ABOUT THE SPEAKER
David Anderson - Neurobiologist
Through his lab at the California Institute of Technology, David Anderson seeks to find the neural underpinnings of emotions like fear, anxiety and anger.

Why you should listen

How is emotional behavior encoded in the brain? And what parts of the brain are affected by depression, ADHD and anxiety? This is what neurobiologist David Anderson researches in his lab at the California Institute for Technology by studying the brains of lab mice and fruit flies. By looking at how neural circuits give rise to emotions, Anderson hopes to advance a more nuanced view of psychiatric disorders -- that they aren’t the result of a simple “chemical imbalance,” but of a chemical imbalance at a specific site that has a specific emotional consequences. By researching these cause-and-effect relationships, Anderson hopes to pave the way for the development of new treatments for psychiatric disorders that are far more targeted and have far fewer side effects.

Trained by two Nobel laureates, Gunter Blobel and Richard Axel, Anderson is also an investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.

More profile about the speaker
David Anderson | Speaker | TED.com
TEDxCaltech

David Anderson: Your brain is more than a bag of chemicals

David Anderson:你的腦袋不只是一袋子化學物質

Filmed:
1,482,186 views

現代精神疾病藥物處理整個大腦的化學物質,但神經生物學家 David Anderson 對大腦的功能有更微妙的看法。他介紹了一項新研究,將研究開發療效更好、沒有副作用的神經疾病藥物作為目標。他是如何做到的?一切從激怒一群果蠅開始。(在 TEDxCaltech 拍攝)
- Neurobiologist
Through his lab at the California Institute of Technology, David Anderson seeks to find the neural underpinnings of emotions like fear, anxiety and anger. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:16
So raise提高 your hand if you know someone有人
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如果你的家人或者朋友
00:19
in your immediate即時 family家庭 or circle of friends朋友
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曾經遭受到精神疾病的困擾,
00:22
who suffers患有 from some form形成 of mental心理 illness疾病.
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請舉手。
00:25
Yeah. I thought so. Not surprised詫異.
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耶。我想應該如此的,不必驚訝。
00:28
And raise提高 your hand if you think that
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如果你認為
00:30
basic基本 research研究 on fruit水果 flies蒼蠅 has anything to do
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利用果蠅進行基本研究
00:33
with understanding理解 mental心理 illness疾病 in humans人類.
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與了解人類精神疾病
有關聯的話,請舉手。
00:38
Yeah. I thought so. I'm also not surprised詫異.
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耶。我想應該如此的,我也不會感到驚訝。
00:41
I can see I've got my work cut out for me here.
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我知道在這裡
我的任務非常困難,
00:44
As we heard聽說 from Dr博士. InselINSEL this morning早上,
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正如Dr. Insel今早對我們說,
00:46
psychiatric精神病 disorders障礙 like autism自閉症, depression蕭條 and schizophrenia精神分裂症
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精神疾病,如:自閉症、
憂鬱症、精神分裂症等,
00:51
take a terrible可怕 toll收費 on human人的 suffering痛苦.
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讓人類遭受無比的痛苦,
00:54
We know much less about their treatment治療
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我們對精神疾病的治療
00:57
and the understanding理解 of their basic基本 mechanisms機制
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和基本機制的了解
00:59
than we do about diseases疾病 of the body身體.
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比身體疾病的認識知道得更少,
01:02
Think about it: In 2013,
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試想想:在2013年,
01:05
the second第二 decade of the millennium千年,
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21世紀第二個十年,
01:07
if you're concerned關心 about a cancer癌症 diagnosis診斷
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如果你想進行癌症診斷,
01:09
and you go to your doctor醫生, you get bone scans掃描,
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你會找醫師安排去做骨骼掃瞄、
01:11
biopsies活檢 and blood血液 tests測試.
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切片檢查和血液檢查。
01:14
In 2013, if you're concerned關心 about a depression蕭條 diagnosis診斷,
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在2013年,如果你想進行憂鬱症診斷,
01:18
you go to your doctor醫生, and what do you get?
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你會找醫師,你會得到甚麼呢?
01:20
A questionnaire調查問卷.
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一份問卷調查。
01:22
Now, part部分 of the reason原因 for this is that we have
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部分導致目前的情況的原因是由於
01:25
an oversimplified過於簡單 and increasingly日益 outmoded陳舊 view視圖
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我們對精神疾病的生物基礎,
01:28
of the biological生物 basis基礎 of psychiatric精神病 disorders障礙.
