TED Salon Samsung
Tamas Kocsis: The case for a decentralized internet
塔馬斯 · 考克西斯: 分散化網際網路的案例
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網際網路由誰控管？答案越來越傾向是大型企業和政府——這個趨勢正在威脅數位隱私以及線上資訊的存取，網路開發者塔馬斯 · 考克西斯如是說。他在這場資訊豐富的演說中探討對於網際網路自由的各種威脅，並分享他的計畫：建造分散化的替代網路，將權力交還給日常使用者。
Tamas Kocsis - Web developer
Tamas Kocsis is a self-taught web developer who was always obsessed by new technologies. Full bio
Tamas Kocsis is a self-taught web developer who was always obsessed by new technologies. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Three years ago,
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三年前，
00:14
I started building a decentralized web
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我開始建造一個份散式網路，
00:17
because I was worried
about the future of our internet.
about the future of our internet.
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因為我擔心我們網際網路的未來。
00:21
The current internet we are using
is about gatekeepers.
is about gatekeepers.
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目前我們使用的網路，
重點在於守門人。
重點在於守門人。
00:24
If you want to reach something on the web,
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如果你想要到網路上的某個地方，
00:26
then you need to go
through multiple middlemen.
through multiple middlemen.
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你就得要經過好幾個中間人。
00:29
First, a domain name server,
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首先是 DNS（網域名稱伺服器），
00:31
then a server hosting company,
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接著是伺服器代管公司，
00:34
which usually points you to a third party,
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它通常會將你指引向第三方，
00:37
to a web hosting service.
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一個網頁寄存服務。
00:41
And this happens every time
you want to reach a website on the web.
you want to reach a website on the web.
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每當你想要到網路上的一個網站，
就會發生上述的流程。
就會發生上述的流程。
00:45
But these gatekeepers are
vulnerable to internet attacks
vulnerable to internet attacks
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但這些守門人易受網路攻擊，
00:49
and also makes the censorship
and the surveillance easier.
and the surveillance easier.
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而且他們對審查和監視
也越來越隨心所欲。
也越來越隨心所欲。
00:55
And the situation is getting worse.
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而情況正在變糟。
00:57
Everything is moving to the cloud,
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什麼都被放上雲端，
00:59
where the data is hosted
by giant corporations.
by giant corporations.
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雲端的資料是由大型企業來代管。
01:03
This move creates much,
much more powerful middlemen.
much more powerful middlemen.
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移動到雲端的現象，創造出了
許多更強大的中間人。
許多更強大的中間人。
01:08
Now, move to the cloud makes sense
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移到雲端是合理的，
01:10
because this way it's easier and cheaper
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因為這種方式對於
開發者及服務商來說
開發者及服務商來說
01:12
for the developers
and the service operators.
and the service operators.
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比較容易也比較便宜。
01:15
They don't have to worry
about maintaining the physical servers.
about maintaining the physical servers.
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他們不用擔心要維護實體的伺服器。
01:20
I can't blame them, but I found
this trend to be very dangerous,
this trend to be very dangerous,
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我不怪他們，但我發現
這個趨勢是非常危險的，
這個趨勢是非常危險的，
01:25
because this way, these giant corporations
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因為，這麼一來，這些大型企業
01:28
have unlimited control
over the hosting services.
over the hosting services.
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對於主機代管服務
就有無限的控制權。
就有無限的控制權。
01:32
And it's very easy to abuse this power.
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這種權力是非常容易被濫用的。
01:37
For example, last year, a CEO of a company
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比如，去年，一間公司的執行長
01:41
that acts as a gatekeeper
for nine million websites
for nine million websites
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身為九百萬個網站的守門人，
01:45
decided, after some public pressure,
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在受到一些公眾壓力之後，
01:48
that one of the sites it manages,
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他決定他們所管理的其中一個
01:50
a far right page, should be blocked.
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極右派網站，應該要被封鎖。
01:54
He then sent an internal email
to his coworkers.
to his coworkers.
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接著，他發了一封內部
電子郵件給他的同事們。
電子郵件給他的同事們。
01:59
"This was an arbitrary decision.
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「這是一個霸道的決定。
02:02
I woke up this morning in a bad mood
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我今天早上起床時心情很差，
02:05
and decided to kick them
off the Internet."
off the Internet."
