TEDGlobal 2009
Eric Sanderson: New York -- before the City
埃里克桑德森再现以前的纽约市
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在亨利‧哈德逊发现纽约港的400年后，埃里克桑德森分享他制作曼娜哈特的三维地图，精细地对照各个街区，呈现城市建立前令人叹为观止的山丘，河流及野生动物生态环境，和当时仍是一片荒芜湿地的时代广场。
Eric Sanderson - Landscape ecologist
Armed with an 18th-century map, a GPS and reams of data, Eric Sanderson has re-plotted the Manhattan of 1609, just in time for New York's quadricentennial. Full bio
Armed with an 18th-century map, a GPS and reams of data, Eric Sanderson has re-plotted the Manhattan of 1609, just in time for New York's quadricentennial. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
The substance of things unseen.
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事物的本质是不可见的，
00:18
Cities, past and future.
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城市的往昔和未来也是如此。
00:21
In Oxford, perhaps we can use Lewis Carroll
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在牛津，我们或许从刘易斯·卡洛尔的著作，
00:25
and look in the looking glass that is New York City
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从纽约市这面镜子里，
00:28
to try and see our true selves,
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试图寻见真我；
00:31
or perhaps pass through to another world.
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或者进入另一个世界。
00:34
Or, in the words of F. Scott Fitzgerald,
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或者，正如F·斯科特菲茨杰拉德所写：
00:37
"As the moon rose higher,
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“每当明月升高，
00:39
the inessential houses began to melt away
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微不足道的房屋开始消逝，
00:42
until gradually I became aware of the old island
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直到我逐渐意识到这座古老岛屿，
00:44
here that once flowered for Dutch sailors' eyes,
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曾是荷兰水手眼中繁花盛开之地，
00:47
a fresh green breast of the new world."
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新世界中一处翠绿的处女地。”
00:50
My colleagues and I have been working for 10 years
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我和我的同事用了十年时间
00:52
to rediscover this lost world
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重新探索这个失落的世界，
00:55
in a project we call The Mannahatta Project.
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并将其命名为“曼娜哈特”(曼哈顿的印第安语)计划。
00:58
We're trying to discover what Henry Hudson would have seen
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我们试图探索亨利‧哈德逊船长
01:00
on the afternoon of September 12th, 1609,
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在1609年9月12日的下午
01:03
when he sailed into New York harbor.
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航行至纽约港时所见的一切。
01:06
And I'd like to tell you the story in three acts,
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而我想把这个故事分成三段讲，
01:08
and if I have time still, an epilogue.
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如果时间允许的话，我也想再做一个总结。
01:11
So, Act I: A Map Found.
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那么，第一部分：一张地图的发现。
01:13
So, I didn't grow up in New York.
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是的，我并不在纽约长大。
01:15
I grew up out west in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, like you see here,
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正如你们看到的照片，我在西瓦内华达山区
01:18
in the Red Rock Canyon.
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红岩峡谷长大。
01:20
And from these early experiences as a child
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由于我儿时的经历，
01:22
I learned to love landscapes.
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我渐渐地爱上了自然景观。
01:24
And so when it became time for me to do my graduate studies,
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所以，当我要着手我的研究生课程时，
01:26
I studied this emerging field of landscape ecology.
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我学习了景观生态学--这门新兴领域的研究。
01:30
Landscape ecology concerns itself
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景观生态学关注诸如
01:32
with how the stream and the meadow and the forest and the cliffs
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河流、草地、森林和悬崖是怎样
01:36
make habitats for plants and animals.
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为动植物提供栖息地的问题。
01:38
This experience and this training
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而这份经历和学术培训，
01:40
lead me to get a wonderful job with the Wildlife Conservation Society,
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使我获得了与野生动物保护协会共事的绝佳机会，
01:43
which works to save wildlife and wild places all over the world.
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这份工作致力于拯救世界各地的野生动物和野生地区生态。
01:46
And over the last decade,
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在过去的10年中，
01:48
I traveled to over 40 countries
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我前往四十多个国家，
01:50
to see jaguars and bears and elephants
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观察那里的美洲虎、熊、大象，
01:52
and tigers and rhinos.
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以及老虎和犀牛。
01:54
But every time I would return from my trips I'd return back to New York City.