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持有過份簡單和
越來越過時的觀點,
01:32
We tend趨向 to view視圖 them --
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我們傾向於認為大眾媒體
01:34
and the popular流行 press aids艾滋病 and abets教唆 this view視圖 --
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對這觀點形成有所幫助和煽動 -
01:36
as chemical化學 imbalances失衡 in the brain,
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腦中的化學物質失衡了,
01:39
as if the brain were some kind of bag of chemical化學 soup
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腦部就像一盒含化學物質成分
的羹湯,
01:43
full充分 of dopamine多巴胺, serotonin血清素 and norepinephrine去甲腎上腺素.
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充滿了多巴胺、血清素和去甲腎上腺素,
01:47
This view視圖 is conditioned條件 by the fact事實
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這觀點取決於以下事實,
01:50
that many許多 of the drugs毒品 that are prescribed規定 to treat對待 these disorders障礙,
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很多治療這類疾病的
處方藥物如百憂解(Prozac),
01:53
like Prozac百憂解, act法案 by globally全球 changing改變 brain chemistry化學,
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全面地改變了大腦化學物質,
01:58
as if the brain were indeed確實 a bag of chemical化學 soup.
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好像腦部確實是一盒含
化學物質成分的羹湯。
02:02
But that can't be the answer回答,
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但這不是答案,
02:04
because these drugs毒品 actually其實 don't work all that well.
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因為這些藥物事實上不是那麼好,
02:07
A lot of people won't慣於 take them, or stop taking服用 them,
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很多病人不會服用
或者停止服用了,
02:10
because of their unpleasant不愉快 side effects效果.
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由於那些令人不快的副作用。
02:13
These drugs毒品 have so many許多 side effects效果
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這些藥物有那麼多副作用,
02:15
because using運用 them to treat對待 a complex複雜 psychiatric精神病 disorder紊亂
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用以治療複雜精神疾病,
02:19
is a bit like trying to change更改 your engine發動機 oil
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有點像更換引擎機油時,
02:21
by opening開盤 a can and pouring澆注 it all over the engine發動機 block.
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打開了罐,把機油傾倒
在引擎本體上,
02:26
Some of it will dribble運球 into the right place地點,
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部分流入了正確位置,
02:28
but a lot of it will do more harm危害 than good.
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但大部分弊大於利,
02:31
Now, an emerging新興 view視圖
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現在,一項新興觀點,
02:33
that you also heard聽說 about from Dr博士. InselINSEL this morning早上,
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今早你也從Dr. Insel那裡聽說過,
02:36
is that psychiatric精神病 disorders障礙 are actually其實
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說明精神疾病其實是
02:39
disturbances騷亂 of neural神經 circuits電路 that mediate調解
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神經中樞回路的擾亂,
02:42
emotion情感, mood心情 and affect影響.
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在感情、情緒和感動之間
起中介作用。
02:46
When we think about cognition認識,
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我們想起認知時,
02:47
we analogize類推 the brain to a computer電腦. That's no problem問題.
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將腦部比喻為電腦,
是沒有問題的。
02:51
Well it turns out that the computer電腦 analogy比喻
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那麼證明了這比喻
02:53
is just as valid有效 for emotion情感.
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也可以應用到情緒上,
02:56
It's just that we don't tend趨向 to think about it that way.
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只是我們不會有這樣子的想法。
02:59
But we know much less about the circuit電路 basis基礎
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但是我們對精神疾病的
03:02
of psychiatric精神病 disorders障礙
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回路基礎知道得很少,
03:04
because of the overwhelming壓倒 dominance霸主地位
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因為這個化學物質不平衡假設
03:06
of this chemical化學 imbalance失調 hypothesis假設.
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勢不可擋兼具主導地位。
03:09
Now, it's not that chemicals化學製品 are not important重要
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化學物質在精神疾病中
03:13
in psychiatric精神病 disorders障礙.
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並不是不重要,
03:15
It's just that they don't bathe洗澡 the brain like soup.
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只是他們不會在腦部沉浸,像羹湯一樣,
03:19
Rather, they're released發布 in very specific具體 locations地點
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而是將化學物質釋放在特定位置,
03:22
and they act法案 on specific具體 synapses突觸
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作用於特定的突觸,
03:25
to change更改 the flow of information信息 in the brain.
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以改變腦部資訊的流向。
03:29
So if we ever really want to understand理解
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如果我們真的想理解
03:31
the biological生物 basis基礎 of psychiatric精神病 disorders障礙,
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精神疾病的生物基礎,
03:34
we need to pinpoint查明 these locations地點 in the brain
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就需要找出化學物質
03:37
where these chemicals化學製品 act法案.
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在腦部作用的位置,
03:39
Otherwise除此以外, we're going to keep pouring澆注 oil all over our mental心理 engines引擎
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否則我們不停把精神機器加滿油,
03:42
and suffering痛苦 the consequences後果.
