TED2007
Jaime Lerner: A song of the city
Jaime Lerner的城市之歌
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Jaime Lerner在他的家乡巴西Curitiba重新创造了城市空间。在这个过程中，他改变了世界各地的规划者们对于城市景观可能性的看法。
Jaime Lerner - City evangelist
From building opera houses with wire to mapping the connection between the automobile and your mother-in-law, Jaime Lerner delights in discovering eccentric solutions to vexing urban problems. In the process he has transformed the face of cities worldwide. Full bio
From building opera houses with wire to mapping the connection between the automobile and your mother-in-law, Jaime Lerner delights in discovering eccentric solutions to vexing urban problems. In the process he has transformed the face of cities worldwide. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:19
I hope you'll understand my English.
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我希望你们能听懂我的话
00:21
In the mornings it is terrible, and the afternoon is worst.
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早上我说的就挺糟糕，下午就更别提了
00:27
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
00:30
During many years, I made some speeches starting with this
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很多年以来，我以这个为开头，做了一些演讲
00:35
saying: "City is not a problem, it's a solution."
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“城市并不是一个难题，而是一种解决方案”
00:40
And more and more, I'm convinced that
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我越来越相信
00:46
it's not only a solution for a country,
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这不仅仅是一项针对某个国家的解决方案
00:50
but it's a solution for the problem of climate change.
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而且是应对气候改变的办法
00:55
But we have a very pessimistic approach about the cities.
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但是我们对于城市却持有一种非常悲观的态度
01:02
I'm working in cities for almost 40 years,
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我在城市中工作了将近40年
01:06
and where every mayor is trying to tell me his city is so big,
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每个城市的市长都试图告诉我，哦，他的城市太大了
01:13
or the other mayors say, "We don't have financial resources,"
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或者另一些市长会说，我们没有财政来源
01:19
I would like to say
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我想说
01:22
from the experience I had: every city in the world
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从我的经历来看，世界上的每个城市
01:26
can be improved in less than three years.
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都能在3年之内得到改善
01:34
There's no matter of scale. It's not a question of scale,
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规模大小并不重要，并且这跟规模无关
01:38
it's not a question of financial resources.
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这也不是财政来源的问题
01:41
Every problem in a city has to have its own equation of co-responsibility
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城市中的每个问题都必然有形成它的诸多原因
01:48
and also a design.
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当然，还有城市的设计
01:51
So to start, I want to introduce some characters
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我想以一些作图片为开始
01:57
from a book I made for teenagers.
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这些图片来自一本我为青少年写的书
02:00
The best example of quality of life is the turtle
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要说明生活质量，最好的例子是乌龟
02:06
because the turtle is an example of living and working together.
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因为乌龟是一个将工作和生活结合在一起的例子
02:13
And when you realize that the casque of the turtle
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当你们看到乌龟壳
02:18
looks like an urban tessitura,
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他看起来像是市区
02:23
and can we imagine, if we cut the casque of the turtle, how sad she's going to be?
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我们可以想象，如果我们把龟壳从乌龟身上拿走，那乌龟得多难过啊
02:32
And that's what we're doing in our cities:
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然而这就是我们对我们的城市所做的！
02:34
living here, working here, having leisure here.
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住在这里，在那里工作，又在这里休闲
02:37
And most of the people are leaving the city
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并且大多数人正准备离开城市
02:41
and living outside of the city.
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然后在市区之外住
02:44
So, the other character is Otto, the automobile.
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另一张图片是Otto，就是汽车
02:50
He is invited for a party -- he never wants to leave.
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他被邀请去一个派对，他根本不想离开
02:55
The chairs are on the tables and still drinking,
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椅子放在桌子上，然后还在喝酒
03:00
and he drinks a lot. (Laughter)
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还喝了不少(笑声)
03:02
And he coughs a lot. Very egotistical:
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他咳嗽得很厉害，还很自大
03:06
he carries only one or two people
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他只能载一到两个人
03:09
and he asks always for more infrastructure.
