TED2013
Jennifer Granholm: A clean energy proposal -- race to the top!
Jennifer Granholm：關於潔淨能源的建議 － 「邁向巔峰」政策！
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這場為 TED2013 會議揭開序幕的演講中，Jennifer Granholm 以美國人的立場，提出一個與全球息息相關的問題：如何創造更多就業機會？她的遠大理想是：投資新型替代能源。她的巨大挑戰是：無論跛腳國會支持與否，是否都能達成這個理想？
Jennifer Granholm - Former governor of Michigan
A former two-term governor of Michigan, Jennifer M. Granholm makes the case for empowering states to create jobs through a Clean Energy Jobs Race to the Top. Full bio
A former two-term governor of Michigan, Jennifer M. Granholm makes the case for empowering states to create jobs through a Clean Energy Jobs Race to the Top. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
Well, I was introduced as
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好，介紹中說我是
00:19
the former Governor of Michigan,
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密西根前州長
00:21
but actually I'm a scientist.
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但其實我是一名科學家
00:24
All right, a political scientist, it doesn't really count,
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好吧，一名政治科學家，算不上正牌貨
00:27
but my laboratory was the laboratory of democracy
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但我的實驗室是民主實驗室
00:31
that is Michigan, and, like any good scientist,
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即密西根州，一如任何的優秀科學家
00:34
I was experimenting with policy
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我正在試驗政策
00:37
about what would achieve the greatest good
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內容是如何為多數人
00:39
for the greatest number.
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創造最大福祉
00:42
But there were three problems, three enigmas
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但其中存在三個問題、三個難題
00:46
that I could not solve,
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是我無法解決的
00:48
and I want to share with you those problems,
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我想跟大家分享這些問題
00:52
but most importantly,
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但最重要的是
00:54
I think I figured out a proposal for a solution.
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我認為我已想出一個解決方案
00:58
The first problem
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第一個問題
00:59
that not just Michigan, but every state, faces is,
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不僅是密西根州
也是每個州都面臨的問題
也是每個州都面臨的問題
01:01
how do you create good jobs in America
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如何在全球經濟市場
01:05
in a global economy?
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替美國創造好工作？
01:07
So let me share with you some empirical data from my lab.
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因此我想與大家分享
一些來自我實驗室的經驗資料
一些來自我實驗室的經驗資料
01:10
I was elected in 2002 and, at the end of my first year in office in 2003,
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我於2002年當選州長
就任屆滿一年後的2003年
就任屆滿一年後的2003年
01:15
I got a call from one of my staff members, who said,
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我接到一位幕僚的電話，他說
01:17
"Gov, we have a big problem.
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「州長，我們有個大麻煩」
01:19
We have a little tiny community called Greenville, Michigan,
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「密西根州有個名叫格林維爾的小社區」
01:23
population 8,000,
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「人口八千」
01:25
and they are about to lose their major employer,
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「即將失去最大的雇主」
01:28
which is a refrigerator factory that's operated by Electrolux."
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「即伊萊克斯公司經營的冰箱工廠」
01:33
And I said, "Well, how many people work at Electrolux?"
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我說，「好，多少居民
任職於伊萊克斯公司？」
任職於伊萊克斯公司？」
01:36
And he said, "3,000 of the 8,000 people in Greenville."
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他說，「八千位
格林維爾居民中的三千人」
格林維爾居民中的三千人」
01:41
So it is a one-company town.
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所以這城鎮只有一間公司
01:43
And Electrolux was going to go to Mexico.
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伊萊克斯打算遷往墨西哥
01:48
So I said, "Forget that. I'm the new Governor.
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於是我說：「別擔心，我是新州長」
01:51
We can fix this. We're going to go to Greenville
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「我們可以解決
這個問題，我們去格林維爾看看」
這個問題，我們去格林維爾看看」
01:53
with my whole cabinet and we will just
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「帶上全體閣員」
01:55
make Electrolux an offer they can't refuse."