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並遭受到痛苦的結果。
03:45
Now to begin開始 to overcome克服 our ignorance無知
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現在開始戰勝我們的無知,
03:48
of the role角色 of brain chemistry化學 in brain circuitry電路,
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尤其腦部化學物質在腦部回路中的角色,
03:52
it's helpful有幫助 to work on what we biologists生物學家 call
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對於我們生物學家稱為
03:54
"model模型 organisms生物,"
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「模式生物」的研究還有幫助,
03:56
animals動物 like fruit水果 flies蒼蠅 and laboratory實驗室 mice老鼠,
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一些動物如果蠅和實驗小鼠,
03:59
in which哪一個 we can apply應用 powerful強大 genetic遺傳 techniques技術
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我們能以強勁的基因技術
04:03
to molecularly分子 identify鑑定 and pinpoint查明
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在分子裡找出及確定
04:06
specific具體 classes of neurons神經元,
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特定類型的神經元,
04:08
as you heard聽說 about in Allan艾倫 Jones's瓊斯的 talk this morning早上.
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正如今早Allan Jones 所講。
04:11
Moreover此外, once一旦 we can do that,
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此外,當我們確定哪類型後,
04:13
we can actually其實 activate啟用 specific具體 neurons神經元
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就能激活特定的神經元細胞,
04:16
or we can destroy破壞 or inhibit抑制 the activity活動 of those neurons神經元.
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也能毀滅或抑制神經元的活動。
04:20
So if we inhibit抑制 a particular特定 type類型 of neuron神經元,
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如果我們抑制特定種類的神經元,
04:23
and we find that a behavior行為 is blocked受阻,
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就會發現某些行為被阻止了。
04:25
we can conclude得出結論 that those neurons神經元
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我們可以得出這樣的結論,
04:27
are necessary必要 for that behavior行為.
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某些行為確實需要那些神經元。
04:30
On the other hand, if we activate啟用 a group of neurons神經元
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此外,如果我們激活某組的神經元細胞,
04:33
and we find that that produces產生 the behavior行為,
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就會發現那組細胞產生這行為,
04:36
we can conclude得出結論 that those neurons神經元 are sufficient足夠 for the behavior行為.
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我們可以得出這樣的結論,
那些神經元足以應付行為。
04:40
So in this way, by doing this kind of test測試,
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由此可見,我們憑這樣的測試,
04:43
we can draw cause原因 and effect影響 relationships關係
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能為特定神經元之間的活動
04:46
between之間 the activity活動 of specific具體 neurons神經元
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其因果關係作出結論,
04:49
in particular特定 circuits電路 and particular特定 behaviors行為,
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尤其是特定的回路和特定的行為,
04:51
something that is extremely非常 difficult, if not impossible不可能,
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現在還未能在人類身上作同樣測試,
04:54
to do right now in humans人類.
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測試是極之困難的。
04:59
But can an organism生物 like a fruit水果 fly, which哪一個 is --
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但是一個生物體例如果蠅 ─
05:02
it's a great model模型 organism生物
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牠是非常重要的模式生物,
05:04
because it's got a small brain,
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因為它有一個細小的腦部,
05:07
it's capable of complex複雜 and sophisticated複雜的 behaviors行為,
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可以控制複雜的行為。
05:10
it breeds品種 quickly很快, and it's cheap低廉.
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它們繁殖得很快,價錢便宜。
05:13
But can an organism生物 like this
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但是像這樣的生物體
05:15
teach us anything about emotion-like情感類 states狀態?
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能否教導我們有關情緒狀態的事情嗎?
05:19
Do these organisms生物 even have emotion-like情感類 states狀態,
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究竟這些生物體有沒有情緒狀態
05:22
or are they just little digital數字 robots機器人?
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或只是一些微小的數碼機械人?
05:26
Charles查爾斯 Darwin達爾文 believed相信 that insects昆蟲 have emotion情感
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查爾斯·達爾文相信昆蟲也有情緒,
05:29
and express表現 them in their behaviors行為, as he wrote
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並在行為中流露出來,
05:32
in his 1872 monograph專著 on the expression表達 of the emotions情緒 in man and animals動物.
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1872年他把動物和人類的
情緒表達寫進了專著中,
05:37
And my eponymous齊名 colleague同事, Seymour西摩 Benzer本澤, believed相信 it as well.
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與我齊名的同事Seymour Benzer
同樣相信。
05:40
Seymour西摩 is the man that introduced介紹 the use of drosophila果蠅
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在六十年代,Seymour於
加州理工學院這裡,
05:44
here at CalTech加州理工學院 in the '60s as a model模型 organism生物
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開始採用黑腹果蠅作為模式生物,
05:47
to study研究 the connection連接 between之間 genes基因 and behavior行為.