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但是他总是要求更多的基础建设
03:16
Freeways.
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高速公路
03:18
He's a very demanding person.
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他有很多要求
03:21
And on the other hand, Accordion, the friendly bus,
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然后，另一边，像手风琴一样的，友好的公交车
03:25
he carries 300 people --
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可以载300人
03:28
275 in Sweden; 300 Brazilians. (Laughter)
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在瑞典的话是275，进了巴西就能载300
03:39
Speaking about the design: every city has its own design.
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谈到规划，每一个城市都有它自己的规划
03:44
Curitiba, my city: three million in the metropolitan area,
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库里蒂巴（巴西南部巴拉那州首府），我的城市，市内住着30万人
03:48
1,800,000 people in the city itself.
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总共1,800,000人住在这座城市
03:53
Curitiba, Rio: it's like two birds kissing themselves.
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库里蒂巴，里约热内卢：它就像两只互相亲吻的鸟
03:56
Oaxaca, San Francisco -- it's very easy:
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瓦哈卡（墨西哥）、旧金山--图形很简单
03:59
Market Street, Van Ness and the waterfront.
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市场街、凡尼斯大道还有滨水地区（均位于旧金山）
04:02
And every city has its own design.
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每座城市都有自己的设计
04:06
But to make it happen, sometimes you have to propose a scenario
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但是为了使它实现，有时候你不得不提出一个方案
04:10
and to propose a design --
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并且准备好一个设计
04:13
an idea that everyone, or the large majority,
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还有一个能令所有人，或者是大多数人满意的主意
04:16
will help you to make it happen.
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使得他们能够帮助你实现
04:19
And that's the structure of the city of Curitiba.
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这是库里蒂巴的城市结构
04:24
And it's an example of living and working together.
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这就是一个工作与生活在一起的样本
04:29
And this is where we have more density;
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这是这个城市中人口密度最大的地方
04:34
it's where we have more public transport.
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也是公共交通最集中的地方
04:37
So, this system started in '74. We started with 25,000 passengers a day,
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这个交通系统在74年开始建设，我们计划每天运载25,000名乘客
04:45
now it's 2,200,000 passengers a day.
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现在，这个数据变成了2,200,000人每天
04:48
And it took 25 years until another city ...
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这个过程花费了25年的时间，知道另一个城市
04:52
which is Bogota, and they did a very good job.
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就是波哥大，他们做的也非常好
04:57
And now there's 83 cities all over the world that they
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现在，全世界有83个城市正在应用
05:02
are doing what they call the BRT of Curitiba.
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他们所谓的库里蒂巴快速公交系统
05:06
And one thing: it's important not for only your own city;
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还有一点：这很重要，不仅是针对你们的城市
05:13
every city, besides its normal problems,
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每个城市，不仅是那些普通的问题
05:17
they have a very important role
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城市有它们的角色--一个非常重要的角色--
05:20
in being with the whole humanity.
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它们伴随着人类
05:23
That means mostly two main issues --
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这意味着两个主要问题
05:28
mobility and sustainability -- are becoming very important for the cities.
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灵活性和可持续性，正在成为对城市而言非常重要的因素
05:33
And this is an articulated bus, double-articulated.
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这是一辆铰接式的公交车，是二级链式的
05:38
And we are very close to my house.
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这个地方离我家非常近
05:41
You can come when you are in Curitiba and have a coffee there.
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要是你来到库里蒂巴，你可以到我家喝杯咖啡
05:46
And that's the evolution of the system.
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这张图是库里蒂巴交通系统的发展
05:48
What in the design that made the difference
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那些设计真正成功的
05:52
is the boarding tubes:
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是那些便捷登车通道
05:54
the boarding tube gives to the bus the same performance as a subway.
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它使的公交可以向地铁一样工作
05:59
That's why, I'm trying to say,
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这就是为什么我说
06:04
it's like metro-nizing the bus.
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这是种地铁化的公交
06:06
This is the design of the bus,
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这就是公交的设计
06:12
and you can pay before entering the bus you're boarding.
