁吧。我是新任州长。
01:51
We can fix this. We're going to go to Greenville
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我们将解决这个问题。我会带上其他政府官员
01:53
with my whole cabinet and we will just
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前往格林维尔，
01:55
make Electrolux an offer they can't refuse."
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我们要给伊莱克斯一个他们无法拒绝的提议。”
01:58
So I brought my whole cabinet,
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之后我带去了全部政府官员，
02:01
and we met with all of the pooh-bahs of little Greenville --
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我们与格林维尔市当地所有的要员会面，
02:04
the mayor, the city manager, the head of the community college --
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包括市长、市执行长、社区学院院长等，
02:08
and we basically emptied our pockets
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可以说我们掏空了口袋，
02:11
and put all of our chips on the table,
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将所有可以用的筹码都摊到了桌面上，
02:15
incentives, you name it, to convince Electrolux to stay,
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所有能说服伊莱克斯留在当地的理由，
02:19
and as we made our pile of chips,
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我们一边在努力拿出筹码，
02:20
we slid them across the table to the management of Electrolux.
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一边将它们送给谈判桌对面的伊莱克斯高管们。
02:25
And in the pile were things like zero taxes for 20 years,
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这些筹码中包括二十年免税，
02:30
or that we'd help to build a new factory for the company,
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政府出资协助伊莱克斯建设
02:34
we'd help to finance it. The UAW, who represented the workers,
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一个全新的工厂。代表工人的工会
02:37
said they would offer unprecedented concessions,
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出面表示他们将前所未有的作出一些让步和
02:40
sacrifices to just keep those jobs in Greenville.
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牺牲来保住格林维尔的那些工作岗位。
02:44
So the management of Electrolux took our pile,
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伊莱克斯的高管们拿到了这些筹码，我们提供的
02:47
our list of incentives, and they went outside the room
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刺激政策，然后他们走出了房间，
02:50
for 17 minutes,
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17分钟后，
02:53
and they came back in and they said,
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他们回来了，然后说：
02:55
"Wow, this is the most generous
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“哇哦，这是为了保住当地的工作岗位
02:58
any community has ever been to try to keep jobs here.
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任何社区提出过的最慷慨的提议。
03:02
But there's nothing you can do
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但是你们无法做到的是
03:06
to compensate for the fact that we can pay $1.57 an hour
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在墨西哥的华瑞兹我们只需要支付工人每小时
03:10
in Juarez, Mexico. So we're leaving."
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1.57美元的薪水。所以我们还是要搬走。“
03:13
And they did. And when they did, it was like
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之后他们确实迁走了工厂。当他们搬走时，
03:16
a nuclear bomb went off in little Greenville.
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就好比一颗核弹击中了小小的格林维尔。
03:20
In fact, they did implode the factory.
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事实上，他们确实炸掉了工厂。
03:22
That's a guy that is walking on his last day of work.
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我记得那是一个走路来上最后一天班的人。
03:26
And on the month that the last refrigerator rolled off the assembly line,
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关闭工厂那个月最后一个电冰箱从生产线上下来后，
03:30
the employees of Electrolux in Greenville, Michigan,
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格林维尔市的伊莱克斯员工们
03:32
had a gathering for themselves that they called the last supper.
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自己组织了一次集会。他们将之称为最后的晚餐。
03:38
It was in a big pavilion in Greenville, an indoor pavilion,
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那是格林维尔的一个很大的场馆，一个室内场馆，
03:41
and I went to it because I was so frustrated as Governor
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当时我之所以前往参加是因为作为州长我对无法阻止这些就业岗位的流失
03:46
that I couldn't stop the outflow of these jobs,
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感到深深的挫败感，
03:49
and I wanted to grieve with them,
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我想与他们一起感受痛苦，
03:52
and as I went into the room-- there's thousands of people there.