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去研究基因與行為之間的關係,
05:51
Seymour西摩 recruited應徵 me to CalTech加州理工學院 in the late晚了 1980s.
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在八十年代後期,Seymour招募我
加入加州理工學院,
05:54
He was my Jedi絕地 and my rabbi拉比 while he was here,
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他是我的絕地武師、猶太教教士,
05:59
and Seymour西摩 taught me both to love flies蒼蠅
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Seymour不僅教我愛上果蠅,
06:01
and also to play with science科學.
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還教我玩科學。
06:04
So how do we ask this question?
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因此,我們該如何提出這問題呢?
06:07
It's one thing to believe that flies蒼蠅 have emotion-like情感類 states狀態,
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我們可以選擇相信
蒼蠅有情緒狀態這回事,
06:11
but how do we actually其實 find out whether是否 that's true真正 or not?
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但如何事實上分辨真假呢?
06:15
Now, in humans人類 we often經常 infer推斷 emotional情緒化 states狀態,
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我們現在往往從人類面部表情
推測情緒狀態,
06:19
as you'll你會 hear later後來 today今天, from facial面部 expressions表達式.
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今天晚些你會聽到的,
06:22
However然而, it's a little difficult to do that in fruit水果 flies蒼蠅.
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然而,有些難以在果蠅身上
做到這一點,
06:26
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
06:29
It's kind of like landing降落 on Mars火星
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這像登陸火星一樣,
06:33
and looking out the window窗口 of your spaceship飛船
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在太空船上,望向窗外,
06:35
at all the little green綠色 men男人 who are surrounding周圍 it
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被很多小綠人包圍,
06:38
and trying to figure數字 out, "How do I find out
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並試圖找出,
06:40
if they have emotions情緒 or not?"
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「我怎樣找出他們有沒有情緒 ?」
06:43
What can we do? It's not so easy簡單.
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我們可以做些什麼呢?
這不是那麼容易的。
06:46
Well, one of the ways方法 that we can start開始
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那麼我們可以嘗試其中一個方法,
06:48
is to try to come up with some general一般 characteristics特點
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就是盡量想出一些
06:52
or properties性能 of emotion-like情感類 states狀態
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情緒狀態的特徵或屬性,
06:56
such這樣 as arousal覺醒, and see if we can identify鑑定
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例如警醒程度,看看能否找出
07:00
any fly behaviors行為 that might威力 exhibit展示 some of those properties性能.
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一些果蠅行為,表現出那些屬性。
07:05
So three important重要 ones那些 that I can think of
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因此,我能想到的三個重要屬性,
07:08
are persistence堅持, gradations等級 in intensity強度, and valence.
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就是堅持、漸變強度、效價。
07:13
Persistence堅持 means手段 long-lasting持久的.
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堅持即是要長期持久的,
07:15
We all know that the stimulus刺激物 that triggers觸發器 an emotion情感
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我們都知道刺激會引發情緒,
07:19
causes原因 that emotion情感 to last long after the stimulus刺激物 is gone走了.
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就算刺激消失後,
情緒仍會持續一段很長時間。
07:24
Gradations色階 of intensity強度 means手段 what it sounds聲音 like.
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漸變強度即是它聽起來像什麼,
07:27
You can dial撥號 up the intensity強度 or dial撥號 down the intensity強度 of an emotion情感.
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您可以把情緒強度增加或減少,
07:31
If you're a little bit unhappy不快樂, the corners角落 of your mouth
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如果你有點兒不高興,
07:34
turn down and you sniffle抽鼻子,
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你的嘴角會向下,
你也會流鼻涕,
07:36
and if you're very unhappy不快樂, tears眼淚 pour down your face面對
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如果你真的不高興,
淚水傾瀉而下,
07:39
and you might威力 sob哭泣.
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那麼你可會抽泣。
07:41
Valence means手段 good or bad, positive or negative.
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效價是指「好」還是「壞」,
「正面」或「負面」,
07:45
So we decided決定 to see if flies蒼蠅 could be provoked into showing展示
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因此,我們決定去看看
果蠅可否被激怒後,
07:50
the kind of behavior行為 that you see
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展示出那種行為,
07:52
by the proverbial諺語 wasp黃蜂 at the picnic野餐 table,
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就像那些出現在野餐桌上
聞名遐爾的黃蜂,
07:55
you know, the one that keeps保持 coming未來 back to your hamburger漢堡包
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對吧,總是徘徊到你的漢堡包,
07:58
the more vigorously大力 you try to swat撲打 it away,
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你趕走得越起勁,
08:00
and it seems似乎 to keep getting得到 irritated惱怒的.