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「然後給伊萊克斯一個無法拒絕的提議」
01:58
So I brought my whole cabinet,
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因此我帶領全體閣員
02:01
and we met with all of the pooh-bahs of little Greenville --
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與格林維爾所有顯要人士見面 －
02:04
the mayor, the city manager, the head of the community college --
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市長、市政執行長、社區學院院長 －
02:08
and we basically emptied our pockets
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我們可以說連壓箱寶都掏出來了
02:11
and put all of our chips on the table,
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將所有籌碼攤在桌上
02:15
incentives, you name it, to convince Electrolux to stay,
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即所謂的獎勵措施
要說服伊萊克斯留下
要說服伊萊克斯留下
02:19
and as we made our pile of chips,
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我們拿出所有籌碼
02:20
we slid them across the table to the management of Electrolux.
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推過桌面，送到伊萊克斯主管面前
02:25
And in the pile were things like zero taxes for 20 years,
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這些籌碼包括免稅 20 年
02:30
or that we'd help to build a new factory for the company,
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或我們會協助該公司蓋一座新工廠
02:34
we'd help to finance it. The UAW, who represented the workers,
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提供金援
代表工人的UAW（美國汽車工會）說
代表工人的UAW（美國汽車工會）說
02:37
said they would offer unprecedented concessions,
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他們會提供前所未有的優惠
02:40
sacrifices to just keep those jobs in Greenville.
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所有犧牲只為了將工作留在格林維爾
02:44
So the management of Electrolux took our pile,
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於是伊萊克斯主管拿起籌碼
02:47
our list of incentives, and they went outside the room
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即我們列出的獎勵，他們走出房間
02:50
for 17 minutes,
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商量了17分鐘
02:53
and they came back in and they said,
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他們回來後，開口說
02:55
"Wow, this is the most generous
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「哇，這是有史以來」
02:58
any community has ever been to try to keep jobs here.
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「社區為了留住
工作機會所做過最慷慨的提議」
工作機會所做過最慷慨的提議」
03:02
But there's nothing you can do
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「但依然無法彌補差額」
03:06
to compensate for the fact that we can pay $1.57 an hour
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「事實上，我們在墨西哥的華雷斯」
03:10
in Juarez, Mexico. So we're leaving."
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「支付的時薪只有 1.57 美元。因此我們會搬遷」
03:13
And they did. And when they did, it was like
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他們要搬了。他們決定這樣做時
03:16
a nuclear bomb went off in little Greenville.
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像是在小小的格林維爾引爆了一枚核彈
03:20
In fact, they did implode the factory.
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事實上，這確實震驚了整個工廠
03:22
That's a guy that is walking on his last day of work.
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圖中這男子是最後一天上班
03:26
And on the month that the last refrigerator rolled off the assembly line,
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最後一個冰箱通過裝配線的那個月
03:30
the employees of Electrolux in Greenville, Michigan,
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密西根州格林維爾的伊萊克斯雇員
03:32
had a gathering for themselves that they called the last supper.
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自行舉辦了一場聚會
他們稱之為最後的晚餐
他們稱之為最後的晚餐
03:38
It was in a big pavilion in Greenville, an indoor pavilion,
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地點在格林維爾一座大型室內展覽館
03:41
and I went to it because I was so frustrated as Governor
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我參加了那場聚會
因為身為州長的我沮喪萬分
因為身為州長的我沮喪萬分
03:46
that I couldn't stop the outflow of these jobs,
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我無力阻止這些工作外流
03:49
and I wanted to grieve with them,
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我想與他們共同承擔這份悲傷
03:52
and as I went into the room-- there's thousands of people there.
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我走進館內時，已有上千人到場
03:55
It was a just big thing. People were eating boxed lunches
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這是一場盛大的聚會，人們吃著便當
03:59
on roundtop tables, and there was a sad band playing music,
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圍在圓桌旁
一個悲傷的樂團演奏著音樂
一個悲傷的樂團演奏著音樂
04:03
or a band playing sad music, probably both. (Laughter)
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或者說一個樂團演奏著
悲傷的音樂，或許兩者皆是（笑聲）
悲傷的音樂，或許兩者皆是（笑聲）
04:07
And this guy comes up to me,
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一名男子來到我面前
04:10
and he's got tattoos and his ponytail and his baseball cap on,
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刺青、綁馬尾、戴棒球帽
04:14
and he had his two daughters with him,
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他帶著兩個女兒
04:17
and he said, "Gov, these are my two daughters."
