TEDWomen 2018
Shohini Ghose: Quantum computing explained in 10 minutes
修西尼·高斯: 10分钟了解量子计算机
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量子计算机可不只是现有电脑的加强版；量子计算机是全新的设备，它基于新兴的科学知识——远不止不确定性这么简单。与TED演讲者修西尼·高斯一同进入量子秘境，一起了解量子技术的潜在应用：改变医药行业、创造不可破解的密码、甚至实现量子信息传递。
Shohini Ghose - Quantum physicist, equity advocate
Shohini Ghose explores the strange quantum world of atoms and photons to understand the fundamental laws of the universe and harness them for quantum computing and communication -- and works to make science accessible and inclusive for people of all genders and backgrounds. Full bio
Shohini Ghose explores the strange quantum world of atoms and photons to understand the fundamental laws of the universe and harness them for quantum computing and communication -- and works to make science accessible and inclusive for people of all genders and backgrounds. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Let's play a game.
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我们来玩个游戏。
假设你现在
00:14
Imagine that you are in Las Vegas,
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在拉斯维加斯的一个赌场里，
00:17
in a casino,
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00:19
and you decide to play a game
on one of the casino's computers,
on one of the casino's computers,
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而且你决定要在赌场内的
某台电脑上玩游戏，
某台电脑上玩游戏，
00:23
just like you might play
solitaire or chess.
solitaire or chess.
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你可能会玩纸牌或者象棋。
电脑能像真人玩家一样，
在游戏中出牌或走棋。
在游戏中出牌或走棋。
00:26
The computer can make moves
in the game, just like a human player.
in the game, just like a human player.
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这是一个硬币游戏。
00:30
This is a coin game.
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首先，一个硬币正面朝上，
00:32
It starts with a coin showing heads,
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电脑会先开始玩。
00:35
and the computer will play first.
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00:37
It can choose to flip the coin or not,
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电脑可以选择
把硬币翻过来或者不翻，
把硬币翻过来或者不翻，
00:40
but you don't get to see the outcome.
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但是你看不到结果。
接下来就轮到你了。
00:43
Next, it's your turn.
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你也可以选择
把硬币翻过来或者不翻，
把硬币翻过来或者不翻，
00:44
You can also choose
to flip the coin or not,
to flip the coin or not,
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而你的选择不会
被透露给你的对手（电脑）。
被透露给你的对手（电脑）。
00:47
and your move will not be revealed
to your opponent, the computer.
to your opponent, the computer.
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接下来，又轮到电脑做选择：
把硬币翻过来或者不翻。
把硬币翻过来或者不翻。
00:51
Finally, the computer plays again,
and can flip the coin or not,
and can flip the coin or not,
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00:55
and after these three rounds,
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三轮过后，
硬币的朝向会被揭晓。
00:58
the coin is revealed,
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如果正面朝上，那电脑就赢了；
01:00
and if it is heads, the computer wins,
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01:03
if it's tails, you win.
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如果反面朝上，那你就赢了。
这是一个非常简单的游戏，
01:06
So it's a pretty simple game,
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01:07
and if everybody plays honestly,
and the coin is fair,
and the coin is fair,
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如果每个人都老实参与游戏，
而且硬币也是质地均匀的，
而且硬币也是质地均匀的，
01:11
then you have a 50 percent chance
of winning this game.
of winning this game.
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那你赢得这场游戏的概率是50%。
01:15
And to confirm that,
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为了确认这一点，
我让我的学生在我们的
电脑上玩了这个游戏。
电脑上玩了这个游戏。
01:17
I asked my students to play
this game on our computers,
this game on our computers,
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尝试了很多很多次之后，
01:20
and after many, many tries,
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他们的获胜率恰巧为50%
或者接近50%，
或者接近50%，
01:22
their winning rate ended up
being 50 percent, or close to 50 percent,
being 50 percent, or close to 50 percent,
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01:26
as expected.
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意料之中。
这个游戏听起来有些无聊，是吧？
01:28
Sounds like a boring game, right?
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但是，如果你能在量子计算机上
玩这个游戏，那会怎样呢？
玩这个游戏，那会怎样呢？
01:30
But what if you could play this game
on a quantum computer?
on a quantum computer?
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目前，据我所知，
01:34
Now, Las Vegas casinos
do not have quantum computers,
do not have quantum computers,
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拉斯维加斯的赌场并没有量子计算机，
01:37
as far as I know,
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不过IBM已经制造了一台
可以正常运行的量子计算机。
可以正常运行的量子计算机。
01:39
but IBM has built
a working quantum computer.
a working quantum computer.