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它似乎變得更惱火。
08:02
So we built內置 a device設備, which哪一個 we call a puff-o-mat粉撲鄰墊,
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因此,我們製造了一個裝置,
稱為噴風墊 ("puff-o-mat"),
08:06
in which哪一個 we could deliver交付 little brief簡要 air空氣 puffs泡芙 to fruit水果 flies蒼蠅
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我們可以把短暫的空氣噴到果蠅,
08:10
in these plastic塑料 tubes in our laboratory實驗室 bench長凳
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就在我們實驗室台上的塑膠管裡,
08:13
and blow打擊 them away.
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吹走他們。
08:15
And what we found發現 is that if we gave these flies蒼蠅
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我們還發現如果給這些果蠅
08:18
in the puff-o-mat粉撲鄰墊 several一些 puffs泡芙 in a row,
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在噴風墊上連續噴氣幾次,
08:21
they became成為 somewhat有些 hyperactive多動
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他們變得有些過動,
08:24
and continued繼續 to run around for some time after the air空氣 puffs泡芙 actually其實 stopped停止
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在停止噴空氣後,
還繼續到處跑了一段時間,
08:28
and took a while to calm冷靜 down.
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好一會才冷靜下來。
08:31
So we quantified量化 this behavior行為
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因此,我們使用自訂的
08:33
using運用 custom習慣 locomotor運動 tracking追踪 software軟件
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運動跟踪軟件去量化這種行為,
08:36
developed發達 with my collaborator合作者 Pietro彼得羅 Perona佩羅娜,
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這軟件由我的協作者
彼得羅佩羅娜(Pietro Perona)開發,
08:39
who's誰是 in the electrical電動 engineering工程 division here at CalTech加州理工學院.
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他在加州理工學院這裡
的電氣工程系工作,
08:43
And what this quantification量化 showed顯示 us is that,
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這些量化數據顯示出
08:45
upon experiencing經歷 a train培養 of these air空氣 puffs泡芙,
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當果蠅遇到這些噴氣管時,
08:49
the flies蒼蠅 appear出現 to enter輸入 a kind of state of hyperactivity多動症
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就會進入過動狀態,
08:53
which哪一個 is persistent一貫, long-lasting持久的,
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而且是持久的,
08:55
and also appears出現 to be graded分級.
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然後我們會評分。
08:58
More puffs泡芙, or more intense激烈 puffs泡芙,
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多噴些空氣、或噴出更強烈的空氣,
09:01
make the state last for a longer period of time.
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使這狀態持續較長一段的時間。
09:05
So now we wanted to try to understand理解 something
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所以,現在我們嘗試去了解那些東西
09:07
about what controls控制 the duration持續時間 of this state.
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可控制此狀態多久。
09:10
So we decided決定 to use our puff-o-mat粉撲鄰墊
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我們決定使用噴風墊
09:13
and our automated自動化 tracking追踪 software軟件
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和自動運動跟踪軟件,
09:15
to screen屏幕 through通過 hundreds數以百計 of lines of mutant突變體 fruit水果 flies蒼蠅
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通過對數百串突變果蠅進行篩選,
09:19
to see if we could find any that showed顯示 abnormal不正常 responses回复 to the air空氣 puffs泡芙.
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看看能否發現對噴氣
產生任何異常反應。
09:24
And this is one of the great things about fruit水果 flies蒼蠅.
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而這是關於果蠅最棒的地方之一,
09:27
There are repositories資料庫 where you can just pick up the phone電話
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你可以拿起電話筒接駁到儲存庫,
09:29
and order訂購 hundreds數以百計 of vials小瓶 of flies蒼蠅 of different不同 mutants突變體
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訂購幾百瓶不同突變型式的果蠅,
09:33
and screen屏幕 them in your assay化驗 and then find out
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在分析試驗中進行篩選,然後找出
09:35
what gene基因 is affected受影響 in the mutation突變.
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哪些基因受到突變的影響。
09:39
So doing the screen屏幕, we discovered發現 one mutant突變體
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因此,做了篩選後,我們發現一個突變,
09:42
that took much longer than normal正常 to calm冷靜 down
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使果蠅在噴氣後,
需要比正常更多一點的時間
09:46
after the air空氣 puffs泡芙,
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才平靜下來,
09:48
and when we examined檢查 the gene基因 that was affected受影響 in this mutation突變,
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當我們研究這個基因
如何受到突變的影響時,
09:52
it turned轉身 out to encode編碼 a dopamine多巴胺 receptor接收器.
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整件事變成將一個多巴胺受體進行編碼。
09:55
That's right -- flies蒼蠅, like people, have dopamine多巴胺,
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這是正確的 - 果蠅也分泌多巴胺,
就像人一樣,
09:58
and it acts行為 on their brains大腦 and on their synapses突觸
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而通過多巴胺受體,
10:01
through通過 the same相同 dopamine多巴胺 receptor接收器 molecules分子
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它作用於大腦和突觸,
10:04
that you and I have.