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他說：「州長，這兩個是我女兒」
04:20
He said, "I'm 48 years old,
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他說：「我今年48歲」
04:23
and I have worked at this factory for 30 years.
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「我在這間工廠工作了30年」
04:28
I went from high school to factory.
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「我高中畢業後就進了工廠」
04:30
My father worked at this factory," he said.
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「我父親在這間工廠工作，」他說
04:33
"My grandfather worked at this factory.
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「我祖父在這間工廠工作」
04:36
All I know is how to make refrigerators."
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「我只知道怎麼製造冰箱」
04:41
And he looked at his daughters,
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他看著兩個女兒
04:42
and he puts his hand on his chest,
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將手放在胸口
04:45
and he says, "So, Gov, tell me,
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然後說，「所以，州長，請告訴我」
04:47
who is ever going to hire me?
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「還有誰會雇用我？」
04:53
Who is ever going to hire me?"
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「還有誰會雇用我？」
04:56
And that was asked not just by that guy
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這不僅是這名男子的疑問
05:00
but by everyone in the pavilion,
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也是館內每個人的疑問
05:02
and frankly, by every worker at one of the 50,000 factories
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坦白說，也是本世紀第一個十年內
05:08
that closed in the first decade of this century.
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五萬間歇業工廠中每位工人的疑問
05:12
Enigma number one: How do you create jobs
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第一個難題：如何在全球經濟市場
05:15
in America in a global economy?
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替美國創造就業機會？
05:18
Number two, very quickly:
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我很快地說明第二個難題：
05:20
How do you solve global climate change
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如何解決全球氣候變化問題
05:23
when we don't even have a national energy policy in this country
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在我國甚至連國家能源政策都沒有
05:27
and when gridlock in Congress seems to be the norm?
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而國會僵局似乎已成常態時？
05:32
In fact, there was a poll that was done recently
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事實上，最近所做的一項民調中
05:35
and the pollster compared Congress's approval ratings
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民調機構將國會支持率
05:39
to a number of other unpleasant things,
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與一些令人不快的事物比較
05:42
and it was found, in fact, that Congress's approval rating
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調查發現，事實上，國會支持率
05:45
is worse than cockroaches,
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比蟑螂
05:48
lice, Nickelback the band, root canals and Donald Trump. (Laughter)
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蝨子、五分錢樂團
根管治療和唐納．川普還糟（笑聲）
根管治療和唐納．川普還糟（笑聲）
05:55
But wait, the good news is it's at least better
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但別急，好消息是至少勝過
06:00
than meth labs and gonorrhea. (Laughter)
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製毒實驗室和淋病（笑聲）
06:04
We got a problem, folks.
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問題大了，伙伴們
06:08
So it got me thinking, what is it?
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因此這讓我思考，到底是怎麼回事？
06:10
What in the laboratory that I see out there,
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我眼前的實驗室
06:14
the laboratories of democracy, what has happened?
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我眼前的民主實驗室到底怎麼了？
06:16
What policy prescriptions have happened
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到底有哪些政策法規
06:19
that actually cause changes to occur
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真的能引發變化的政策
06:20
and that have been accepted in a bipartisan way?
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曾經獲得兩黨支持？
06:24
So if I asked you, for example,
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因此，如果我問大家，例如
06:25
what was the Obama Administration policy
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歐巴馬政府有哪些政策
06:28
that caused massive changes across the country,
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曾導致整個國家產生巨大變化
06:31
what would you say?
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你們會說什麼？
06:32
You might say Obamacare, except for those were not voluntary changes.
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你們或許會說歐巴馬健保法案
除了那些非自願的改變
除了那些非自願的改變
06:36
As we know, only half the states have opted in.
