TEDGlobal 2017
Leo Igwe: Why I choose humanism over faith
李歐伊格威: 為什麼我選擇人道主義而非信仰
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身為人道主義者，李歐伊格威不相信神聖干預──但他相信人類有力量可以緩和苦難、治癒疾病、保護星球，將貧窮的情況轉變成繁榮。在這場大膽的演說中，伊格威分享了人道主義如何能將非洲人從具傷害力的迷信中解放，並給予他們重建這塊大陸的力量。
Leo Igwe - Human rights activist
Leo Igwe works to end a variety of human rights violations that are rooted in superstition, including witchcraft accusations, anti-gay hate, caste discrimination and ritual killing. Full bio
Leo Igwe works to end a variety of human rights violations that are rooted in superstition, including witchcraft accusations, anti-gay hate, caste discrimination and ritual killing. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Something happened
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我經歷了一件事，
00:16
while I was studying in the seminary
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那時我就讀神學院，
00:19
and training to be a priest.
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受訓要成為神職人員。
00:23
I came in contact
with a different idea of life.
with a different idea of life.
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我接觸到了一種不同的人生想法。
00:28
An idea of life that contradicted
the main teachings of religion --
the main teachings of religion --
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這種人生想法和宗教的
主要教義有所矛盾──
主要教義有所矛盾──
00:33
humanism.
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人道主義。
00:36
Some of you may be wondering,
what on earth is humanism?
what on earth is humanism?
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在座有些人可能納悶，
人道主義到底是什麼？
人道主義到底是什麼？
00:41
Humanism is a way of thinking and living
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人道主義是一種思考和生活的方式，
00:44
that emphasizes the agency
of human beings.
of human beings.
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強調的是人類的施為。
00:48
Humanism stresses the fact
that we, human beings,
that we, human beings,
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人道主義強調一個事實：
我們人類有能力改變世界。
00:52
are capable of changing the world.
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00:55
That we have the power
to make a difference in our lives,
to make a difference in our lives,
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我們有力量讓世界因我們而不同，
00:58
both individually and collectively,
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不論是單打獨鬥或通力合作，
01:01
without recourse to some outside force.
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而不用求助於外在力量。
01:05
It may interest you to know
that the best humanist lessons I learned
that the best humanist lessons I learned
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你們可能會想知道，
我所學到最棒的人道主義課，
我所學到最棒的人道主義課，
01:10
were not from reading philosophy books
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並不是來自閱讀哲學書籍，
01:13
or from poring over humanist
manifestos and declarations.
manifestos and declarations.
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也不是來自熟讀
人道主義宣言及聲明。
人道主義宣言及聲明。
01:18
No, not at all.
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不，完全不是。
01:20
The best humanist lesson I learned
was from the life of my own parents.
was from the life of my own parents.
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我所學到最棒的人道主義課，
是來自我父母的人生。
是來自我父母的人生。
01:26
My parents come
from a poor family background
from a poor family background
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我父母來自貧窮的家庭，
01:29
in Mbaise, in southeastern Nigeria.
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位在奈及利亞南部的姆巴依斯。
01:33
They had limited opportunities.
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他們的機會有限。
01:35
But my parents did not allow
the circumstances of their bad upbringing
the circumstances of their bad upbringing
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但我父母不讓那糟糕的教養環境
01:40
to determine the ambition and dreams
for themselves and for their children.
for themselves and for their children.
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決定他們及孩子的野心和夢想。
01:46
My father worked part-time,
trained as a teacher,
trained as a teacher,
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我父親一邊打工，
一邊受訓成為老師，
一邊受訓成為老師，
01:50
and rose to become a headmaster
at a local primary school.
at a local primary school.
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升遷成為一間地方小學的校長。
01:54
My mother dropped out
of school quite early,
of school quite early,
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我母親很早就休學，
01:57
because her mother, my grandmother,
could not afford her education.
could not afford her education.
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因為她的母親，我的祖母，
負擔不起她的教育。
負擔不起她的教育。
02:03
As a parent, my mother worked very hard,
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身為家長，我母親非常努力，
02:06
combining farming, petty trading
and taking care of my siblings and me.
and taking care of my siblings and me.
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同時務農、做小額貿易，
還要照顧我和我的手足。
還要照顧我和我的手足。
02:13
By the time I was born --
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到我出生時──
02:15
that was shortly after
the Nigerian civil war --
the Nigerian civil war --
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那是奈及利亞內戰之後沒多久──
02:18
life was very difficult,
a struggle day by day.
a struggle day by day.
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生活非常困苦，每天都是場硬仗。
02:23
My family was living in a hut.