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而你和我也擁有相同的受體分子。
10:06
Dopamine多巴胺 plays播放 a number of important重要 functions功能 in the brain,
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在大腦中,多巴胺發揮了一些重要作用,
10:10
including包含 in attention注意, arousal覺醒, reward獎勵,
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包括注意力、警醒、報應,
10:13
and disorders障礙 of the dopamine多巴胺 system系統 have been linked關聯
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而多巴胺系統的疾病與
很多精神疾病互相關聯的,
10:16
to a number of mental心理 disorders障礙 including包含 drug藥物 abuse濫用,
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例如:濫用藥物、
10:19
Parkinson's帕金森氏 disease疾病, and ADHD多動症.
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帕金森氏病、注意力不足過動症等。
10:23
Now, in genetics遺傳學, it's a little counterintuitive有悖常理.
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現時,在遺傳學上,
這是有點違反直覺的。
10:26
We tend趨向 to infer推斷 the normal正常 function功能 of something
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我們傾向於推斷,
當我們把某東西拿走時,
10:29
by what doesn't happen發生 when we take it away,
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那正常功能也會跟著消失,
10:33
by the opposite對面 of what we see when we take it away.
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與之相反,當我們拿走它時,
看到了什麼。
10:36
So when we take away the dopamine多巴胺 receptor接收器
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所以當我們拿掉多巴胺受體時,
10:39
and the flies蒼蠅 take longer to calm冷靜 down,
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果蠅需要較長時間冷靜下來,
10:42
from that we infer推斷 that the normal正常 function功能 of this receptor接收器 and dopamine多巴胺
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由此推斷,這些受體
和多巴胺的正常功能,
10:46
is to cause原因 the flies蒼蠅 to calm冷靜 down faster更快 after the puff.
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就是導致果蠅在噴氣後
較快冷靜下來的原因。
10:50
And that's a bit reminiscent讓人聯想起 of ADHD多動症,
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也有點讓人聯想到
注意力不足過動症,
10:53
which哪一個 has been linked關聯 to disorders障礙 of the dopamine多巴胺 system系統 in humans人類.
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已被證實與人類
多巴胺系統疾病有關。
10:57
Indeed確實, if we increase增加 the levels水平 of dopamine多巴胺 in normal正常 flies蒼蠅
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事實上,如果我們用可卡因
餵養正常果蠅,
11:02
by feeding饋送 them cocaine可卡因
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以增加多巴胺的水平,
11:03
after getting得到 the appropriate適當 DEA數據包絡分析 license執照
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在取得美國緝毒局許可證的情況下,
11:06
— oh my God -- (Laughter笑聲) —
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噢!我的天呀! - (笑聲) -
11:10
we find indeed確實 that these cocaine-fed可卡因饋 flies蒼蠅
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事實上,我們發現這些體內
含可卡因的蒼蠅,
11:13
calm冷靜 down faster更快 than normal正常 flies蒼蠅 do,
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比正常果蠅較快冷靜下來,
11:17
and that's also reminiscent讓人聯想起 of ADHD多動症,
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也讓人聯想到注意力不足過動症,
11:20
which哪一個 is often經常 treated治療 with drugs毒品 like Ritalin利他林
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醫師常處方藥物如利他能,
11:22
that act法案 similarly同樣 to cocaine可卡因.
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與可卡因的作用相近。
11:25
So slowly慢慢地 I began開始 to realize實現 that what started開始 out
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因此,我慢慢地開始了解到,
11:28
as a rather playful調皮 attempt嘗試 to try to annoy攪擾 fruit水果 flies蒼蠅
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試圖惹惱果蠅,
這個頗為有趣的玩笑,
11:32
might威力 actually其實 have some relevance關聯 to a human人的 psychiatric精神病 disorder紊亂.
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實際上可能與人類精神疾病相關。
11:36
Now, how far does this analogy比喻 go?
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現在,這個比喻有多貼題?
11:38
As many許多 of you know, individuals個人 afflicted折磨 with ADHD多動症
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正如你們許多人知道,
注意力不足過動症患者
11:41
also have learning學習 disabilities殘疾人.
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也有學習障礙。
11:43
Is that true真正 of our dopamine多巴胺 receptor接收器 mutant突變體 flies蒼蠅?
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多巴胺受體發生突變的果蠅
也是如此嗎?
11:47
Remarkably異常, the answer回答 is yes.
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令人意想不到的是,答案是肯定的。
11:50
As Seymour西摩 showed顯示 back in the 1970s,
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Seymour於七十年代己指出,
11:52
flies蒼蠅, like songbirds鳴禽, as you just heard聽說,
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果蠅像燕雀一樣,正如你剛聽到的,
11:55
are capable of learning學習.