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但是每一次我旅途回来，到纽约市。
01:57
And on my weekends I would go up, just like all the other tourists,
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在周末，我就会像所有的游客一样，
02:00
to the top of the Empire State Building,
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爬到帝国大厦的顶楼。
02:02
and I'd look down on this landscape, on these ecosystems,
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我也会向下俯瞰这里的风景和生态系统，
02:05
and I'd wonder, "How does this landscape
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于是我便疑惑：“这里的景观
02:07
work to make habitat for plants and animals?
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是怎样为动植物提供居住场所的?
02:09
How does it work to make habitat for animals like me?"
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它又是怎样为像我这样的动物提供居住地的呢？”
02:13
I'd go to Times Square and I'd look at the amazing ladies on the wall,
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我也会去时代广场，看一看那墙上美丽的女士们，
02:17
and wonder why nobody is looking at the historical figures just behind them.
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然后疑惑：为什么没有人关注她们过去的祖辈？
02:22
I'd go to Central Park and see the rolling topography of Central Park
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我也到中央公园去，看着中央公园起伏的地形，
02:25
come up against the abrupt and sheer
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与此对比的是陡峭的
02:27
topography of midtown Manhattan.
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曼哈顿中城地形。
02:31
I started reading about the history and the geography in New York City.
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于是，我开始阅读有关纽约市的历史和地理资料。
02:34
I read that New York City was the first mega-city,
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我了解到纽约市是第一座特大城市，
02:36
a city of 10 million people or more, in 1950.
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在1950年便拥有超过一千万人口。
02:40
I started seeing paintings like this.
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我开始察看这样的画作。
02:42
For those of you who are from New York,
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对于你们这些来自纽约的人而言，
02:44
this is 125th street under the West Side Highway.
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这是城西高速公路下的125街。
02:47
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
02:49
It was once a beach. And this painting
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这里曾是一个沙滩。而这幅图里
02:51
has John James Audubon, the painter, sitting on the rock.
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有画家奥杜邦坐在岩石上的身影。
02:54
And it's looking up on the wooded heights of Washington Heights
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上方的林地便是华盛顿高地，
02:56
to Jeffrey's Hook, where the George Washington Bridge goes across today.
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杰佛瑞虎克灯塔方向，即是今日乔治‧华盛顿大桥横跨的所在。
03:00
Or this painting, from the 1740s, from Greenwich Village.
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再来看这幅图，描绘的是18世纪40年代的格林威治村。
03:03
Those are two students at King's College -- later Columbia University --
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国王学院（后来成为哥伦比亚大学）的两位学生
03:06
sitting on a hill, overlooking a valley.
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坐在山丘上俯瞰整个村庄。
03:09
And so I'd go down to Greenwich Village and I'd look for this hill,
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所以我来到格林威治村，想要找到那座山丘。
03:12
and I couldn't find it. And I couldn't find that palm tree.
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但是我找不到它，当然也找不到那棵棕榈树。
03:15
What's that palm tree doing there?
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那棵棕榈树到底在哪呢？
03:17
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
03:18
So, it was in the course of these investigations that I ran into a map.
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所以，我是在调查的过程中偶遇这张地图的。
03:21
And it's this map you see here.
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也就是你所见的这一张。
03:23
It's held in a geographic information system
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它被保存在地理信息系统中，
03:25
which allows me to zoom in.
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我把它放大。
03:27
This map isn't from Hudson's time, but from the American Revolution,
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但这幅地图并不来自于哈德逊的时代，而是来自于美国革命时期。
03:30
170 years later, made by British military cartographers
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170年后，由英国军事制图员
03:34
during the occupation of New York City.
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在英占领纽约市时绘制的。
03:36
And it's a remarkable map. It's in the National Archives here in Kew.
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这是一张很杰出的地图，现存于伦敦克佑区的英国国立档案馆中。
03:40
And it's 10 feet long and three and a half feet wide.
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它长10英尺，宽3.5英尺。
03:42
And if I zoom in to lower Manhattan
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如果我放大到曼哈顿下城区，
03:45
you can see the extent of New York City as it was,
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你便可以看见纽约市
03:47
right at the end of the American Revolution.
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在美国革命末的模样。
03:49
Here's Bowling Green. And here's Broadway.