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并且，你可以在登车前购买车票
06:15
And for handicapped, they can use this as a normal system.
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对于残障人士，它们可以利用这个进出站
06:23
What I'm trying to say is
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然而，我所试图表达的是
06:26
the major contribution on carbon emissions are from the cars --
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碳排放主要排放来源是汽车
06:32
more than 50 percent -- so when we depend only on cars, it's ...
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50%以上是这样的。所以当我们只依靠我们的汽车时
06:41
-- that's why when we're talking about sustainability,
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这是为什么我们讨论可持续性是不够的
06:45
it's not enough, green buildings.
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绿色建筑？
06:48
It's not enough, a new materials.
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也不够，新型材料？
06:51
It's not enough, new sources of energy.
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不够，新能源？
06:54
It's the concept of the city, the design of the city,
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是城市的理念，市城市的设计
06:58
that's also important, too. And also, how to teach the children.
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而且这也是非常重要的，教育儿童的方法
07:09
I'll speak on this later on.
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我之后还会讨论这个
07:14
Our idea of mobility is trying
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我们对于交通的构想是尝试
07:17
to make the connections between all the systems.
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在各个系统之间建立联系
07:20
We started in '83, proposing for the city of Rio
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我们在1983年开始，为里约热内卢计划
07:25
how to connect the subway with the bus.
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连接地铁和公交的方式
07:28
The subway was against, of course.
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地铁公司当然很反对这个
07:31
And 23 years after, they called us to develop -- we're developing this idea.
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然后，23年之后，他们叫我们去开发--我们的计划正在进展中
07:37
And you can understand how different it's going to be,
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你能理解这将会有多大的不同
07:41
the image of Rio with the system --
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当里约热内卢有了这个系统
07:44
one-minute frequency.
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每分钟一趟车
07:48
And it's not Shanghai,
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这不是上海
07:50
it's not being colored during the day, only at night
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在白天，她并非五颜六色，只有晚上这样
07:54
it will look this way.
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她看起来是这样的
07:57
And before you say it's a Norman Foster design,
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在你说这是Norman Foster的设计之前
08:02
we designed this in '83.
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我们在83年设计的这个
08:07
And this is the model,
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并且这就是
08:08
how it's going to work. So, it's the same system;
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她如何工作的模式。所以说这是相同的系统
08:13
the vehicle is different. And that's the model.
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交通工具并不相同。而且这是
08:20
What I'm trying to say is, I'm not trying
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我所试图表达的。我并没有试着
08:23
to prove which system of transport is better.
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证明哪种运输系统更好
08:29
I'm trying to say we have to combine
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我尝试表达出我们需要结合
08:32
all the systems, and with one condition:
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将所有的系统结合起来，有一个条件
08:37
never -- if you have a subway, if you have surface systems,
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永远不要--如果市内有地铁，如果还有地面交通
08:43
if you have any kind of system --
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如果市内有任何交通系统--
08:46
never compete in the same space.
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永远不要在同一空间内竞争
08:51
And coming back to the car, I always used to say
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回到汽车，我总是说
08:58
that the car is like your mother-in-law:
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汽车就像是你的岳母
09:03
you have to have good relationship with her,
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不不得不和她建立良好的关系
09:06
but she cannot command your life.
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但她不能左右你的生活
09:11
So, when the only woman in your life is your mother-in-law,
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当你生活中唯一的女性是你岳母的时候
09:21
you have a problem. (Laughter)
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你就遇到问题了 （笑声）
09:25
So, all the ideas about how to transform through design --
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所以所有通过设计来改进的设想--
09:32
old quarries and open universities and botanic garden --
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采石场、开放式的大学，还有植物园
09:39
all of it's related to how we teach the children.
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所有这些与我们教育孩子的方式有关
09:47
And the children, we teach during six months how to separate their garbage.
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如果孩子们在六个月里学习如何分类垃圾
09:51
And after, the children teach their parents.