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我的家庭住在一間簡陋小屋中。
02:25
With the eye of a child,
I can still see water
I can still see water
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那時我還是個孩子，
到現在我還看得到
到現在我還看得到
02:28
dripping from the thatched roof
of our house when it rained.
of our house when it rained.
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下雨時水從我們房子的
茅草屋頂滴落。
茅草屋頂滴落。
02:32
My father reared goats
to supplement the family income.
to supplement the family income.
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我父親有養羊，來補足家庭收入。
02:36
And part of my duty
after school hours or during vacation
after school hours or during vacation
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我下課後或是假日時有一部分責任
02:40
was to feed these goats.
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是要餵食這些羊。
02:43
There was no electricity,
no pipe with water.
no pipe with water.
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那時沒有電力，沒有自來水。
02:47
We trekked to fetch water
from the nearby streams.
from the nearby streams.
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我們要艱苦跋涉到附近的溪流取水。
02:50
That was an easy work in the wet season,
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在雨季，那是簡單的工作，
02:53
but kilometers when it was hot and dry.
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但在又熱又乾的日子，
要走上數公里。
要走上數公里。
02:57
Through hard work and perseverance,
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透過辛勤工作和堅持不懈，
02:59
my parents were able
to erect a block apartment
to erect a block apartment
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我父母才得以建了一棟公寓，
03:02
and send my siblings and me to school.
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並讓我和我的手足可以上學。
03:05
They made it possible for us
to enjoy a standard of living
to enjoy a standard of living
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他們讓我們享受到的生活水平，
03:08
which they never did
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是他們從來沒有的，
03:10
and to attain educational levels
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讓我們達到的教育水準，
03:12
which they only imagined
when they were growing up.
when they were growing up.
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是他們成長時只能用想像的。
03:16
My parents' life, their story,
is my best lesson in humanism.
is my best lesson in humanism.
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我父母的人生，他們的故事，
是我學過最棒的人道主義課。
是我學過最棒的人道主義課。
03:22
So as a humanist,
I believe that human beings
I believe that human beings
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所以，身為人道主義者，
我相信人類是信仰的挑戰者而非囚犯。
03:25
are challengers, not prisoners of faith.
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03:28
Our destinies are in our hands,
not predetermined.
not predetermined.
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我們的命運掌握在
我們的手中，不是注定的。
我們的手中，不是注定的。
03:32
And it's left for us to shape
our lives and destinies
our lives and destinies
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要由我們自己來形塑
我們的人生和命運，
我們的人生和命運，
03:35
to reflect our best hopes and aspirations.
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來反映出我們最好的希望和熱望。
03:39
I believe that human beings have the power
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我相信人類有力量
03:42
to turn situations of poverty
into those of wealth and prosperity.
into those of wealth and prosperity.
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能夠把貧窮轉變成富有和興榮。
03:46
We have the capacity
to alleviate suffering,
to alleviate suffering,
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我們有能力可以緩和苦難、
03:49
extend life, prevent diseases,
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延長生命、預防疾病、
03:52
cure debilitating ailments,
reduce infant mortality
reduce infant mortality
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治癒讓人衰弱的病痛、
減低嬰兒死亡率，
減低嬰兒死亡率，
03:56
and preserve our planet.
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並保護我們的星球。
03:58
But we cannot accomplish all these goals
by wishful thinking with our eyes closed
by wishful thinking with our eyes closed
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但要達成這些目標，我們不能
閉上眼一廂情願地打如意算盤，
閉上眼一廂情願地打如意算盤，
04:03
or by armchair speculation
or by expecting salvation from empty sky.
or by expecting salvation from empty sky.
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不能做不切實際的思索推測，
也不能期望救贖會從天上掉下來。
也不能期望救贖會從天上掉下來。
04:09
In contrast, millions of Africans
imagine that their religious faith
imagine that their religious faith
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相對的，有數百萬非洲人
想像他們的宗教信仰
想像他們的宗教信仰
04:14
will help their dream come true,
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會讓他們的夢想成真，
04:16
and they spend so much time
praying for miracles
praying for miracles
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他們花了好多時間在祈禱奇蹟發生，
04:19
and for divine intervention
in their lives.
in their lives.
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祈禱他們的人生中出現神聖的干預。
04:23
In 2009, a Gallup survey in 114 countries
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2009 年，蓋洛普有一項
對 114 個國家進行的調查，
對 114 個國家進行的調查，
04:28
revealed that religiosity was highest
in the world's poorest nations.
in the world's poorest nations.