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这里是鲍灵格林，而这里是百老汇街。
03:52
And this is City Hall Park.
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这里是市府公园。
03:54
So the city basically extended to City Hall Park.
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所以这座城市基本延伸到市府公园。
03:57
And just beyond it you can see features
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再往上走，便能看到
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that have vanished, things that have disappeared.
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地形已改变，景观已消失。
04:01
This is the Collect Pond, which was the fresh water source for New York City
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这个蓄水池，曾是纽约市建立初的200年间
04:04
for its first 200 years,
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城市的淡水来源。
04:06
and for the Native Americans for thousands of years before that.
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它也是土著美国人此前千百年来的淡水来源。
04:09
You can see the Lispenard Meadows
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你可以看到利兹本纳德草地
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draining down through here, through what is TriBeCa now,
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水流流经此地，即现在的三角地翠贝卡区。
04:13
and the beaches that come up from the Battery,
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而海滩从炮台
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all the way to 42nd St.
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一路延伸至42街。
04:17
This map was made for military reasons.
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这幅图的绘制出于军事考虑。
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They're mapping the roads, the buildings, these fortifications
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所以他们标记了道路、楼房
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that they built.
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和他们所建造的堡垒。
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But they're also mapping things of ecological interest,
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但是他们也标记了一些富有生态意义
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also military interest: the hills,
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以及军事意义的事物：山丘
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the marshes, the streams.
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沼泽和水流。
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This is Richmond Hill, and Minetta Water,
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这是列治文山，还有米尼塔河。
04:33
which used to run its way through Greenwich Village.
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它从前经由这条路流入格林威治村。
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Or the swamp at Gramercy Park, right here.
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格拉姆西公园的沼泽在这儿，
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Or Murray Hill. And this is the Murrays' house
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还有莫里山，这儿是莫里之家
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on Murray Hill, 200 years ago.
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200年前在莫里山上。
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Here is Times Square,
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这里是时代广场，
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the two streams that came together to make a wetland
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两股水流在这里汇合，形成了湿地。
04:51
in Times Square, as it was at the end of the American Revolution.
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这时正值美国革命末。
04:56
So I saw this remarkable map in a book.
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我在一本书上看到这张了不起的地图。
04:58
And I thought to myself, "You know, if I could georeference this map,
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当时我想，“如果我可以对这张地图进行地理座标参照，
05:02
if I could place this map in the grid of the city today,
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把这张地图放在今日纽约市的格局上，
05:05
I could find these lost features
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我就能找出
05:07
of the city,
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这座城市失落的景观。
05:09
in the block-by-block geography that people know,
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一块块地拼出人们熟悉的地貌，
05:12
the geography of where people go to work, and where they go to live,
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比如人们上班地点和他们居住地方的地貌，
05:15
and where they like to eat."
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以及他们喜爱的餐厅的地貌。”
05:17
So, after some work we were able to georeference it,
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所以经过一些努力之后，我们对它进行了地理座标参照定位，
05:19
which allows us to put the modern streets on the city,
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使我们能够把现代的道路、
05:22
and the buildings, and the open spaces,
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楼房和空地放到城市中。
05:27
so that we can zoom in to where the Collect Pond is.
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这样我们就可以放大蓄水湖的位置。
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We can digitize the Collect Pond and the streams,
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我们可以将蓄水湖和水流都数字化，
05:36
and see where they actually are in the geography of the city today.
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我们也就可以知道它们在今天的城市地理中的位置。
05:41
So this is fun for finding where things are
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有趣的是比照旧的地形
05:44
relative to the old topography.
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找出现在的位置。
05:49
But I had another idea about this map.
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但是我对这张地图还有别的想法。
05:51
If we take away the streets, and if we take away the buildings,
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如果我们拿走这些街道，如果我们拿走这些楼房，
05:54
and if we take away the open spaces,
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如果我们拿走这些绿色空地，
05:56
then we could take this map.
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然后我们可以得到这张地图。
05:58
If we pull off the 18th century features
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如果我们可以展现18世纪的特征，
06:00
we could drive it back in time.
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我们回到过去的时间。
06:02
We could drive it back to its ecological fundamentals:
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我们也可以还原过去生态基础的特征：
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to the hills, to the streams,
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那些山丘、水流
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to the basic hydrology and shoreline, to the beaches,
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基本水文、海岸线、海滩……
06:12
the basic aspects that make the ecological landscape.