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这之后，孩子们会教他们的家长
09:56
And now we have 70 percent --
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现在有70%--
09:59
since 20 years, it's the highest rate of separation of garbage in the world.
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近20年中，是世界垃圾分类率中最高的
10:05
Seven zero.
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七十
10:07
(Applause)
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（掌声）
10:12
So teach the children.
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所以，教育孩子
10:15
I would like to say, if we want to have a sustainable world
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我想说，如果我们想拥有一个可持续的世界
10:21
we have to work with everything what's said,
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我们就必须改善我所提到的一切
10:25
but don't forget the cities and the children.
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但是，不要忘记城市和孩子们
10:30
I'm working in a museum and also a multi-use city,
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我在博物馆工作，同时也在一个多功能的城市里工作
10:34
because you cannot have empty places during 18 hours a day.
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因为你不可能在一个空空如也的地方每天呆18个小时
10:39
You should have always
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你总需要
10:42
a structure of living and working together.
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一个工作与生活相结合的地方
10:46
Try to understand the sectors in the city
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尝试理解城市的部分区域
10:49
that could play different roles during the 24 hours.
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那些可以在24小时内扮演不同角色的区域
10:55
Another issue is, a city's like our family portrait.
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另一个问题是，城市就像是我们的家庭照
10:59
We don't rip our family portrait,
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我们不会把家庭照撕裂
11:02
even if we don't like the nose of our uncle,
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即便我们不喜欢叔叔的鼻子
11:07
because this portrait is you.
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因为这照片就像是你
11:10
And these are the references that we have in any city.
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所有城市都可以这样比做一张照片
11:16
This is the main pedestrian mall;
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这是步行大街
11:19
we did it in 72 hours. Yes, you have to be fast.
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我们在72小时内建成的。是的，你的速度必须很快
11:24
And these are the references from our ethnic contribution.
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这些是参照不同民族建设的
11:30
This is the Italian portal,
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这是意大利式的大门
11:32
the Ukrainian park, the Polish park, the Japanese square, the German park.
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乌克兰式的公园、波兰式的公园、日式广场、德国风格的公园
11:39
All of a sudden, the Soviet Union, they split.
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突然之间，苏联解体了
11:43
And since we have people from
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由于我们这有来自
11:45
Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, [unclear],
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乌兹别克斯坦、哈萨克斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、[说的不清楚]
11:49
we have to stop the program.
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我们不得不停止这个计划
11:51
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
11:53
Don't forget: creativity starts when you cut a zero from your budget.
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不要忘记：创意源于从预算表里去掉的一个零
12:02
If you cut two zeros, it's much better.
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如果少了两个零，创意会更多
12:07
And this is the Wire Opera theater. We did it in two months.
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这是Wire歌剧院，我们在两个月内建成
12:14
Parks -- old quarries that they were transformed into parks.
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公园--由旧矿场改建成的公园
12:18
Quarries once made the nature, and
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矿场，曾经是自然的一部分
12:23
sometimes we took this and we transformed.
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有时，我们接手然后加以改造
12:27
And every part can be transformed;
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并且，每部分都能改变
12:32
every frog can be transformed in a prince.
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每只青蛙都可以变成王子
12:38
So, in a city, you have to work fast.
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所以，在城市中，你的动作必须快
12:42
Planning takes time. And I'm proposing urban acupuncture.
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规划需要时间。我正在做城市针灸计划
12:48
That means me, with some focal ideas to help the normal process of planning.
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意思是我，用一些焦点问题来帮助日常规划工作
12:56
And this is an acupuncture note --
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这是一份针灸的记录--
12:59
or I.M. Pei's. Some small ones
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或是贝聿铭的建筑，一些小的--
13:06
can make the city better.
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她们可以使城市更好
13:09
The smallest park in New York, the most beautiful:
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或者是纽约最小但是最美的公园：
13:14
32 meters.
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只有32米长
13:17
So, I want just to end saying
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所以，我想在结尾说
13:20
that you can always propose new materials -- new sustainable materials --
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你们可以经常研发新材料，新的可持续性材料
13:27
but keep in mind that we have to work fast
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但是记住，我们必须快点行动
13:31
to the end, because we don't have the whole time to plan.