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指出在世界上最貧窮的
國家，最多人篤信宗教。
國家，最多人篤信宗教。
04:34
In fact, six of the 10 countries
where 95 percent of the population
where 95 percent of the population
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有 95% 人口都說宗教是他們
日常生活重要部分的國家中，
日常生活重要部分的國家中，
04:39
said that religion was an important part
of their daily lives, were African.
of their daily lives, were African.
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有六成都是非洲國家。
04:45
In some cases, religion drives
many Africans to extraordinary length:
many Africans to extraordinary length:
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在一些情況中，宗教驅使
許多非洲人到不可思議的程度：
許多非洲人到不可思議的程度：
04:50
to attack other human beings,
to commit ritual killing,
to commit ritual killing,
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去攻擊其他人類或犯下儀式性殺戮，
04:53
targeting those living with albinism,
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把矛頭對準有白化症的人、
04:57
those with a humpback,
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駝背的人，
04:59
and as I recently learned,
those with a bald head.
those with a bald head.
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我最近才知道，還有光頭的人。
05:02
In Africa, superstition is widespread,
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在非洲，迷信是很普遍的，
05:05
with so many people
believing in witchcraft,
believing in witchcraft,
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好多人相信巫術，
05:07
something that has no basis
in reason or in science.
in reason or in science.
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那些沒有理由或是科學根據的東西。
05:10
Yet alleged witches, usually women,
children and elderly persons
children and elderly persons
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而被指控為巫師的人，通常
是女人、孩童，以及老人，
是女人、孩童，以及老人，
05:16
are still routinely attacked,
banished and killed.
banished and killed.
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仍然經常被攻擊、流放，及殺害。
05:19
And I've made it part of my life's mission
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我的人生一大任務就是
05:22
to end witchcraft accusation
and witch persecution in Africa.
and witch persecution in Africa.
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要終止非洲對巫師的指控及迫害。
05:27
So as a humanist, I believe
in a proactive approach to life.
in a proactive approach to life.
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身為人道主義者，我相信人生
要採取積極主動的方式。
要採取積極主動的方式。
05:31
The changes that we want
cannot be achieved only by dreaming
cannot be achieved only by dreaming
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我們想達成的那些改變，
不是用夢想就會實現，
不是用夢想就會實現，
05:35
but require doing as well.
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而需要行動。
05:37
The challenges that we face cannot go away
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我們所面對的挑戰不會不見，
05:40
if we recoil and retreat into our shells,
wishing and imagining
wishing and imagining
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如果我們只是畏縮退怯地
在自己的保護殼當中，
在自己的保護殼當中，
05:44
that those problems will somehow
magically disappear.
magically disappear.
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希望和想像那些問題會神奇地消失。
05:48
The good life that we desire
will not fall like manna from heaven.
will not fall like manna from heaven.
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我們渴望的好生活不會像以色列人
漂泊時神賜的食物一樣從天而降。
漂泊時神賜的食物一樣從天而降。
05:53
My parents did not erect a block apartment
by wishing and dreaming.
by wishing and dreaming.
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我的父母並不是透過希望
和作夢而建起公寓的。
和作夢而建起公寓的。
05:58
They worked hard, they failed,
they tried again.
they tried again.
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他們奮鬥，他們失敗，
他們再次嘗試。
他們再次嘗試。
06:02
They toiled with rolled-up sleeves,
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他們捲起袖子苦幹，
06:04
with their hands deep in debt,
they plowed ahead,
they plowed ahead,
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他們負債累累，
他們艱難地緩慢前進，
他們艱難地緩慢前進，
06:07
growing their dreams into reality.
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把他們的夢想變成現實。
06:10
So as a humanist, I believe
we must be adventurous and even daring.
we must be adventurous and even daring.
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身為人道主義者，我相信
我們必須要冒險，要大膽。
我們必須要冒險，要大膽。
06:15
The path of success is paved
with risk and uncertainties.
with risk and uncertainties.
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成功之路舖滿了風險和不確定性。
06:19
We have to muster the will and courage
to do what people have never done.
to do what people have never done.
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我們得要堅定意志、鼓起勇氣，
去做以前沒人做過的事。
去做以前沒人做過的事。
06:24
To think what people have never thought.
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去想以前沒人想過的事。
06:26
Envisage what people have never imagined.
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正視以前沒人想像過的事。
06:28
Go to places human beings
have not been to.
have not been to.
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去以前沒人去過的地方。
06:31
And succeed where people
have tried but failed.
have tried but failed.