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我走进场馆内看到那里聚集着数以千计的人。
03:55
It was a just big thing. People were eating boxed lunches
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这真的是当地的一次大聚会。人们在圆桌上吃着盒装午餐，
03:59
on roundtop tables, and there was a sad band playing music,
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一支悲伤的乐队演奏着，
04:03
or a band playing sad music, probably both. (Laughter)
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或者是一支乐队演奏着悲伤的曲子，或者两者兼有。（笑）
04:07
And this guy comes up to me,
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这时这个人走到我面前，
04:10
and he's got tattoos and his ponytail and his baseball cap on,
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他身上有着纹身，梳着马尾辫，戴着一顶棒球帽。
04:14
and he had his two daughters with him,
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他的两个女儿跟在他身边，
04:17
and he said, "Gov, these are my two daughters."
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他说：“州长，这是我的两个女儿。”
04:20
He said, "I'm 48 years old,
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“我已经48岁了，
04:23
and I have worked at this factory for 30 years.
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我在这家工厂工作30年了。
04:28
I went from high school to factory.
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从高中毕业起我就来在这上班。
04:30
My father worked at this factory," he said.
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我的父亲在这里工作过。”他继续说：
04:33
"My grandfather worked at this factory.
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“我的祖父也曾在这工作。
04:36
All I know is how to make refrigerators."
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我只知道如何组装电冰箱。”
04:41
And he looked at his daughters,
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他看了看他的女儿们，
04:42
and he puts his hand on his chest,
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然后将他的手放在胸前，
04:45
and he says, "So, Gov, tell me,
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说道：“州长，告诉我，
04:47
who is ever going to hire me?
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谁会雇我？
04:53
Who is ever going to hire me?"
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谁还会雇我？”
04:56
And that was asked not just by that guy
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同样的问题不仅被他一个人问起，
05:00
but by everyone in the pavilion,
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场馆里的每一个人都问了，
05:02
and frankly, by every worker at one of the 50,000 factories
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坦白地说，本世纪头十年里关闭的
05:08
that closed in the first decade of this century.
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50000家工厂的每一名员工都问过同样的问题。
05:12
Enigma number one: How do you create jobs
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所以第一个问题是：在全球化经济下的美国
05:15
in America in a global economy?
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如何创造就业岗位？
05:18
Number two, very quickly:
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接下来就是问题二：
05:20
How do you solve global climate change
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当这个国家连一个全国性的能源政策都没有时，
05:23
when we don't even have a national energy policy in this country
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当国会的僵局常态化时，
05:27
and when gridlock in Congress seems to be the norm?
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我们如何解决全球气候变化问题？
05:32
In fact, there was a poll that was done recently
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事实上，最近有一个民调
05:35
and the pollster compared Congress's approval ratings
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被调查者对比了国会的支持率
05:39
to a number of other unpleasant things,
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和一些其他令人不快的事情，
05:42
and it was found, in fact, that Congress's approval rating
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结果发现国会的支持率
05:45
is worse than cockroaches,
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甚至比蟑螂、
05:48
lice, Nickelback the band, root canals and Donald Trump. (Laughter)
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虱子、五分钱合唱团、牙根管和唐纳德 · 特朗普还低。（笑）
05:55
But wait, the good news is it's at least better
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但是，好消息是国会的支持率还是比
06:00
than meth labs and gonorrhea. (Laughter)
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比毒品工厂和淋病高的。（笑声）
06:04
We got a problem, folks.
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我们遇到了问题，朋友们。
06:08
So it got me thinking, what is it?
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所以这让我思考问题到底出在哪里？
06:10
What in the laboratory that I see out there,
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我在我的实验室：民主实验室里看到了什么，
06:14
the laboratories of democracy, what has happened?
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究竟发生了什么？
06:16
What policy prescriptions have happened
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我们开出过什么样的政策处方
06:19
that actually cause changes to occur
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它们既能真正改变现状
06:20
and that have been accepted in a bipartisan way?
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还能被两党所接受？
06:24
So if I asked you, for example,
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比如让我问你们，
06:25
what was the Obama Administration policy
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奧巴马政府的什么政策
06:28
that caused massive changes across the country,
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在全国范围造成了巨大的变化？
06:31
what would you say?
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你会说什么？
06:32
You might say Obamacare, except for those were not voluntary changes.
