TEDGlobal 2017
Mennat El Ghalid: How fungi recognize (and infect) plants
美娜．艾爾．賈理德: 真菌如何辨識（並感染）植物
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每年世界都會因真菌而損失能夠餵飽五億人的食物，因為真菌是世界上最具
毀滅性的植物病原體。身為 TED 研究會員的真菌學家美娜．艾爾．賈理德解說她和團隊的突破性研究成果：理解真菌用來攻擊植物的分子訊號，藉此來阻隔真菌與植物的交流，進而拯救我們的作物。
Mennat El Ghalid - Mycologist
Mennat El Ghalid research aims to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying fungal biology and pathogenicity. Full bio
Mennat El Ghalid research aims to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying fungal biology and pathogenicity. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
"Will the blight end the chestnut?
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「枝枯病會奪走栗樹嗎？
00:15
The farmers rather guess not.
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農人寧可猜測不會。
00:17
It keeps smouldering at the roots
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栗樹的根不斷地鬱結
00:20
And sending up new shoots
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並送出新枝
00:22
Till another parasite
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直到另一種寄生物
00:23
Shall come to end the blight."
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前來終結枝枯病。」
00:28
At the beginning of the 20th century,
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二十世紀初，
00:30
the eastern American chestnut population,
counting nearly four billion trees,
counting nearly four billion trees,
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美國東部有將近四百萬棵栗樹，
00:35
was completely decimated
by a fungal infection.
by a fungal infection.
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因真菌感染而全數滅亡。
00:38
Fungi are the most destructive
pathogens of plants,
pathogens of plants,
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真菌是世界上最具
毀滅性的植物病原體，
毀滅性的植物病原體，
00:41
including crops of major
economic importance.
economic importance.
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重要經濟作物也深受其害。
00:44
Can you imagine that today,
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你能想像現在
00:46
crop losses associated
with fungal infection
with fungal infection
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和真菌感染有關的作物損失
00:49
are estimated at billions of dollars
per year, worldwide?
per year, worldwide?
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每年全球估計有數十億美元嗎？
00:53
That represents enough food calories
to feed half a billion people.
to feed half a billion people.
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換算成食物熱量能滿足五億人。
00:57
And this leads to severe repercussions,
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真菌感染會造成嚴重的後果，
00:59
including episodes of famine
in developing countries,
in developing countries,
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包含在發展中國家引起饑荒、
01:03
large reduction of income
for farmers and distributors,
for farmers and distributors,
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農夫和批發商收入大幅減少、
01:06
high prices for consumers
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消費者必須高價購買，
01:08
and risk of exposure to mycotoxin,
poison produced by fungi.
poison produced by fungi.
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以及曝露在由真菌產生的
黴菌毒素的風險中。
黴菌毒素的風險中。
01:14
The problems that we face
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我們面臨到的問題
01:15
is that the current method
used to prevent and treat
used to prevent and treat
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是現在用來預防和處理
01:18
those dreadful diseases,
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那些致命疾病的方法，
01:19
such as genetic control,
exploiting natural sources of resistance,
exploiting natural sources of resistance,
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例如遺傳控制、
開發抵抗真菌的天然資源，
開發抵抗真菌的天然資源，
01:24
crop rotation or seed
treatment, among others,
treatment, among others,
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輪作或種子處理等等，
01:27
are still limited or ephemeral.
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這些做的都還是有限且不夠持久。
01:30
They have to be constantly renewed.
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處理方式必須不斷更新。
01:33
Therefore, we urgently need
to develop more efficient strategies
to develop more efficient strategies
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所以我們迫切需要
發展更有效的策略，
發展更有效的策略，
01:37
and for this, research is required
to identify biological mechanisms
to identify biological mechanisms
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因此研究必須能辨識出
01:42
that can be targeted
by novel antifungal treatments.
by novel antifungal treatments.
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能以新型抗真菌法對抗的生物機轉。
01:49
One feature of fungi
is that they cannot move
is that they cannot move
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真菌的特色是無法移動，
01:52
and only grow by extension
to form a sophisticated network,
to form a sophisticated network,
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而且只能透過擴展生長，
進而形成複雜的網絡，
進而形成複雜的網絡，
01:56
the mycelium.
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稱為菌絲體。
01:58
In 1884, Anton de Bary,
the father of plant pathology,
the father of plant pathology,
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1884 年，植物病理學之父狄伯瑞
02:02
was the first to presume
that fungi are guided by signals
that fungi are guided by signals
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率先提出真菌依靠訊號引導的假設，
此訊號來自它的寄主植物，
02:06
sent out from the host plant,
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02:08
meaning a plant upon which
it can lodge and subsist,
it can lodge and subsist,
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這意味著發訊號的植物
可以供給食宿，
可以供給食宿，
02:12
so signals act as a lighthouse
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所以訊號扮演像燈塔的角色，
02:14
for fungi to locate, grow toward, reach
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為真菌定位、提供發展和延伸方向，
02:19
and finally invade and colonize a plant.