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就是这台。
01:42
Here it is.
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什么是量子计算机呢？
01:44
But what is a quantum computer?
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量子力学研究
01:46
Well, quantum physics describes
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原子和基本粒子，如电子、光子的
01:49
the behavior of atoms
and fundamental particles,
and fundamental particles,
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01:53
like electrons and photons.
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运动规律。
量子计算机通过
控制这些粒子的运动
控制这些粒子的运动
01:55
So a quantum computer operates
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01:57
by controlling the behavior
of these particles,
of these particles,
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来实现运行，
但其运行方式
与普通电脑截然不同。
与普通电脑截然不同。
02:00
but in a way that is completely different
from our regular computers.
from our regular computers.
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量子计算机可不只是
02:04
So a quantum computer
is not just a more powerful version
is not just a more powerful version
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02:08
of our current computers,
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现有电脑的加强版，
就像电灯泡不是
蜡烛的加强版一样。
蜡烛的加强版一样。
02:10
just like a light bulb
is not a more powerful candle.
is not a more powerful candle.
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即使你不断地改良蜡烛，
也做不出电灯泡。
也做不出电灯泡。
02:14
You cannot build a light bulb
by building better and better candles.
by building better and better candles.
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电灯泡需要完全不同的技术，
02:19
A light bulb is a different technology,
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02:21
based on deeper scientific understanding.
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基于更深层次的科学认识。
同样，量子计算机是
一种基于量子力学的
一种基于量子力学的
02:23
Similarly, a quantum computer
is a new kind of device,
is a new kind of device,
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全新设备；
02:27
based on the science of quantum physics,
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就像电灯泡带来了社会变革，
02:30
and just like a light bulb
transformed society,
transformed society,
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量子计算机也很可能
02:33
quantum computers
have the potential to impact
have the potential to impact
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会影响人类生活的方方面面，
02:36
so many aspects of our lives,
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02:38
including our security needs,
our health care and even the internet.
our health care and even the internet.
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如安全需求、卫生保健、
甚至是互联网。
甚至是互联网。
因此，全球数家公司
正在研发量子计算机，
正在研发量子计算机，
02:42
So companies all around the world
are working to build these devices,
are working to build these devices,
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量子计算机究竟为何
让我们如此激动？
让我们如此激动？
02:47
and to see what
the excitement is all about,
the excitement is all about,
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02:49
let's play our game on a quantum computer.
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我们在量子计算机上玩个游戏看看。
02:52
So I can log into IBM's
quantum computer from right here,
quantum computer from right here,
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我可以就地登入
IBM的量子计算机，
IBM的量子计算机，
也就是说，
我可以远程玩游戏，
我可以远程玩游戏，
02:57
which means I can play the game remotely,
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你也可以。
03:00
and so can you.
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首先，要记得提前
从TED获得一个邮箱，
从TED获得一个邮箱，
03:02
To make this happen, you may remember
getting an email ahead of time, from TED,
getting an email ahead of time, from TED,
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你参与游戏的话，
03:07
asking you whether you would choose
to flip the coin or not,
to flip the coin or not,
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邮箱信息会问你是否要翻转硬币。
03:11
if you played the game.
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实际上，我们会问你
要选圆圈还是方块。
要选圆圈还是方块。
03:13
Well, actually, we asked you to choose
between a circle or a square.
between a circle or a square.
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你事先并不知道，
不过你选圆圈就是要把硬币翻面，
不过你选圆圈就是要把硬币翻面，
03:17
You didn't know it, but your choice
of circle meant "flip the coin,"
of circle meant "flip the coin,"
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你选方块就是不翻面。
03:21
and your choice of square
was "don't flip."
was "don't flip."
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我们收到了372条回复。
03:24
We received 372 responses.
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在此要谢谢大家的参与。
03:27
Thank you.
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03:28
That means we can play 372 games
against the quantum computer
against the quantum computer
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这意味着我们可以用你们的选择
跟量子计算机玩372把游戏。
03:33
using your choices.
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03:34
And it's a pretty fast game to play,
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这个游戏很快就能结束，
我现在就可以给你们看结果。
03:37
so I can show you the results right here.
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不幸的是，你们运气不太好。
03:40
Unfortunately, you didn't do very well.
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03:42
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
量子计算机在每轮游戏中基本都会赢。
03:44
The quantum computer won
almost every game.
almost every game.