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那些构成生态景观的基本方面。
06:16
Then, if we added maps like the geology, the bedrock geology,
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随后，如果我们加上地质学、基岩地质学，
06:19
and the surface geology, what the glaciers leave,
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和地表地质学，冰川遗迹；
06:22
if we make the soil map,
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如果我们制作土壤地图，
06:24
with the 17 soil classes,
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包含国家土壤保护所认定的
06:27
that are defined by the National Conservation Service,
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17种土壤；
06:30
if we make a digital elevation model
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如果我们可以制作一个数字地形高度模型
06:32
of the topography that tells us how high the hills were,
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告诉我们那些山丘的高度，
06:35
then we can calculate the slopes.
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我们就可以计算它们的坡度。
06:38
We can calculate the aspect.
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是的，我们可以计算各方面的数据。
06:41
We can calculate the winter wind exposure --
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我们可以计算冬季风的风向--
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so, which way the winter winds blow across the landscape.
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也就是冬季风是怎样吹过地面景观的。
06:45
The white areas on this map are the places protected from the winter winds.
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地图上白色的部分是不受冬季风侵扰的地方。
06:50
We compiled all the information about where the Native Americans were, the Lenape.
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我们收集了美洲原住民勒纳佩族所有曾居住的地点的信息。
06:53
And we built a probability map about where they might have been.
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然后我们建立了一个他们可能居住地点的地图。
06:57
So, the red areas on this map indicate the places
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地图上红色的部分指出
06:59
that are best for human sustainability on Manhattan,
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曼哈顿岛上最适宜人类可持续居住的地点。
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places that are close to water,
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那些靠近水源的，
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places that are near the harbor to fish,
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靠近渔港的，
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places protected from the winter winds.
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不受冬季风侵扰的地方。
07:10
We know that there was a Lenape settlement
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我们知道从前有一个勒纳佩族的定居点，
07:12
down here by the Collect Pond.
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位于南部毗邻蓄水池的地方。
07:15
And we knew that they planted a kind of horticulture,
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我们也了解到他们有园艺种植的习惯，
07:17
that they grew these beautiful gardens of corn, beans, and squash,
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他们有美丽的玉米，豆类和南瓜园地，
07:20
the "Three Sisters" garden.
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即“蔬菜三姐妹”园地。
07:22
So, we built a model that explains where those fields might have been.
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于是，我们建立了一个模型，来解释这些园地可能存在的地方。
07:26
And the old fields, the successional fields that go.
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还有过去的园地及其周边园地的情况。
07:28
And we might think of these as abandoned.
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我们或许会以为它们被遗弃了。
07:30
But, in fact, they're grassland habitats
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但事实上，它们现在是草地，
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for grassland birds and plants.
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为草地鸟类和植物提供栖息地；
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And they have become successional shrub lands,
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或是已经形成灌木林地。
07:37
and these then mix in to a map of all the ecological communities.
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这就混合成这张汇集所有生态社区的地图。
07:41
And it turns out that Manhattan had 55 different ecosystem types.
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由此，我们了解到曼哈顿岛曾有55种不同的生态系统。
07:45
You can think of these as neighborhoods,
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你可以把它们想作邻里关系，
07:47
as distinctive as TriBeCa and the Upper East Side and Inwood --
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各自独特的就像三角地翠贝卡去，上东城区和Inwood区--
07:52
that these are the forest and the wetlands
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那里有森林和湿地；
07:54
and the marine communities, the beaches.
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水生群落和沙滩。
07:57
And 55 is a lot. On a per-area basis,
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55种生态系统很庞大。在平均面积的角度上，
08:00
Manhattan had more ecological communities
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曼哈顿岛每英亩拥有的生态群落的数量
08:02
per acre than Yosemite does,
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甚至比优山美地国家公园多，
08:04
than Yellowstone, than Amboseli.
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也比美国黄石公园和肯尼亚安伯塞利保护公园多。
08:07
It was really an extraordinary landscape
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这实在是非常奇异的景观，
08:09
that was capable of supporting an extraordinary biodiversity.
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竟能够支持如此奇特的生物多样性。
08:13
So, Act II: A Home Reconstructed.