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你可能会说奥巴马医保，除了那些非自愿的变化外。
06:36
As we know, only half the states have opted in.
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但正如我们所知，只有半数的州选择了参与。
06:38
We might say the Recovery Act, but those didn't require policy changes.
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我们也许会说经济复苏法案，但这并不需要政策上的变化。
06:42
The thing that caused massive policy changes to occur
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导致大规模政策变化的
06:46
was Race to the Top for education.
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是“力争上游教育计划”。
06:49
Why? The government put a $4.5 billion pot
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为什么？政府放出45亿美元，
06:52
and said to the governors across the country, compete for it.
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然后向全国的州长们说，来竞争吧。
06:55
Forty-eight governors competed,
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48名州长参与了竞争，
06:59
convincing 48 state legislatures to essentially
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说服了48个州议会通过了
07:02
raise standards for high schoolers
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提高高中生教育标准，
07:04
so that they all take a college prep curriculum.
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这样他们都将在高中完成大学预备课程。
07:06
Forty-eight states opted in, creating a national [education] policy from the bottom up.
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48个州加入了，这是从最底层制订了一个全国性的（教育）政策。
07:12
So I thought, well, why can't we do something like that
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所以我想，为什么我们不能像这样
07:14
and create a clean energy jobs race to the top?
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来制订一个清洁能源项目竞争机制呢？
07:18
Because after all, if you look at the context,
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毕竟当前环境下，
07:21
1.6 trillion dollars has been invested in the past eight years
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在全球范围内来自于私营机构的投资
07:25
from the private sector globally,
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在过去的8年中已经达到1.6万亿美金，
07:27
and every dollar represents a job,
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每一美元都对应着一份工作，
07:29
and where are those jobs going?
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这些工作都去了哪里？
07:31
Well, they're going to places that have policy, like China.
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这些工作都去了那些有政策的地方，比如中国。
07:33
In fact, I was in China to see what they were doing,
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事实上我去中国看了看他们在做什么，
07:35
and they were putting on a dog-and-pony show for the group that I was with,
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当时他们正在为我所在的参观小组做一些大规模演示，
07:38
and I was standing in the back of the room during one of the demonstrations
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在一场演示中当时我站在会议室的后面，
07:41
and standing next to one of the Chinese officials,
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旁边的一名中国官员，
07:43
and we were watching, and he says,
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在我们正在看演示时问我说：
07:45
"So, Gov, when do you think the U.S. is going to get national energy policy?"
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"州长，你认为美国什么时候能出台国家能源政策？"
07:50
And I said, "Oh my God -- Congress, gridlock, who knows?"
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我回答说："我的天啊，看看国会的僵局，谁知道呢？"
07:53
And this is what he did, he goes, he says,
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而这是他接下来说的，
07:57
"Take your time."
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"慢慢来，不着急。“
08:00
Because they see our passivity as their opportunity.
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因为他们看到我们的迟缓为他们提供了机会。
08:04
So what if we decided to create
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所以如果我们来创造
08:07
a challenge to the governors of the country,
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一个面向全国所有州长们的挑战，
08:10
and the price to entry into this competition
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而进入这个竞争的资金数额与
08:13
used the same amount that the bipartisan group approved in Congress
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两党在国会批准的“力争上游教育计划”
08:17
for the Race to the Top for education, 4.5 billion,
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为同样的数额：45 亿美元，
08:19
which sounds like a lot, but actually it's less than
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这听起来是个大数目，但实际上它小于
08:22
one tenth of one percent of federal spending.
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联邦政府开支的1%的十分之一。
08:24
It's a rounding error on the federal side.
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它相当于联邦开支的舍入误差。
08:26
But price to entry into that competition would be,
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进入这项竞争的代价是，
08:30
you could just, say, use the President's goal.
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就用奥巴马总统的目标来说：
08:33
He wants Congress to adopt a clean energy standard
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他希望国会通过一个2030年达到80%比例的
08:36
of 80 percent by 2030,
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清洁能源标准。
08:39
in other words, that you'd have to get 80 percent
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换言之，各州将必须在2030年达到
08:41
of your energy from clean sources by the year 2030.