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就我們所知，只有半數州贊成
06:38
We might say the Recovery Act, but those didn't require policy changes.
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你們或許會說
經濟復甦法案，但那不需要改變政策
經濟復甦法案，但那不需要改變政策
06:42
The thing that caused massive policy changes to occur
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造成大規模變化的政策
06:46
was Race to the Top for education.
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是「邁向巔峰」（Race to the Top）教育政策
06:49
Why? The government put a $4.5 billion pot
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為什麼？政府提供45億美元資金
06:52
and said to the governors across the country, compete for it.
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讓全國州長爭取
06:55
Forty-eight governors competed,
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48名州長參與競爭
06:59
convincing 48 state legislatures to essentially
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說服48個州議會
07:02
raise standards for high schoolers
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從根本提升高中生素質
07:04
so that they all take a college prep curriculum.
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使他們全都參與大學預備課程
07:06
Forty-eight states opted in, creating a national [education] policy from the bottom up.
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48州紛紛響應，從基層
制定國家能源（訂正：教育）政策
制定國家能源（訂正：教育）政策
07:12
So I thought, well, why can't we do something like that
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因此我想，好，為何我們不如法炮製
07:14
and create a clean energy jobs race to the top?
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制訂潔淨能源的「邁向巔峰」政策？
07:18
Because after all, if you look at the context,
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因為話說回來，如果觀察整體局勢
07:21
1.6 trillion dollars has been invested in the past eight years
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過去 8 年中，1.6 兆美元的潔淨能源投資
07:25
from the private sector globally,
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來自全球私營機構
07:27
and every dollar represents a job,
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每一塊美元都代表一份工作
07:29
and where are those jobs going?
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這些工作流向何方？
07:31
Well, they're going to places that have policy, like China.
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好，流向擁有政策的地方，例如中國
07:33
In fact, I was in China to see what they were doing,
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事實上，我曾經
去中國，觀察他們的做法
去中國，觀察他們的做法
07:35
and they were putting on a dog-and-pony show for the group that I was with,
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他們為我們的代表團舉行盛大表演
07:38
and I was standing in the back of the room during one of the demonstrations
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某場演出時，我站在房間後方
07:41
and standing next to one of the Chinese officials,
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站在一名中國官員身旁
07:43
and we were watching, and he says,
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我們觀賞演出時，他說
07:45
"So, Gov, when do you think the U.S. is going to get national energy policy?"
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「所以，州長，妳認為美國
何時能制定出國家能源政策？」
何時能制定出國家能源政策？」
07:50
And I said, "Oh my God -- Congress, gridlock, who knows?"
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我說，「天啊 － 國會、僵局，誰知道？」
07:53
And this is what he did, he goes, he says,
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他的反應是 － 像這樣，然後說
07:57
"Take your time."
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「慢慢來」
08:00
Because they see our passivity as their opportunity.
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因為他們視我們的消極為他們的機會
08:04
So what if we decided to create
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因此，如果我們決定
08:07
a challenge to the governors of the country,
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替全國州長發起一項競爭
08:10
and the price to entry into this competition
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參與這場競爭的代價
08:13
used the same amount that the bipartisan group approved in Congress
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相當於兩黨於國會批准
08:17
for the Race to the Top for education, 4.5 billion,
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「邁向巔峰」教育政策的金額，45億美元
08:19
which sounds like a lot, but actually it's less than
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聽起來似乎是筆鉅款，但事實上少於
08:22
one tenth of one percent of federal spending.
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聯邦政府開銷的千分之一
08:24
It's a rounding error on the federal side.
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不過是聯邦預算的零頭
08:26
But price to entry into that competition would be,
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但參與這場競爭的代價
08:30
you could just, say, use the President's goal.
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可說符合總統的目標
08:33
He wants Congress to adopt a clean energy standard
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他希望國會於2030年達成
08:36
of 80 percent by 2030,
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採用 80 % 潔淨能源的目標
08:39
in other words, that you'd have to get 80 percent
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換句話說，到了2030年
08:41
of your energy from clean sources by the year 2030.