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接下来，第二部分：一个重建的家园。
08:17
So, we studied the fish and the frogs and the birds and the bees,
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我们对鱼类、蛙类、鸟类和蜂类进行了研究，
08:21
the 85 different kinds of fish that were on Manhattan,
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在曼哈顿，曾有85种鱼类，
08:24
the Heath hens, the species that aren't there anymore,
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有已经灭绝的新英格兰草原松鸡，
08:28
the beavers on all the streams, the black bears,
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还有曾经在所有溪流中发现的海狸及黑熊。
08:31
and the Native Americans, to study how they used
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我们也研究了土著居民怎样利用、
08:34
and thought about their landscape.
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思考他们的地质景观的。
08:36
We wanted to try and map these. And to do that what we did
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我们想要标记它们。为此我们做的是
08:39
was we mapped their habitat needs.
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标记它们的居住需要。
08:41
Where do they get their food?
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他们从哪儿得到食物？
08:43
Where do they get their water? Where do they get their shelter?
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他们从哪儿取水？他们避护住所是什么样的？
08:45
Where do they get their reproductive resources?
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他们从哪儿得到生殖资源？
08:48
To an ecologist, the intersection of these is habitat,
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对于一个生态学家而言，这之间的交汇便是栖息地。
08:51
but to most people, the intersection of these is their home.
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但对于大多数人而言，这之间的交汇是他们的家。
08:56
So, we would read in field guides, the standard field guides
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所以，我们想要阅读野外指南，标准野外指南，
08:58
that maybe you have on your shelves,
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就是你们书架上可能会有的那一类。
09:00
you know, what beavers need is "A slowly meandering stream
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你知道，海狸需要的是“一条流速缓而曲折的溪流，
09:02
with aspen trees and alders and willows,
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边上还得有白杨，赤杨和柳树。”
09:05
near the water." That's the best thing for a beaver.
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这就是最适合海狸的。
09:07
So we just started making a list.
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所以我们开始列表。
09:09
Here is the beaver. And here is the stream,
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这里是海狸，这里是水流，
09:11
and the aspen and the alder and the willow.
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这里则是白杨，赤杨和柳树。
09:13
As if these were the maps that we would need
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如果这些就是我们所需的地图，
09:15
to predict where you would find the beaver.
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我们就可以预测在哪里你能够找到一只海狸。
09:17
Or the bog turtle, needing wet meadows and insects and sunny places.
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或者一只牟氏龟，需要湿草地、昆虫和阳光充裕的地方。
09:21
Or the bobcat, needing rabbits and beavers and den sites.
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或者是一只山猫，需要野兔、海狸和洞穴。
09:25
And rapidly we started to realize that beavers can be
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于是我们很快意识到海狸可能会是
09:28
something that a bobcat needs.
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山猫需要的东西。
09:31
But a beaver also needs things. And that having it
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但是海狸本身也需要某些东西。所以无论
09:33
on either side means that we can link it together,
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把它们放在捕食者或被捕食者的一边，我们都能把它们连接起来。
09:35
that we can create the network
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于是，我们有了
09:37
of the habitat relationships for these species.
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这些物种栖息关系的网络。
09:40
Moreover, we realized that you can start out
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另外，我们也意识到你可以
09:42
as being a beaver specialist,
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以一个海狸专家的身份开始研究，
09:44
but you can look up what an aspen needs.
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但是你需要知道白杨需要的东西。
09:46
An aspen needs fire and dry soils.
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白杨喜光，强阳性和干燥的土壤。
09:49
And you can look at what a wet meadow needs.
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然后你可以知道湿草地需要什么。
09:52
And it need beavers to create the wetlands,
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它需要海狸创造湿地，
09:54
and maybe some other things.
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或许还有其它的东西。
09:56
But you can also talk about sunny places.
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但是你可以再想想阳光灿烂的地方。
09:58
So, what does a sunny place need? Not habitat per se.
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那么，阳光灿烂的地方需要什么？本身不是栖息地。
10:01
But what are the conditions that make it possible?
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但是，在何种情况下才有可能呢？
10:03
Or fire. Or dry soils.
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或为阳光，或为干土。
10:06
And that you can put these on a grid that's 1,000 columns long
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这样一来，你可以将这些联系画在1000栏的格线上，
10:09
across the top and 1,000 rows down the other way.