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最後入侵並定殖於某植物。
02:23
He knew that the identification
of such signals
of such signals
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他知道辨識出這種訊號
02:26
would unlock a great knowledge
that then serves to elaborate strategy
that then serves to elaborate strategy
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能解開一大知識庫之謎，
之後能藉此規畫出
阻擋真菌和植物交流的策略。
阻擋真菌和植物交流的策略。
02:31
to block the interaction
between the fungus and the plant.
between the fungus and the plant.
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02:34
However, the lack of an appropriate
method at that moment
method at that moment
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然而，當時欠缺適合的方法，
02:38
prevented him from identifying
this mechanism at the molecular level.
this mechanism at the molecular level.
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因此他未能在分子層級
辨識出這種機轉。
辨識出這種機轉。
02:45
Using purification and mutational
genomic approaches,
genomic approaches,
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透過純化和突變基因的方式，
02:48
as well as a technique
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加上一種技術，
02:50
allowing the measurement
of directed hyphal growth,
of directed hyphal growth,
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能測量出被引導的菌絲生長，
02:53
today I'm glad to tell you
that after 130 years,
that after 130 years,
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今天我很高興能告訴大家，
在 130 年後，
在 130 年後，
02:57
my former team and I
could finally identify such plant signals
could finally identify such plant signals
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我與之前合作的團隊
終於能辨識出這種植物訊號，
終於能辨識出這種植物訊號，
03:02
by studying the interaction
between a pathogenic fungus
between a pathogenic fungus
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我們透過研究一種病原菌
和植物的互動，
和植物的互動，
03:05
called Fusarium oxysporum
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即尖孢鐮刀菌，
03:07
and one of its host plants,
the tomato plant.
the tomato plant.
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和此菌的一種寄主植物
──蕃茄植株。
──蕃茄植株。
03:12
As well, we could characterize
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同樣的，我們也能描繪出
03:14
the fungal receptor
receiving those signals
receiving those signals
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真菌用來接收那些訊號的接收器、
03:17
and part of the underlying reaction
occurring within the fungus
occurring within the fungus
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在真菌中的部分潛在反應，
03:20
and leading to its direct growth
toward the plant.
toward the plant.
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以及它朝植物直接生長的位置。
03:24
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
03:27
Thank you.
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謝謝。
03:28
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
03:30
The understanding
of such molecular processes
of such molecular processes
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了解這種分子過程
03:32
offers a panel of potential molecules
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能提供潛在的分子平臺，
03:35
that can be used to create
novel antifungal treatments.
novel antifungal treatments.
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用來創造新的抗真菌處理方式。
03:39
And those treatments would disrupt
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那些處理方式會中斷
03:42
the interaction between
the fungus and the plant
the fungus and the plant
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真菌和植物之間的交流，
03:44
either by blocking the plant signal
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透過阻隔植物發出的訊號，
03:47
or the fungal reception system
which receives those signals.
which receives those signals.
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或是阻隔真菌接受訊號的系統來做到。
03:51
Fungal infections have devastated
agriculture crops.
agriculture crops.
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真菌感染摧毀了農作物。
03:55
Moreover, we are now in an era
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而且我們正處於
03:57
where the demand of crop production
is increasing significantly.
is increasing significantly.
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需要大幅提升糧食產量的時代，
04:01
And this is due to population growth,
economic development,
economic development,
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以因應人口成長、經濟發展、
04:05
climate change and demand for bio fuels.
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氣候變遷和對生物燃料的需求。
04:08
Our understanding
of the molecular mechanism
of the molecular mechanism
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我們對分子機轉的了解，
04:11
of interaction between
a fungus and its host plant,
a fungus and its host plant,
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對真菌和寄主植物之間的互動，
04:14
such as the tomato plant,
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例如和蕃茄植株之間的互動，
04:16
potentially represents a major step
towards developing more efficient strategy
towards developing more efficient strategy
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可能是很重要的關鍵，
讓我們能發展更有效的策略
來抵抗植物的真菌病，
來抵抗植物的真菌病，
04:21
to combat plant fungal diseases
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04:24
and therefore solving of problems
that affect people's lives,
that affect people's lives,
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進而解決影響人類生活的問題、
04:27
food security and economic growth.
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糧食安全和經濟成長的問題。
04:30
Thank you.
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謝謝。
04:31
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Mennat El Ghalid - MycologistMennat El Ghalid research aims to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying fungal biology and pathogenicity.
Why you should listen
Mycologist Mennat El Ghalid received an Initial Training Networks - Marie Skłodowska-Curie fellowship to pursue her PhD project in the Molecular Genetics of Fungal Pathogenicity Unit and the International Campus of Excellence in Agrifood CeiA3 at the Universidad de Cordoba (Spain). During her PhD, her former team and herself identified the compounds secreted from the plant roots attracting Fusarium oxysporum, a soilborne plant pathogenic fungus and characterized the underlying mechanisms of attraction. Such compounds were tracked since the 19th century. The discovery was published in the Nature Journal.
El Ghalid became a TED Fellow in 2017 and have been selected as one of the 100 women honorees for OkayAfrica's 2018 #OKAY100Women list for her dedicated work and for being a promising talent within the field of STEM. She is currently working at Institut Pasteur (France) in the Biology and Pathogenicity Unit to study Candida albicans, an opportunistic pathogenic fungus and the main cause of fungal infections in immunocompromised humans.
Mennat El Ghalid | Speaker | TED.com