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只输了几把，而这是计算机
自身的操作错误造成的。
自身的操作错误造成的。
03:48
It lost a few only because
of operational errors in the computer.
of operational errors in the computer.
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（笑声）
03:51
(Laughter)
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03:53
So how did it achieve
this amazing winning streak?
this amazing winning streak?
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那么，量子计算机怎么能够
如此惊人的接连获胜呢？
如此惊人的接连获胜呢？
看起来像是魔术或作弊一样，
03:58
It seems like magic or cheating,
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04:00
but actually, it's just
quantum physics in action.
quantum physics in action.
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但实际上，这是因为
量子力学在发挥作用。
量子力学在发挥作用。
操作如下：
04:03
Here's how it works.
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04:05
A regular computer simulates
heads or tails of a coin as a bit,
heads or tails of a coin as a bit,
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普通计算机用比特
模仿硬币的正面或反面，
模仿硬币的正面或反面，
即0或者1，
04:10
a zero or a one,
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或是用电脑芯片内的
电流供断来模仿。
电流供断来模仿。
04:12
or a current flipping on and off
inside your computer chip.
inside your computer chip.
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量子计算机则全然不同。
04:16
A quantum computer
is completely different.
is completely different.
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量子比特更易变，
具有非二进制特性，
具有非二进制特性，
04:19
A quantum bit has a more fluid,
nonbinary identity.
nonbinary identity.
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能以0和1叠加，
或者说组合的形式存在，
或者说组合的形式存在，
04:24
It can exist in a superposition,
or a combination of zero and one,
or a combination of zero and one,
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有可能为0，
有可能为1。
有可能为1。
04:30
with some probability of being zero
and some probability of being one.
and some probability of being one.
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换句话说，
其特性处于一个范围内。
其特性处于一个范围内。
04:35
In other words,
its identity is on a spectrum.
its identity is on a spectrum.
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比如说，它有70%的可能性是0，
04:38
For example, it could have
a 70 percent chance of being zero
a 70 percent chance of being zero
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04:42
and a 30 percent chance of being one
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和30%的可能性是1，
也可能是八二分或六四分，，
04:44
or 80-20 or 60-40.
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有无穷的可能性。
04:49
The possibilities are endless.
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04:51
The key idea here
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关键是
04:53
is that we have to give up
on precise values of zero and one
on precise values of zero and one
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我们需要放弃绝对的0和1，
接受一些不确定性。
04:57
and allow for some uncertainty.
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所以在玩游戏时，
04:59
So during the game,
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量子计算机创造了正面和反面，
05:01
the quantum computer creates
this fluid combination of heads and tails,
this fluid combination of heads and tails,
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即0和1的易变组合。
05:06
zero and one,
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05:07
so that no matter what the player does,
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所以不论玩家怎么选，
将硬币翻面与否，
05:09
flip or no flip,
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05:10
the superposition remains intact.
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叠加均不受影响。
就像是搅拌两种液体的混合物。
05:13
It's kind of like stirring
a mixture of two fluids.
a mixture of two fluids.
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不论你搅拌与否，
两种液体仍在混合物中，
两种液体仍在混合物中，
05:17
Whether or not you stir,
the fluids remain in a mixture,
the fluids remain in a mixture,
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但是在最后一步，
05:22
but in its final move,
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05:24
the quantum computer
can unmix the zero and one,
can unmix the zero and one,
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量子计算机可以把混合的0和1分开，
05:28
perfectly recovering heads
so that you lose every time.
so that you lose every time.
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让硬币正面朝上，
所以你每次都赢不了。
所以你每次都赢不了。
05:32
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
如果你觉得这很奇怪，那就对了。
05:34
If you think this is all a bit weird,
you are absolutely right.
you are absolutely right.
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普通硬币并没有
两面同时朝上这种状态。
两面同时朝上这种状态。
05:38
Regular coins do not exist
in combinations of heads and tails.
in combinations of heads and tails.
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我们在日常生活中也
从未经历过这种不确定的
从未经历过这种不确定的
05:43
We do not experience
this fluid quantum reality
this fluid quantum reality
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05:47
in our everyday lives.
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量子实际状态。
05:49
So if you are confused by quantum,
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所以如果你对量子感到困惑，
05:51
don't worry, you're getting it.
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不用担心，你终究会明白的。
05:53
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
不过即便我们没有
见识过量子的奇特之处，
见识过量子的奇特之处，
05:56
But even though we don't experience
quantum strangeness,
quantum strangeness,
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我们还是能看到
其实实在在的影响。
其实实在在的影响。
06:00
we can see its very real
effects in action.
effects in action.