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左侧也填入1000格资料。
10:12
And then we can visualize this data like a network,
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然后我们将这些数据网状图像化，
10:15
like a social network.
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就像一个社交网络。
10:17
And this is the network of all the habitat relationships
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这张网络汇集所有的栖息关系，
10:19
of all the plants and animals on Manhattan,
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所有生活在曼哈顿岛上的动植物，
10:21
and everything they needed,
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以及所有它们需要的东西。
10:23
going back to the geology,
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我们于是能够回到地质学的范畴，
10:25
going back to time and space at the very core of the web.
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回到网络核心的时间和空间位置。
10:28
We call this the Muir Web. And if you zoom in on it it looks like this.
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我们把这叫做缪尔网络。如果你放大，它会是这样的。
10:31
Each point is a different species
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每一个点都代表一个不同的物种
10:33
or a different stream or a different soil type.
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或者一条不同的溪流或土壤种类。
10:36
And those little gray lines are the connections that connect them together.
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而这些灰色的线表示将它们联系起来的关联。
10:39
They are the connections that actually make nature resilient.
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这些连线恢复了自然生态活力。
10:42
And the structure of this is what makes nature work,
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这种结构则是自然的运作机理，
10:46
seen with all its parts.
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每一个部分，正如你所见。
10:48
We call these Muir Webs after the Scottish-American naturalist
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我们把它称作缪尔网络，以纪念美籍苏格兰裔自然学家
10:51
John Muir, who said, "When we try to pick out anything by itself,
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约翰·缪尔，他曾说：“当我们试着举出一个自身事物，
10:54
we find that it's bound fast by a thousand invisible cords
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我们总会发现它被数以千计的看不见的关系牵连，
10:57
that cannot be broken, to everything in the universe."
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对于任何宇宙中的事物，这种联系都不能被打破。”
11:01
So then we took the Muir webs and we took them back to the maps.
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之后我们引用了缪尔网络并把它带回地图上。
11:04
So if we wanted to go between 85th and 86th,
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如果我们想去85街和86街之间的区域，
11:06
and Lex and Third,
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以及莱克星顿街和3街之间的地方，
11:08
maybe there was a stream in that block.
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或许在那个街区里曾有一条溪流。
11:10
And these would be the kind of trees that might have been there,
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或许某种树类曾在那里生长，
11:12
and the flowers and the lichens and the mosses,
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还有花、地衣和苔藓，
11:16
the butterflies, the fish in the stream,
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蝴蝶和水中的鱼，
11:19
the birds in the trees.
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树上的鸟。
11:21
Maybe a timber rattlesnake lived there.
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或许还有一只森林响尾蛇生活在那儿。
11:23
And perhaps a black bear walked by. And maybe Native Americans were there.
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或许一只黑熊曾出没过，或许土著居民也生活在那里。
11:26
And then we took this data.
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然后我们应用了这些资料。
11:28
You can see this for yourself on our website.
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你可以亲自访问我们的网站，
11:30
You can zoom into any block on Manhattan,
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你可以放大曼哈顿任何的街区，
11:32
and see what might have been there 400 years ago.
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然后看一看400年前那里的模样。
11:35
And we used it to try and reveal a landscape
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而我们用它来重现景观。
11:38
here in Act III.
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最后，第三部分。
11:40
We used the tools they use in Hollywood
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我们使用了当今好莱坞惯用的工具
11:42
to make these fantastic landscapes that we all see in the movies.
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来制作这些只有在电影中才看得到的奇幻的自然景观。
11:45
And we tried to use it to visualize Third Avenue.
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我们尝试图像化第三大道。
11:48
So we would take the landscape and we would build up the topography.
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我们取得并绘制地貌地形。
11:52
We'd lay on top of that the soils and the waters, and illuminate the landscape.
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我们还原土壤和河流，恢复以前地貌。
11:56
We would lay on top of that the map of the ecological communities.
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我们把生态群落放到地图的顶层，
11:59
And feed into that the map of the species.
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并填充物种地图。
12:02
So that we would actually take a photograph,
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这样一来，我们甚至可以拍照片，
12:04
flying above Times Square, looking toward the Hudson River,
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飞跃时代广场，面朝哈得逊河的方向，
12:06
waiting for Hudson to come.