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你使用的能源必須有 80 % 來自潔淨能源
08:44
Why not ask all of the states to do that instead?
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為何不要求全國各州共襄盛舉？
08:47
And imagine what might happen,
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想像一下可能發生的情況
08:49
because every region has something to offer.
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因為每個地區都能提供某些資源
08:51
You might take states like Iowa and Ohio --
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不妨以愛荷華州和俄亥俄州為例 －－
08:54
two very important political states, by the way --
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順帶一提，這是兩大政治關鍵州 －－
08:56
those two governors, and they would say,
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兩位州長會說
08:58
we're going to lead the nation in producing
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我們將領頭生產
09:01
the wind turbines and the wind energy.
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風力渦輪機和風力
09:03
You might say the solar states, the sun belt,
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或以太陽能州、陽光地帶為例
09:06
we're going to be the states that produce solar energy for the country,
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他們將成為替國家生產太陽能的州
09:10
and maybe Jerry Brown says, "Well, I'm going to create
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也許Jerry Brown（加州州長）會說，「好，我會在加州」
09:12
an industry cluster in California
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「建立產業集群」
09:14
to be able to produce the solar panels
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「生產太陽能板」
09:16
so that we're not buying them from China
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「這樣我們就不需向中國採購」
09:18
but we're buying them from the U.S."
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「而向美國採購」
09:20
In fact, every region of the country could do this.
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事實上，全國各地都能如法炮製
09:23
You see, you've got solar and wind opportunity all across the nation.
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如你們所知
全國各地都有生產太陽能和風力的機會
全國各地都有生產太陽能和風力的機會
09:27
In fact, if you look just at the upper and northern states
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事實上，如果以上方的北部各州為例
09:31
in the West, they could do geothermal,
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西側區域可生產地熱
09:33
or you could look at Texas and say,
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或考慮德州的情況
09:36
we could lead the nation in the solutions to smart grid.
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他們可領頭建設智慧電網
09:39
In the middle eastern states which have access to forests
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中部及東部各州擁有樹林
09:43
and to agricultural waste, they might say,
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和閒置農地，他們或許會說
09:46
we're going to lead the nation in biofuels.
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我們將領頭生產生質燃料
09:48
In the upper northeast, we're going to lead the nation
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東北各州會說，我們將領頭解決
09:51
in energy efficiency solutions.
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能源效率問題
09:54
Along the eastern seaboard, we're going to lead the nation
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東部沿岸各州會說，我們將領頭建設
09:57
in offshore wind.
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海上風力發電廠
09:58
You might look at Michigan and say, we're going to lead the nation
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或考慮密西根州的情況，我們可領頭生產
10:01
in producing the guts for the electric vehicle, like the lithium ion battery.
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電動車供電裝置，例如鋰電池
10:05
Every region has something to offer,
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每個地區都能提供某些資源
10:08
and if you created a competition,
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如果發起一項競爭
10:11
it respects the states and it respects federalism.
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有利於各州，亦有利於聯邦
10:15
It's opt-in. You might even get Texas and South Carolina,
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它將獲得支持，甚至可能
獲得德州和南卡羅萊納州的支持
獲得德州和南卡羅萊納州的支持
10:18
who didn't opt into the education Race to the Top,
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這兩州並未支持「邁向巔峰」教育政策
10:21
you might even get them to opt in. Why?
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這項競爭甚至可能
獲得他們的支持，為什麼？
獲得他們的支持，為什麼？
10:23
Because Republican and Democratic governors
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因為共和黨和民主黨州長
10:26
love to cut ribbons.
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都喜歡剪綵
10:28
We want to bring jobs. I'm just saying.
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我們希望引入就業機會，剛剛只是說說罷了
10:32
And it fosters innovation at the state level
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這將促進各州的創新
10:34
in these laboratories of democracy.
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在這些民主實驗室
10:37
Now, any of you who are watching anything about politics lately
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現在，任何關注當前政治局勢的人
10:41
might say, "Okay, great idea, but really?