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也有學習的能力。
11:56
You can train培養 a fly to avoid避免 an odor氣味, shown顯示 here in blue藍色,
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你可以訓練果蠅迴避一股氣味,
此處顯示為藍色,
12:01
if you pair that odor氣味 with a shock休克.
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如果你將那種氣味
與震驚來進行配對,
12:03
Then when you give those trained熟練 flies蒼蠅 the chance機會 to choose選擇
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然後,讓那些受過訓練的果蠅有機會
12:07
between之間 a tube with the shock-paired休克配對 odor氣味 and another另一個 odor氣味,
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在與震驚配對的氣味和另一氣味
的塑膠管之間進行選擇,
12:10
it avoids避免 the tube containing the blue藍色 odor氣味 that was paired配對 with shock休克.
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果蠅迴避了含有與震驚搭配
含藍色氣味的塑膠管,
12:14
Well, if you do this test測試 on dopamine多巴胺 receptor接收器 mutant突變體 flies蒼蠅,
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好的,如果你在多巴胺受體突變
的果蠅身上進行這項測試,
12:17
they don't learn學習. Their learning學習 score得分了 is zero.
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他們不會學習,他們的學習分數為零,
12:20
They flunk垮台 out of CalTech加州理工學院.
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在加州理工學院考試不及格而退學。
12:24
So that means手段 that these flies蒼蠅 have two abnormalities異常,
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實驗結果顯示這些果蠅有兩種異常,
12:28
or phenotypes表型, as we geneticists遺傳學家 call them,
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或顯型,如我們遺傳學家稱他們為,
12:31
that one finds認定 in ADHD多動症: hyperactivity多動症 and learning學習 disability失能.
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過動和學習障礙,
注意力不足過動症中找到的,
12:37
Now what's the causal因果 relationship關係, if anything, between之間 these phenotypes表型?
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在兩個顯型之間,如有的話,
是什麼樣的因果關係呢?
12:41
In ADHD多動症, it's often經常 assumed假定 that the hyperactivity多動症
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在注意力不足過動症中,往往假設
12:45
causes原因 the learning學習 disability失能.
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過動造成了學習障礙。
12:47
The kids孩子 can't sit still long enough足夠 to focus焦點, so they don't learn學習.
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小孩坐也坐不住,無法集中注意力,
所以不能學習。
12:51
But it could equally一樣 be the case案件 that it's the learning學習 disabilities殘疾人
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也可會是同樣的情況,學習障礙
12:54
that cause原因 the hyperactivity多動症.
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造成了過動。
12:56
Because the kids孩子 can't learn學習, they look for other things to distract轉移 their attention注意.
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由於孩子無法學習,他們得
尋找其他事來分散注意力。
13:01
And a final最後 possibility可能性 is that there's no relationship關係 at all
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最後的可能是
13:04
between之間 learning學習 disabilities殘疾人 and hyperactivity多動症,
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學習障礙和過動之間
根本沒有關係。
13:06
but that they are caused造成 by a common共同 underlying底層 mechanism機制 in ADHD多動症.
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但是他們由一個過動症的
共同內在機制所造成的。
13:11
Now people have been wondering想知道 about this for a long time
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長久以來人們一直想知道人體上的機制,
13:13
in humans人類, but in flies蒼蠅 we can actually其實 test測試 this.
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但是我們可以在果蠅身上實際測試,
13:17
And the way that we do this is to delve鑽研 deeply into the mind心神
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而我們這樣做的方式是
深入鑽研果蠅的頭腦,
13:20
of the fly and begin開始 to untangle排解 its circuitry電路 using運用 genetics遺傳學.
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開始採用遺傳基因以解開其回路,
13:24
We take our dopamine多巴胺 receptor接收器 mutant突變體 flies蒼蠅
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我們拿掉突變果蠅的多巴胺受體,
13:27
and we genetically基因 restore恢復, or cure治愈, the dopamine多巴胺 receptor接收器
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然後以遺傳學方法,
修復或治療多巴胺受體,
13:31
by putting a good copy複製 of the dopamine多巴胺 receptor接收器 gene基因
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把多巴胺受體基因的好拷貝
13:34
back into the fly brain.
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放回果蠅腦中,
13:36
But in each fly, we put it back only into certain某些 neurons神經元
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但是在每隻果蠅身上,
我們只放回某些神經元,
13:40
and not in others其他, and then we test測試 each of these flies蒼蠅
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不是其他神經元,
然後我們測試每隻果蠅的
13:44
for their ability能力 to learn學習 and for hyperactivity多動症.
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學習和過動的能力。
13:48
Remarkably異常, we find we can completely全然 dissociate游離 these two abnormalities異常.