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等待哈得逊先生的到来。
12:08
Using this technology, we can make these
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使用这种技术，我们有了
12:10
fantastic georeferenced views.
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这些引人入胜的地理坐标参照景观。
12:12
We can basically take a picture out of any window
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我们很容易拍摄到曼哈顿岛上任何视角的照片，
12:14
on Manhattan and see what that landscape looked like 400 years ago.
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然后看一看它四百年前的样子。
12:17
This is the view from the East River, looking up Murray Hill
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这是从东河向莫里山看到
12:20
at where the United Nations is today.
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今天联合国总部所在的位置。
12:23
This is the view looking down the Hudson River,
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这是俯瞰哈德逊河。
12:25
with Manhattan on the left, and New Jersey out on the right,
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左边是曼哈顿，右边是新泽西州，
12:28
looking out toward the Atlantic Ocean.
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朝着大西洋。
12:31
This is the view over Times Square,
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这是时代广场上空的景致，
12:33
with the beaver pond there, looking out toward the east.
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海狸水塘在那儿，朝东面看。
12:37
So we can see the Collect Pond, and Lispenard Marshes back behind.
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我们可以看见蓄水池，立兹本纳德沼泽在其后。
12:41
We can see the fields that the Native Americans made.
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我们可以看见那些土著美国人开垦的园地。
12:44
And we can see this in the geography of the city today.
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我们也可以在今天的城市中看到它。
12:48
So when you're watching "Law and Order," and the lawyers walk up the steps
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所以当你看到电视剧“法律与秩序”中的律师沿着纽约法院前的阶梯径直走，
12:51
they could have walked back down those steps
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要是400年前，他们则是
12:53
of the New York Court House, right into the Collect Pond,
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走进蓄水塘
12:55
400 years ago.
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。
12:59
So these images are the work of my friend and colleague,
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这些图像是我的朋友和同事的杰作。
13:02
Mark Boyer, who is here in the audience today.
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马克波耶尔先生，今天他也在观众席中。
13:04
And I'd just like, if you would give him a hand,
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在这里我希望在座各位可以为他鼓掌，
13:06
to call out for his fine work.
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感谢他的出色表现。
13:09
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
13:18
There is such power in bringing science and visualization together,
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科技与视觉化技术确实能够有这样的力量，
13:21
that we can create images like this,
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使我们创造出了如此的图像。
13:23
perhaps looking on either side of a looking glass.
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或许这就是看着镜子的两面。
13:26
And even though I've only had a brief time to speak,
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尽管今天时间有限，
13:28
I hope you appreciate that Mannahatta was a very special place.
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我仍希望你们能够意识到曼哈顿是一个很特别的地方。
13:31
The place that you see here on the left side
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在这里，你所看到左侧生态是相互关联的，
13:34
was interconnected. It was based on this diversity.
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而这是基于生态的多样性而言的。
13:36
It had this resilience that is what we need in our modern world.
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它拥有的活力正是当今世界所需要的。
13:41
But I wouldn't have you think that I don't like the place
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但是我不希望让你们认为我不喜欢右边的地方（现在的曼哈顿），
13:44
on the right, which I quite do. I've come to love the city
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事实上，我很爱纽约，让我爱上它的
13:47
and its kind of diversity, and its resilience,
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正是这座城市的多样性和活力，
13:49
and its dependence on density and how we're connected together.
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以及人口稠密区的互相依存、我们是怎样联系在一起的。
13:54
In fact, that I see them as reflections of each other,
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实际上，我把它们看作是各自的倒影。
13:58
much as Lewis Carroll did in "Through the Looking Glass."
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确实很像是刘易斯卡洛尔在“透过镜子看”中的想法。
14:01
We can compare these two and hold them in our minds at the same time,
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我们可以比较这两者，并同时在心中拥有它们，
14:05
that they really are the same place,
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因为它们确实是同一处地点，
14:07
that there is no way that cities can escape from nature.
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城市也是无论如何离不开自然的。
14:10
And I think this is what we're learning about building cities in the future.