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但還是決定要把它們踢下網路。」
02:09
Even he admits,
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即使他承認：
02:11
"No one should have this power."
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「沒有人應該擁有這種權力。」
02:15
As a response, one of
the employees asked him,
the employees asked him,
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有一位員工回應，問他：
02:18
"Is this the day the Internet dies?"
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「這是網際網路的忌日嗎？」
02:23
I don't think we are actually
killing the internet,
killing the internet,
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我不認為我們在殺害網際網路，
但我確實認為我們正處於一種
02:26
but I do think that we are in the middle
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02:28
of a kind of irresponsible
centralization process
centralization process
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不可靠的中心化過程當中，
02:31
that makes our internet more fragile.
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這過程讓我們的網際網路更加脆弱。
02:35
The decentralized, people-to-people web
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分散式，人對人的網路
02:38
solves this problem
by removing the central points,
by removing the central points,
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能夠移除網頁寄存服務的中繼點，
02:41
the web-hosting services.
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進而解決這個問題。
02:43
It empowers the users
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它把權力賦予使用者，
02:46
to have host sites they want to preserve.
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讓他們能擁有他們
想要保存的主機網站。
想要保存的主機網站。
02:51
On this network, the sites get downloaded
directly from other visitors.
directly from other visitors.
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在這個網路上，網站會
直接被訪客下載下來。
直接被訪客下載下來。
02:57
This means, if you have a site
with 100 visitors,
with 100 visitors,
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意思就是，若一個網站
有一百個訪客，
有一百個訪客，
02:59
then it's hosted
[by] 100 computers around the world.
[by] 100 computers around the world.
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它就是由全世界的
一百台電腦來代管。
一百台電腦來代管。
03:04
Basically, this is a people-powered
version of the internet.
version of the internet.
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基本上，這是一種以人
為動力的新版網際網路。
為動力的新版網際網路。
03:10
The security of the network
is provided by public-key cryptography.
is provided by public-key cryptography.
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網路安全性是由公開的
金鑰加密方式來提供的。
金鑰加密方式來提供的。
03:14
This makes sure that no one
can modify the sites
can modify the sites
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這樣確保其他人不能修改這些網站，
只有真正的網站所有人可以。
03:18
but only the real owner.
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03:21
Think of it like instead of getting
electricity from big power plants,
electricity from big power plants,
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可以把它想像成，我們不再
從大型發電廠取得電力，
從大型發電廠取得電力，
03:25
you put solar panels on top of your house,
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改成在你自己的屋頂上裝太陽能板，
03:27
and if your neighbor down the street
needs some extra energy,
needs some extra energy,
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如果你同條路上的鄰居
需要一些額外的能源，
需要一些額外的能源，
03:30
then they can just download
some from your house.
some from your house.
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他們可以從你的房子下載一些來用。
03:36
So by using the decentralized web,
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所以，使用分散化的網路，
03:39
we can help to keep content
accessible for other visitors.
accessible for other visitors.
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我們有助於讓內容維持在
其他訪客可以取得的狀態。
其他訪客可以取得的狀態。
03:44
And by that, it means
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這麼說的意思就是，
03:47
that we can also fight against things
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我們也能夠對抗
我們認為不公正的事物，
03:51
that we feel are unjust,
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03:54
like censorship.
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比如審查制度。
03:56
In China, the internet
is tightly controlled.
is tightly controlled.
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在中國，網際網路受到嚴密控制。
04:00
They can't criticize the government,
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他們不能批評政府，
04:04
organize a protest,
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策劃抗議，
04:06
and it's also forbidden to post
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也禁止張貼
04:09
a kind of emoticon to remember the victims
of the Tiananmen Square Massacre.
of the Tiananmen Square Massacre.
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追思天安門受害者的表情符號。
04:15
With the decentralized web,
it's not the government that decides
it's not the government that decides
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若有分散化的網站，政府就無法決定
什麼能被看見、什麼不能，
04:18
what gets seen and what doesn't.
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04:21
It's the people,
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而是由人決定，
04:23
which makes the web more democratic.