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把其他人嘗試過
但失敗的事做到成功。
但失敗的事做到成功。
06:34
We must be ready to explore new frontiers
of knowledge and understanding
of knowledge and understanding
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我們必須要準備好探索
知識和理解的新邊境，
知識和理解的新邊境，
06:38
and attempt doing
not just what is possible
not just what is possible
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不只嘗試去做可能的事，
06:41
but also what is seemingly impossible.
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也要嘗試去做似乎不可能的事。
06:44
But I realize that at the end of the day,
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但我明白到最後
06:48
our efforts do not always
yield our desires.
yield our desires.
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我們的努力不見得一定會
得到我們希望的結果。
得到我們希望的結果。
06:52
We fail, we suffer
disappointments and setbacks.
disappointments and setbacks.
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我們會失敗，會因為
失望和挫折而受苦。
失望和挫折而受苦。
06:56
Some problems, such as wars and conflict,
poverty and diseases
poverty and diseases
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有些問題，比如戰爭
與衝突，貧窮與疾病，
與衝突，貧窮與疾病，
07:01
and other natural and human-made disasters
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以及其他自然與人為災害，
07:03
seem as if they may never go away.
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似乎永遠不會遠離。
07:06
Solutions to old problems
have led to new dangers,
have led to new dangers,
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對舊問題的解決方案
反而導致了新的危險，
反而導致了新的危險，
07:10
new cures to diseases
have resulted in new health risks.
have resulted in new health risks.
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對疾病的新解藥反而
造成了新的健康風險。
造成了新的健康風險。
07:13
But the fact that these problems persist
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這些問題持續存在，
07:15
and that solutions sometimes
create their own problems
create their own problems
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且解決方案本身有時也會創造問題，
07:18
is not a reason for us
to give up or to resign.
to give up or to resign.
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但這不是我們放棄或投降的理由。
07:22
It's not a reason for us to think
that our efforts are of no consequence.
that our efforts are of no consequence.
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這並不表示我們的努力就沒有結果。
07:26
In fact, there is fulfillment in striving,
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事實上，我們的努力不會是白費的，
07:29
and trying to provide
answers and solutions
answers and solutions
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我們試圖提供答案和解決方案，
07:32
to the problem humanity faces
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來處理人類面對的問題，
07:34
even when the likely outcome is failure.
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即使結果可能會是失敗。
07:37
So as a humanist, I believe
we must not despair for humanity.
we must not despair for humanity.
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所以，身為人道主義者，
我相信我們不能對人性絕望。
我相信我們不能對人性絕望。
07:42
Even in the face
of overwhelming difficulties
of overwhelming difficulties
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即使是面對讓人無法招架的困難，
07:45
and in the bleakest of circumstances.
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即使是在最令人沮喪的情況中。
07:48
Human beings are creative beings.
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人類是有創造力的。
07:51
We have the power to generate new ideas,
new solutions and new cures.
new solutions and new cures.
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我們有力量可以產生出新點子、
新解決方案，以及新解藥。
新解決方案，以及新解藥。
07:57
So why despair when the unexpected
knocks on the horizon?
knocks on the horizon?
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所以，為什麼要在未預期的
結果出現時感到絕望？
結果出現時感到絕望？
08:01
It is in our nature to create anew,
to be inventive and innovative,
to be inventive and innovative,
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我們的天性就是要重新創造，
我們有發明才能也有創新力，
我們有發明才能也有創新力，
08:05
so why languish in idle expectation
of a savior from above?
of a savior from above?
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那為什麼要無根據地
期待救星從天而降？
期待救星從天而降？
08:10
So it is time for us Africans
to take our destiny in our hands
to take our destiny in our hands
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該是我們非洲人掌握
自己命運的時候了，
自己命運的時候了，
08:14
and realize we have agency
in the scheme of life.
in the scheme of life.
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要知道，我們在人生
計畫中都是有施為的。
計畫中都是有施為的。
08:17
We need to put an end
to this game of blame
to this game of blame
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我們得要停止不斷地怪罪別人，
08:19
that has prevented us from taking
full responsibility for our own lives.
full responsibility for our own lives.
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這樣我們才能對
自己的人生全權負責。
自己的人生全權負責。
08:23
For too long, we have been
prisoners of our past.
prisoners of our past.
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我們長期以來一直被過去給囚禁，
08:27
We have allowed despair
and pessimism to drain us,
and pessimism to drain us,
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我們允許絕望和悲觀使我們耗竭，
08:30
drain our energies,
limit our imaginations
limit our imaginations
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耗盡了我們的能量，
限制了我們的想像，
限制了我們的想像，
08:33
and dim our vision
for a better and brighter future.
for a better and brighter future.
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模糊了我們的視線讓我們
看不見更好、更明亮的未來。
看不見更好、更明亮的未來。
08:37
We have let this continent flounder.