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我认为，这是我们学习如何建造未来城市的一种借鉴。
14:14
So if you'll allow me a brief epilogue, not about the past,
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所以允许我做一个简短的总结，这不仅关于过去的，
14:17
but about 400 years from now,
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而是以后的400年，
14:19
what we're realizing is that
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我们想到，
14:21
cities are habitats for people,
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城市是人类居住的场所，
14:23
and need to supply what people need:
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需要提供人类需要的东西：
14:25
a sense of home, food, water, shelter,
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一种家的感觉、食物、水和庇护住所，
14:28
reproductive resources, and a sense of meaning.
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繁殖资源和一种有意义的感觉。
14:32
This is the particular additional habitat requirement of humanity.
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这是一种人类特有的对栖息地的要求。
14:35
And so many of the talks here at TED are about meaning,
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也有这么多TED演讲是关于意义的，
14:38
about bringing meaning to our lives
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关于如何将意义带入我们的生活
14:40
in all kinds of different ways, through technology,
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的方方面面，通过技术、
14:42
through art, through science,
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通过艺术、通过科学，
14:44
so much so that I think we focus so much on
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多到我认为我们把太多的关注
14:47
that side of our lives, that we haven't given enough
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投向生活方面，同时我们对于
14:49
attention to the food and the water and the shelter,
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食物、水源、住所，
14:52
and what we need to raise the kids.
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以及我们所需供给孩子的东西的关注却不够。
14:55
So, how can we envision the city of the future?
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所以，我们又该怎样展望城市的未来呢？
14:58
Well, what if we go to Madison Square Park,
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那么，如果我们走到麦迪逊广场公园，
15:00
and we imagine it without all the cars,
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想象周围没有汽车，
15:03
and bicycles instead
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而是自行车，
15:05
and large forests, and streams instead of sewers and storm drains?
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以及大片的森林、溪流，而不是下水道和排水管，世界会怎样？
15:10
What if we imagined the Upper East Side
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如果我们想象在上东区，
15:12
with green roofs, and streams winding through the city,
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有绿色的自然屋顶，溪流蜿蜒穿过城市，
15:16
and windmills supplying the power we need?
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风车提供我们所需的能量，世界又会怎样？
15:19
Or if we imagine the New York City metropolitan area,
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又或者，当我们想象，纽约市的大都会地区，
15:22
currently home to 12 million people,
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目前是一千两百万人的家，
15:24
but 12 million people in the future, perhaps living at the density of Manhattan,
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但未来可能将有一千两百万人住在曼哈顿的人口稠密区，
15:28
in only 36 percent of the area,
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那仅仅是本区36%的土地面积，
15:30
with the areas in between covered by farmland,
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其间被人们所需的农田、
15:33
covered by wetlands,
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湿地、
15:35
covered by the marshes we need.
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沼泽覆盖。
15:37
This is the kind of future I think we need,
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这就是我心目中，人们所需的未来，
15:40
is a future that has the same diversity
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一个同样多的生物多样性、
15:43
and abundance and dynamism of Manhattan,
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丰富性和活力性的曼哈顿，
15:46
but that learns from the sustainability of the past,
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同时借鉴了过去的可持续生存之道，
15:49
of the ecology, the original ecology, of nature with all its parts.
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无论是生态学、原始生态学还是大自然的一切。
15:54
Thank you very much.
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非常感谢！
15:56
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Eric Sanderson - Landscape ecologistArmed with an 18th-century map, a GPS and reams of data, Eric Sanderson has re-plotted the Manhattan of 1609, just in time for New York's quadricentennial.
Why you should listen
Before becoming the center of the Western cultural universe, Manhattan was Mannahatta, "Island of many hills," in the language of 17th-century Native Americans. Using computer modeling, painstaking research and a lot of legwork, Wildlife Conservation Society ecologist Eric Sanderson has re-envisioned, block by block, the ecology of Manhattan as it was when Henry Hudson first sailed into the forested harbor in 1609.
The Mannahatta Project presents the eye-popping fruits of Sanderson's research, from the now-flattened hills of the financial district to the river otters of Harlem. The project's astonishing visualizations are realized by computer-graphics wizard Markley Boyer, and encompasses a book, a website and a 3-D map -- a sort of Google Earth of ancient New York. Plaques around town will commemorate a lost creek or habitat. Far more than a mournful look back at what has been irrevocably paved over, the Mannahatta Project is designed to inspire ecological sustainability for New York and for other cities.
Eric Sanderson | Speaker | TED.com