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80%的能源来自于清洁能源。
08:44
Why not ask all of the states to do that instead?
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为什么不直接让各州这样做？
08:47
And imagine what might happen,
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想象一下那可能会导致什么发生，
08:49
because every region has something to offer.
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因为每个地区都有一些东西可以提供。
08:51
You might take states like Iowa and Ohio --
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比如像爱荷华州和俄亥俄州－－－
08:54
two very important political states, by the way --
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两个政治上非常重要的州－－－
08:56
those two governors, and they would say,
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这两位州长，他们会说，
08:58
we're going to lead the nation in producing
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我们要在全国带头生产
09:01
the wind turbines and the wind energy.
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风力发电机和风能。
09:03
You might say the solar states, the sun belt,
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在比如那些太阳州，日照充足的州，
09:06
we're going to be the states that produce solar energy for the country,
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他们会说我们要为全国提供太阳能，
09:10
and maybe Jerry Brown says, "Well, I'm going to create
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或许杰里 · 布朗会说：“嗯，我要在
09:12
an industry cluster in California
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加利福尼亚州创建一个产业集群
09:14
to be able to produce the solar panels
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来生产太阳能接收板，
09:16
so that we're not buying them from China
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这样我们就不需要从中国买进它们
09:18
but we're buying them from the U.S."
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而是从美国购买太阳能接收板。"
09:20
In fact, every region of the country could do this.
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事实上，这个国家的每一个地区都可以这样做，
09:23
You see, you've got solar and wind opportunity all across the nation.
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想一想，全国都可以找到获取太阳能和风能的机会。
09:27
In fact, if you look just at the upper and northern states
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事实上，西面的上部和北部的各州
09:31
in the West, they could do geothermal,
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他们可以开发地热，
09:33
or you could look at Texas and say,
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而如德克萨斯州会说：
09:36
we could lead the nation in the solutions to smart grid.
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我们可以领导全国的智能电网发展方案。
09:39
In the middle eastern states which have access to forests
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中东部有森林资源和农业废料的各州，
09:43
and to agricultural waste, they might say,
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他们可能会说：
09:46
we're going to lead the nation in biofuels.
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我们要去引领全国的生物燃料研究。
09:48
In the upper northeast, we're going to lead the nation
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东北上部地区会说：我们要领导全国的
09:51
in energy efficiency solutions.
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能源效率解决方案。
09:54
Along the eastern seaboard, we're going to lead the nation
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东部沿海地区可以说：我们要引领全国的
09:57
in offshore wind.
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海上风力发电。
09:58
You might look at Michigan and say, we're going to lead the nation
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再如密歇根州可以说：我们要将在
10:01
in producing the guts for the electric vehicle, like the lithium ion battery.
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生产电动汽车内部零配件方面引领全国，比如锂离子电池。
10:05
Every region has something to offer,
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每个区域都有一些东西可以提供，
10:08
and if you created a competition,
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这样如果创立一个竞争机制，
10:11
it respects the states and it respects federalism.
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它即能尊重各州，也能尊重联邦制度。
10:15
It's opt-in. You might even get Texas and South Carolina,
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各州都可选择加入。甚至德克萨斯州和南卡罗莱纳州
10:18
who didn't opt into the education Race to the Top,
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这些未加入“力争上游教育计划”的州
10:21
you might even get them to opt in. Why?
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都可能加入。为什么？
10:23
Because Republican and Democratic governors
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因为共和党和民主党的州长们
10:26
love to cut ribbons.
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都喜欢剪彩带。
10:28
We want to bring jobs. I'm just saying.
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我们想要创造就业机会。
10:32
And it fosters innovation at the state level
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在这些民主实验室里
10:34
in these laboratories of democracy.
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孕育着国家级别的创新。
10:37
Now, any of you who are watching anything about politics lately
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现在，你们中任何最近在关注着政治的人
10:41
might say, "Okay, great idea, but really?