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我們出奇地發現,兩種異常可完全分離。
13:52
If we put a good copy複製 of the dopamine多巴胺 receptor接收器 back
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如果我們把多巴胺受體的好拷貝
13:55
in this elliptical橢圓的 structure結構體 called the central中央 complex複雜,
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放回這個橢圓形的中央複合體,
13:58
the flies蒼蠅 are no longer hyperactive多動, but they still can't learn學習.
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果蠅就不再過動,但仍不能學習,
14:02
On the other hand, if we put the receptor接收器 back in a different不同 structure結構體
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另一方面,我們把受體放到別的組織,
14:05
called the mushroom蘑菇 body身體,
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名為蕈狀體,
14:06
the learning學習 deficit赤字 is rescued獲救, the flies蒼蠅 learn學習 well,
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學習缺陷從而得以倖免,果蠅便好好學習,
14:09
but they're still hyperactive多動.
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但他們仍然過動。
14:11
What that tells告訴 us is that dopamine多巴胺
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這事告訴我們,多巴胺
14:14
is not bathing洗澡 the brain of these flies蒼蠅 like soup.
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沒有在這些果蠅大腦中像羹湯一樣沐浴,
14:17
Rather, it's acting演戲 to control控制 two different不同 functions功能
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相反,它對兩個不同回路上的
14:20
on two different不同 circuits電路,
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兩個不同功能,擔任控制角色,
14:22
so the reason原因 there are two things wrong錯誤 with our dopamine多巴胺 receptor接收器 flies蒼蠅
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所以有兩件關於果蠅多巴胺受體
的事情是錯誤了,
14:26
is that the same相同 receptor接收器 is controlling控制 two different不同 functions功能
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是同一個受體控制腦部
14:30
in two different不同 regions地區 of the brain.
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兩個不同區域的兩個不同功能。
14:33
Whether是否 the same相同 thing is true真正 in ADHD多動症 in humans人類
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我們不知道同樣的事情在
人類的注意力不足過動症上
14:36
we don't know, but these kinds of results結果
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是否相同,但是這些結果
14:38
should at least最小 cause原因 us to consider考慮 that possibility可能性.
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至少導致我們考慮那個可能性,
14:42
So these results結果 make me and my colleagues同事 more convinced相信 than ever
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所以這些結果使我和我的同事
更加深信,
14:46
that the brain is not a bag of chemical化學 soup,
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腦部不是一盒含化學物質的羹湯,
14:49
and it's a mistake錯誤 to try to treat對待 complex複雜 psychiatric精神病 disorders障礙
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把治療複雜的精神疾病看成
14:52
just by changing改變 the flavor味道 of the soup.
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改變羹湯味道是錯誤的。
14:55
What we need to do is to use our ingenuity創造力 and our scientific科學 knowledge知識
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我們需要運用聰明才智和科學知識,
14:59
to try to design設計 a new generation of treatments治療
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去嘗試設計新一代的治療方法,
15:02
that are targeted針對 to specific具體 neurons神經元 and specific具體 regions地區 of the brain
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針對特定的神經元和特定的腦部區域,
15:06
that are affected受影響 in particular特定 psychiatric精神病 disorders障礙.
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受特定精神疾病所影響的,
15:10
If we can do that, we may可能 be able能夠 to cure治愈 these disorders障礙
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如果我們能夠做到這點,
或者可治癒這些疾病,
15:13
without the unpleasant不愉快 side effects效果,
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而沒有令人不快的副作用,
15:15
putting the oil back in our mental心理 engines引擎,
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把汽油加回我們的精神引擎,
15:18
just where it's needed需要. Thank you very much.
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這就是那裡所需要的。謝謝。
Translated by William Choi
Reviewed by Yuen Lam Tsang

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
David Anderson - Neurobiologist
Through his lab at the California Institute of Technology, David Anderson seeks to find the neural underpinnings of emotions like fear, anxiety and anger.

Why you should listen

How is emotional behavior encoded in the brain? And what parts of the brain are affected by depression, ADHD and anxiety? This is what neurobiologist David Anderson researches in his lab at the California Institute for Technology by studying the brains of lab mice and fruit flies. By looking at how neural circuits give rise to emotions, Anderson hopes to advance a more nuanced view of psychiatric disorders -- that they aren’t the result of a simple “chemical imbalance,” but of a chemical imbalance at a specific site that has a specific emotional consequences. By researching these cause-and-effect relationships, Anderson hopes to pave the way for the development of new treatments for psychiatric disorders that are far more targeted and have far fewer side effects.

Trained by two Nobel laureates, Gunter Blobel and Richard Axel, Anderson is also an investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.

More profile about the speaker
David Anderson | Speaker | TED.com