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我們讓這塊大陸舉步維艱。
08:39
Why passing the buck like a Frisbee?
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為何要把責任像飛盤一樣丟來丟去？
08:41
We've blamed slavery, colonialism
and the new colonialism
and the new colonialism
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我們已怪罪過奴隸制度、
殖民主義，及新殖民主義，
殖民主義，及新殖民主義，
08:44
for the woes we experience,
including our own self-inflicted wounds.
including our own self-inflicted wounds.
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怪它們造成我們所經歷過的痛苦，
包括我們自己造成的傷口。
包括我們自己造成的傷口。
08:48
We have conducted ourselves
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一直以來我們都表現得
08:50
in ways that seem as if Africa
is damned and doomed.
is damned and doomed.
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好像非洲已經被詛咒
且注定遭受厄運一樣。
且注定遭受厄運一樣。
08:53
And that all these experiences in history
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歷史上所有的這些經歷
08:56
have irreversibly, irreparably foreclosed
the chances and possibility
the chances and possibility
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已經消滅了所有的機會和可能性，
不可挽回、不可彌補，
不可挽回、不可彌補，
09:00
for Africa to emerge, thrive
and flourish.
and flourish.
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非洲永遠不可能出頭、興旺、茁壯。
09:04
We must realize that there is
no part of the world
no part of the world
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我們必須要了解，
世界上沒有一個角落
世界上沒有一個角落
09:08
that has not been colonized
or enslaved in the past.
or enslaved in the past.
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在過去沒有被殖民過、奴役過。
09:12
And if other parts of the world
have moved on,
have moved on,
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如果世界上的其他地方
都已經走出陰影，
都已經走出陰影，
09:15
why can't we, now?
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我們現在為什麼不能？
09:17
So as a humanist, I believe
that the past is gone;
that the past is gone;
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身為人道主義者，
我相信過去已經過去了；
我相信過去已經過去了；
09:22
we cannot change it, we cannot alter it.
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我們不能改變它，修改它。
09:24
But the future beckons us on
with limitless possibilities
with limitless possibilities
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但未來在向我們招手，
帶著無限可能，
帶著無限可能，
09:28
to recreate, reshape
and remake our destinies.
and remake our destinies.
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可以重新創造、重新塑造、
重新打造我們的命運。
重新打造我們的命運。
09:31
So let's all of us seize this opportunity.
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讓我們大家抓住這個機會。
09:35
And as my parents did,
begin the urgent task
begin the urgent task
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就像我父母一樣，開始這項一磚一瓦
09:39
of rebuilding Africa, brick by brick.
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重建非洲的迫切任務。
09:42
Let's give free reign
to our ideas and imaginations,
to our ideas and imaginations,
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讓我們自由支配我們的想法和想像，
09:45
as demonstrated at this TEDGlobal 2017.
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就像在 TEDGlobal 2017 中
所展現的一樣。
所展現的一樣。
09:49
Let's open our hearts and minds.
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讓我們打開我們的心胸。
09:52
And exert our energy,
intelligence and ingenuity
intelligence and ingenuity
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發揮我們的能量、智慧、巧思，
09:55
and begin the urgent task
of rebuilding Africa
of rebuilding Africa
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開始這項迫切任務，重建非洲，
09:59
and of transforming this continent
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將這塊大陸打造
10:01
into a citadel of unrivaled
prosperity and civilization.
prosperity and civilization.
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成為無比繁榮和文明的安全城堡。
10:06
This is what I believe as a humanist,
as an African humanist.
as an African humanist.
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身為人道主義者，非洲人道
主義者，這是我所相信的。
主義者，這是我所相信的。
10:10
Thank you.
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謝謝。
10:11
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Leo Igwe - Human rights activistLeo Igwe works to end a variety of human rights violations that are rooted in superstition, including witchcraft accusations, anti-gay hate, caste discrimination and ritual killing.
Why you should listen
Many of humanity's most pernicious divisions -- factors that keep one person from seeing another as truly human -- are based on superstitions entrenched in societies, such as a belief in witchcraft. As a leader in the Nigerian Humanist Movement, Leo Igwe works to combat those superstitions and the human rights violations they often lead to, including anti-gay hate, sorcery and witchcraft accusations against women and children, ritual killing, human sacrifice, “untouchability,” caste discrimination and anti-blasphemy laws.
Igwe is the former Western and Southern African representative of the International Humanist and Ethical Union, and he holds a doctoral degree in religious studies from the Bayreuth International Graduate School of African Studies, University of Bayreuth Germany.
Leo Igwe | Speaker | TED.com