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06:04
You've seen the data for yourself.
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你们也亲眼看到游戏结果了。
量子计算机赢了，
06:06
The quantum computer won
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06:08
because it harnessed
superposition and uncertainty,
superposition and uncertainty,
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因为量子计算机利用了
叠加和不确定性，
叠加和不确定性，
06:12
and these quantum properties are powerful,
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而这些量子特性非常强大。
不仅仅能在硬币游戏中获胜，
06:15
not just to win coin games,
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也能创造未来的量子技术。
06:17
but also to build
future quantum technologies.
future quantum technologies.
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量子技术的潜在应用
能够改变我们的生活，
能够改变我们的生活，
06:21
So let me give you three examples
of potential applications
of potential applications
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06:24
that could change our lives.
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我来举三个例子。
首先，量子不确定性
可以用来创造私钥，
可以用来创造私钥，
06:27
First of all, quantum uncertainty
could be used to create private keys
could be used to create private keys
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将从一个地方发到
另一个地方的信息加密，
另一个地方的信息加密，
06:32
for encrypting messages
sent from one location to another
sent from one location to another
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这样黑客就不能偷偷
完全复制这个私钥了，
完全复制这个私钥了，
06:36
so that hackers could not
secretly copy the key perfectly,
secretly copy the key perfectly,
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就是因为量子具有不确定性。
06:41
because of quantum uncertainty.
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要想获得私钥，黑客得先打破
06:43
They would have to break
the laws of quantum physics
the laws of quantum physics
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量子力学法则。
06:47
to hack the key.
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目前全球银行和其他机构已经在测试
06:49
So this kind of unbreakable encryption
is already being tested by banks
is already being tested by banks
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这种无法破解的加密方法了。
06:54
and other institutions worldwide.
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当前，全球的联网设备多达170亿台。
06:57
Today, we use more than 17 billion
connected devices globally.
connected devices globally.
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大家可以试想一下量子加密
在未来的影响力会有多大。
在未来的影响力会有多大。
07:03
Just imagine the impact quantum encryption
could have in the future.
could have in the future.
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其次，量子技术也能改变
医疗保健和医药行业。
医疗保健和医药行业。
07:08
Secondly, quantum technologies could also
transform health care and medicine.
transform health care and medicine.
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比如，在药物研发过程中
设计和分析分子
设计和分析分子
07:14
For example, the design and analysis
of molecules for drug development
of molecules for drug development
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迄今仍是一个极具挑战的难题，
07:19
is a challenging problem today,
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07:22
and that's because
exactly describing and calculating
exactly describing and calculating
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因为要准确描述和计算
分子中所有原子的
所有量子特性，
所有量子特性，
07:27
all of the quantum properties
of all the atoms in the molecule
of all the atoms in the molecule
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07:31
is a computationally difficult task,
even for our supercomputers.
even for our supercomputers.
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从计算角度而言是一个极难的任务，
对于我们的超级计算机而言也不例外。
对于我们的超级计算机而言也不例外。
但是量子计算机更胜一筹，
07:35
But a quantum computer could do better,
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因为量子计算机运行时
07:37
because it operates using
the same quantum properties
the same quantum properties
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运用了与其试图模拟的分子
相同的量子特性。
相同的量子特性。
07:40
as the molecule it's trying to simulate.
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07:43
So future large-scale quantum
simulations for drug development
simulations for drug development
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所以在未来的药物研发中，
大规模量子模拟
大规模量子模拟
或许有助于治疗
影响成千上万人的疾病，
影响成千上万人的疾病，
07:48
could perhaps lead to treatments
for diseases like Alzheimer's,
for diseases like Alzheimer's,
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07:51
which affects thousands of lives.
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如阿尔兹海默症。
第三，我个人最喜欢的量子应用是
07:54
And thirdly, my favorite
quantum application
quantum application
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07:57
is teleportation of information
from one location to another
from one location to another
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量子瞬移，即将信息
从一个地点传送到另一个地点，
从一个地点传送到另一个地点，
而不需要实际的传播途径。
08:02
without physically transmitting
the information.
the information.
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听起来就像科幻小说，
但这是可能实现的，
但这是可能实现的，
08:05
Sounds like sci-fi, but it is possible,
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因为这些量子粒子的易变特性
08:09
because these fluid identities
of the quantum particles
of the quantum particles
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08:13
can get entangled across space and time
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能跨越时空发生纠缠，
08:16
in such a way that when you change
something about one particle,
something about one particle,
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这样你更改一个粒子的某些东西时，
也会影响另一个粒子，
08:20
it can impact the other,
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08:21
and that creates
a channel for teleportation.
a channel for teleportation.