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或許會說
「嗯，很棒的主意，但可行嗎？」
「嗯，很棒的主意，但可行嗎？」
10:44
Congress putting four and a half billion dollars on the table?
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「讓國會將45億美元納入預算審查？」
10:47
They can't agree to anything."
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「他們一毛也不會同意」
10:49
So you could wait and go through Congress,
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因此你可以等待國會審查
10:52
although you should be very impatient.
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但必定會十分不耐煩
10:55
Or, you renegades, we could go around Congress.
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或者，你可以採取
不同做法，我們可以繞過國會
不同做法，我們可以繞過國會
11:03
Go around Congress.
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繞過國會
11:04
What if we created a private sector challenge to the governors?
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假設我們替州長發起
由私營機構提供的競爭？
由私營機構提供的競爭？
11:11
What if several of the high-net worth companies
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如果某些擁有高淨值資產的公司和個人
11:16
and individuals who are here at TED decided
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此時剛好在TED現場，決定
11:20
that they would create, band together, just a couple of them,
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攜手合作，只要其中幾位
11:24
and create a national competition to the governors
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建立提供給州長的全國性競爭
11:27
to have a race to the top
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發起「邁向巔峰」競爭
11:30
and see how the governors respond?
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觀察這些州長的反應？
11:32
What if it all started here at TED?
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如果這一切全都從TED現場開始？
11:37
What if you were here
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如果在座各位
11:40
when we figured out how to crack the code
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想出如何打破僵局
11:45
to create good paying jobs in America -- (Applause) --
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替美國創造高薪工作－（掌聲）
11:51
and get national energy policy
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提出國家能源政策
11:54
and we created a national energy strategy from the bottom up?
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從基層建立國家能源政策？
12:00
Because, dear TEDsters,
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因為，親愛的TED會員們
12:04
if you are impatient like I am,
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如果你們像我一樣沒耐心
12:06
you know that our economic competitors,
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你們知道我們的經濟競爭對手
12:10
our other nations, are in the game
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其他對手國已加入這場競爭
12:13
and are eating us for lunch.
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分食我們的工作機會
12:16
And we can get in the game or not.
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我們可以選擇是否加入這場競爭
12:20
We can be at the table or we can be on the table.
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我們可以選擇旁觀或加入戰局
12:25
And I don't know about you,
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我不知道你們的想法
12:27
but I prefer to dine.
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但我寧可加入其中
12:30
Thank you all so much. (Applause)
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十分感謝（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jennifer Granholm - Former governor of MichiganA former two-term governor of Michigan, Jennifer M. Granholm makes the case for empowering states to create jobs through a Clean Energy Jobs Race to the Top.
Why you should listen
Jennifer M. Granholm was elected governor of Michigan in 2002, and in 2006, she was re-elected with the largest number of votes ever cast for governor in Michigan. As governor, Granholm led the state through a brutal economic downturn that resulted from a meltdown in the automotive and manufacturing sectors. She worked relentlessly to diversify the state’s economy, strengthen its auto industry, preserve the advancedmanufacturing sector, and add new, emerging sectors, such as clean energy, to Michigan’s economic portfolio.
During her tenure, she pioneered clean energy policies, working with business and labor, Republicans and Democrats to create new economic opportunities in Michigan. In 2005, the Granholm economic development team put together an aggressive strategy to make Michigan the hub of clean-energy development in North America by developing entire supply chains in Michigan, fostering critical partnerships between industry, government and researchers and by creating economic incentives that made Michigan the place to locate. Granholm’s plan included specific clustering strategies targeted at battery manufacturing, bio-energy, solar and wind power. Her leadership attracted to Michigan more than 89,000clean energy jobs and $9.4 billion in investments in that sector. By the time she left office at the start of 2011, Michigan’s economy was rebounding and Gallup listed Michigan as state with the most improved jobs climate.
Her book A Governor’s Story: The Fight for Jobs and America’s Economic Future tells how Michigan pioneered ways out of an economic storm and offers advice for a nation desperate to create jobs.
Jennifer Granholm | Speaker | TED.com