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可能会说："好吧，这是个好主意，但真的可行吗？
10:44
Congress putting four and a half billion dollars on the table?
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国会能通过45亿美元的议案吗？
10:47
They can't agree to anything."
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他们不能就任何事达成一致。“
10:49
So you could wait and go through Congress,
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所以你们可以等待国会通过，
10:52
although you should be very impatient.
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尽管你们应该要很不耐心。
10:55
Or, you renegades, we could go around Congress.
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或者我们可以绕过国会。
11:03
Go around Congress.
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绕过国会。
11:04
What if we created a private sector challenge to the governors?
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如果我们给州长们创立一个私营机构资助的竞争机制呢？
11:11
What if several of the high-net worth companies
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如果在座的几家高市值的公司
11:16
and individuals who are here at TED decided
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和个人决定
11:20
that they would create, band together, just a couple of them,
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他们将携手创立，只要他们中的几个，
11:24
and create a national competition to the governors
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来为州长们建立一个全国性的竞争机制
11:27
to have a race to the top
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让他们力争上游
11:30
and see how the governors respond?
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看看州长们将作何反应？
11:32
What if it all started here at TED?
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如果说所有的这一切都是从TED这里开始的呢？
11:37
What if you were here
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如果当你们在这里时
11:40
when we figured out how to crack the code
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我们想出了如何攻破难题
11:45
to create good paying jobs in America -- (Applause) --
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在美国创造好的高薪工作（掌声）
11:51
and get national energy policy
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并制订出国家能源政策
11:54
and we created a national energy strategy from the bottom up?
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同时我们从最底层出发制订了一个国家能源战略呢？
12:00
Because, dear TEDsters,
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我们可以做到，因为，亲爱的TED听众们，
12:04
if you are impatient like I am,
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如果你们像我一样没有耐心，
12:06
you know that our economic competitors,
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你们应该了解我们的经济竞争对手们、
12:10
our other nations, are in the game
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其他国家们都处在这个游戏中
12:13
and are eating us for lunch.
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都在和我们抢夺午餐。
12:16
And we can get in the game or not.
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我们可以处在这个游戏之中，也可以不在。
12:20
We can be at the table or we can be on the table.
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我们可以在站在桌边也可以在坐在桌上。
12:25
And I don't know about you,
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虽然我并不了解你们，
12:27
but I prefer to dine.
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但我更喜欢在坐在桌上用餐。
12:30
Thank you all so much. (Applause)
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谢谢。（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jennifer Granholm - Former governor of MichiganA former two-term governor of Michigan, Jennifer M. Granholm makes the case for empowering states to create jobs through a Clean Energy Jobs Race to the Top.
Why you should listen
Jennifer M. Granholm was elected governor of Michigan in 2002, and in 2006, she was re-elected with the largest number of votes ever cast for governor in Michigan. As governor, Granholm led the state through a brutal economic downturn that resulted from a meltdown in the automotive and manufacturing sectors. She worked relentlessly to diversify the state’s economy, strengthen its auto industry, preserve the advancedmanufacturing sector, and add new, emerging sectors, such as clean energy, to Michigan’s economic portfolio.
During her tenure, she pioneered clean energy policies, working with business and labor, Republicans and Democrats to create new economic opportunities in Michigan. In 2005, the Granholm economic development team put together an aggressive strategy to make Michigan the hub of clean-energy development in North America by developing entire supply chains in Michigan, fostering critical partnerships between industry, government and researchers and by creating economic incentives that made Michigan the place to locate. Granholm’s plan included specific clustering strategies targeted at battery manufacturing, bio-energy, solar and wind power. Her leadership attracted to Michigan more than 89,000clean energy jobs and $9.4 billion in investments in that sector. By the time she left office at the start of 2011, Michigan’s economy was rebounding and Gallup listed Michigan as state with the most improved jobs climate.
Her book A Governor’s Story: The Fight for Jobs and America’s Economic Future tells how Michigan pioneered ways out of an economic storm and offers advice for a nation desperate to create jobs.
Jennifer Granholm | Speaker | TED.com