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这就创造出了量子瞬移通道。
08:25
It's already been demonstrated
in research labs
in research labs
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研究实验室已经就此进行了证实，
08:27
and could be part
of a future quantum internet.
of a future quantum internet.
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这将构成未来量子网络的一部分。
我们现在还没有这样的网络，
08:31
We don't have such a network as yet,
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不过我的团队正在
为了这些可能性而努力，
为了这些可能性而努力，
08:34
but my team is working
on these possibilities,
on these possibilities,
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08:37
by simulating a quantum network
on a quantum computer.
on a quantum computer.
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在量子计算机上模拟量子网络。
我们设计实施了
一些有趣的新网络协议，
一些有趣的新网络协议，
08:42
So we have designed and implemented
some interesting new protocols
some interesting new protocols
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08:46
such as teleportation
among different users in the network
among different users in the network
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如不同网络用户间的量子瞬移
和高效数据传输，
08:51
and efficient data transmission
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甚至还包括安全投票。
08:54
and even secure voting.
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当一名量子物理学家，
我觉得很好玩，
我觉得很好玩，
08:56
So it's a lot of fun for me,
being a quantum physicist.
being a quantum physicist.
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也极力推荐大家跟随我的脚步。
08:59
I highly recommend it.
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09:00
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
让我们一同探索神奇的量子世界。
09:02
We get to be explorers
in a quantum wonderland.
in a quantum wonderland.
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09:05
Who knows what applications
we will discover next.
we will discover next.
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谁知道接下来我们又会
发现什么样的应用呢？
发现什么样的应用呢？
09:09
We must tread carefully and responsibly
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打造量子未来时，
我们务必要谨慎负责。
09:12
as we build our quantum future.
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就我个人而言，
09:14
And for me, personally,
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09:16
I don't see quantum physics as a tool
just to build quantum computers.
just to build quantum computers.
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我并不只把量子力学
当做是制造量子计算机的工具，
当做是制造量子计算机的工具，
而是将使用量子计算机
视作探索自然奥秘、
视作探索自然奥秘、
09:22
I see quantum computers as a way
for us to probe the mysteries of nature
for us to probe the mysteries of nature
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09:27
and reveal more about this hidden world
outside of our experiences.
outside of our experiences.
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揭示未知世界的方法。
09:31
How amazing that we humans,
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人类是多么的伟大，
09:33
with our relatively limited
access to the universe,
access to the universe,
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虽然我们了解浩瀚宇宙的渠道有限，
但是凭我们的想象力与创造力，
09:36
can still see far beyond our horizons
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09:39
just using our imagination
and our ingenuity.
and our ingenuity.
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我们能够不断拓宽视野。
而浩瀚的宇宙会也会回报我们，
09:42
And the universe rewards us
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向我们展示它有趣又惊艳的一面。
09:44
by showing us how incredibly
interesting and surprising it is.
interesting and surprising it is.
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从根本上来说，未来具有不确定性；
09:49
The future is fundamentally uncertain,
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09:52
and to me, that is certainly exciting.
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对我来说，这着实激动人心。
谢谢大家。
09:56
Thank you.
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（掌声）
09:57
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Shohini Ghose - Quantum physicist, equity advocateShohini Ghose explores the strange quantum world of atoms and photons to understand the fundamental laws of the universe and harness them for quantum computing and communication -- and works to make science accessible and inclusive for people of all genders and backgrounds.
Why you should listen
As Shohini Ghose writes: "I've always wanted to be an explorer. As a girl I was inspired by Rakesh Sharma, the first Indian to go to space. I haven't made it to space yet, but I did become an explorer of a strange and exciting new world -- the quantum world of microscopic particles such as electrons and photons. I'm a theoretical physicist who examines how the laws of quantum physics can be harnessed to transform computation and communication. My colleagues and I made the first-ever observations of cesium atoms that demonstrated a connection between chaos theory and quantum entanglement.
"The activist in me questions why only three women have ever won the Nobel Prize in physics. I am passionate about addressing gender issues in science and recently founded the Laurier Centre for Women in Science, the first centre of its kind in Canada. I also work to create a vibrant and inclusive physics community in Canada as the vice president of the Canadian Association of Physicists. I love teaching and have co-authored Canada's largest selling introductory astronomy textbook."
Shohini Ghose | Speaker | TED.com