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在最后，因为我们没有那么多时间去计划
13:41
And I think creativity, innovation is starting.
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我认为创造性和革新是开端
13:47
And we cannot have all the answers.
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而且我们不会找到所有的答案
13:52
So when you start --
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那么，当你开始的时候--
13:55
and we cannot be so prepotent on having all the answers --
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另外，我们也不会因为又有所有的答案而拥有什么优势
14:00
it's important starting and having the contribution from people,
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人们的贡献是非常重要的
14:05
and they could teach you
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他们可以教你
14:08
if you're not in the right track.
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如果你没有走上正轨
14:11
At the end, I would like if you can help me to sing the sustainable song.
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最后，我希望你能帮我唱可持续之歌
14:19
OK?
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好么？
14:22
Please, allow me just two minutes.
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请允许我再给我两分钟
14:25
You're going to make the music and the rhythm.
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你们来打拍子、唱旋律
14:31
♫ Toonchi-too! Toonchi-too! Toonchi-too! ♫
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♫咚咚！ 咚咚！ 咚咚！♫
14:35
♫ Toonchi-too! Toonchi-too! Toonchi-too! ♫
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♫咚咚！ 咚咚！ 咚咚！♫
14:38
♫ It's possible! It's possible! You can do it! You can do it! ♫
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♫这是可能的！这是可能的！你能做到！你能做到！♫
14:42
♫ Use less your car! Make this decision! ♫
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♫少点开车！下定决心！♫
14:45
♫ Avoid carbon emission! It's possible! It's possible! ♫
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♫避免碳排放！这是可能的！这是可能的！♫
14:50
♫ You can do it! You can do it! ♫
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♫你能做到！你能做到！♫
14:52
♫ Live closer to work! ♫
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♫住处离工作更近♫
14:56
♫ Work closer to home! Save energy in your home! ♫
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♫工作离家更近！在家节约能源！♫
15:04
♫ It's possible! It's possible! You can do it! ♫
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♫这是可能的！这是可能的！你可以做到！♫
15:07
♫ You can do it! Separate your garbage! ♫
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♫你可以做到！分类你的垃圾！♫
15:11
♫ Organic, schmorganic! Save more! Waste less! It's possible! ♫
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♫有机的，还是有机的！节约更多！减少浪费！这是可能的！♫
15:17
♫ You can do it! Please, do it now! ♫
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♫你可以做到！快点！现在-就做！♫
15:25
Thank you.
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谢谢
15:27
(Applause)
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(掌声)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jaime Lerner - City evangelistFrom building opera houses with wire to mapping the connection between the automobile and your mother-in-law, Jaime Lerner delights in discovering eccentric solutions to vexing urban problems. In the process he has transformed the face of cities worldwide.
Why you should listen
For many city governments seeking visible improvements in their congested streets, the pace of change is measured in months and years. For Jaime Lerner, it's measured in hours. As mayor of Curitiba, he transformed a gridlocked commercial artery into a spacious pedestrian mall over a long weekend, before skeptical merchants had time to finish reading their Monday papers.
Since then he's become a hero not only to his fellow Brazilians, but also to the growing ranks of municipal planners seeking greener, more sustainable cities. His dictum that "creativity starts when you cut a zero from your budget" has inspired a number of his unique solutions to urban problems, including sheltered boarding tubes to improve speed of bus transit; a garbage-for-food program allowing Curitibans to exchange bags of trash for bags of groceries; and trimming parkland grasses with herds of sheep.
In addition to serving three terms as mayor of Curitiba, Lerner has twice been elected governor of Parana State in Brazil. His revolutionary career in urban planning and architecture has not only improved cities worldwide, but has also brought him international renown. Among his many awards are the United Nations Environmental Award (1990), the Child and Peace Award from UNICEF (1996), and the 2001 World Technology Award for Transportation.
Jaime Lerner | Speaker | TED.com