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這使得網路更民主，
04:26
But at the same time,
it's hard to use this network
it's hard to use this network
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同時還會更難用這網路
04:29
to do something that is clearly illegal
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來做一些明顯犯法的事情，
04:31
everywhere in the world,
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在世界各地都一樣，
04:33
as the users probably
don't want to endanger themselves
don't want to endanger themselves
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因為使用者可能並不想要
因為代管這些有問題的內容
而讓自己陷入危險。
而讓自己陷入危險。
04:36
hosting these kinds
of problematic content.
of problematic content.
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04:41
Another increasing threat
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還有另一項對網際網路的自由
04:44
to internet freedom
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越來越嚴重的威脅，
04:47
is overregulation.
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就是過度規範管控。
04:51
I have the impression
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我覺得
04:53
that our delegates
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我們的代表，
04:55
who vote on the internet regulation laws
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對網際網路法規進行投票的代表，
04:57
are not fully aware of their decisions.
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並不完全清楚了解他們的決定。
05:01
For example, the European Parliament
has a new law on the table,
has a new law on the table,
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比如，歐洲議會正討論一條新法，
05:05
a new copyright protection law,
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一條新的版權保護法，
05:07
that has a part called Article 13.
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其中有一部分叫做「十三條款」。
05:11
If it passes, it would require
every big website
every big website
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如果通過的話，
它會要求每一個大型網站
它會要求每一個大型網站
05:16
to implement a filter
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都要導入一個過濾器，
05:18
that automatically blocks content
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它會根據大企業所控制的規則
05:21
based on rules controlled
by big corporations.
by big corporations.
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來自動阻擋某些內容。
05:25
The original idea is
to protect copyrighted materials,
to protect copyrighted materials,
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原本的想法是要保護有版權的素材，
05:28
but it would endanger many other things
we do on the internet:
we do on the internet:
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但它會危及到我們在網際網路上
做的許多其他事情：
做的許多其他事情：
05:32
blogging, criticizing,
discussing, linking and sharing.
discussing, linking and sharing.
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寫網誌、批評、討論、
連結，和分享。
連結，和分享。
05:36
Google and YouTube
already have similar systems
already have similar systems
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Google 和 YouTube
已經有類似的系統，
已經有類似的系統，
05:40
and they are receiving
100,000 takedown requests every hour.
100,000 takedown requests every hour.
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它們每小時會收到十萬則
要求下架的請求。
要求下架的請求。
05:47
Of course, they can't process
this amount of data by hand,
this amount of data by hand,
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當然，它們不可能用人工
來處理這麼大的量，
來處理這麼大的量，
05:50
so they are using machine learning
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所以它們採用機器學習，
05:52
to decide if it's really
a copyright violation or not.
a copyright violation or not.
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來決定是否有違反版權的狀況。
05:56
But these filters do make mistakes.
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但這些過濾器會犯錯。
06:01
They're removing everything
from documentation of human rights abuses,
from documentation of human rights abuses,
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它們什麼都移除，
濫用人權的紀錄，
06:06
lectures about copyrights
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觸及版權的演講，
06:09
and search results
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以及搜尋到的
06:12
that point to criticism
of this new Article 13.
of this new Article 13.
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批評這新「十三條款」的結果。
06:18
Beside of that, they are also
removing many other things.
removing many other things.
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此外，它們還會移除許多其它東西。
06:24
And sometimes, these filters
aren't just removing the specific content,
aren't just removing the specific content,
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有時，這些過濾器
並不只是移除特定的內容，
06:30
but it could also lead
to loss of your linked accounts:
to loss of your linked accounts:
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也有可能會讓你失去你連結的帳戶、
06:35
your email address,
your documents, your photos,
your documents, your photos,
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你的電子郵件地址、
你的文件、你的照片，
你的文件、你的照片，
06:39
or your unfinished book,
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或你寫到一半的書，
06:42
which happened
with the writer Dennis Cooper.
with the writer Dennis Cooper.
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作家丹尼斯庫珀就遇到了這種事。
06:45
It's not hard to see
how a system like this could be abused
how a system like this could be abused
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不難想像，像這樣的系統
能被政客和企業競爭者濫用。
06:50
by politicians and corporate competitors.
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06:55
This Article 13, the extension of these
automated filters to the whole internet,
automated filters to the whole internet,
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「十三條款」就是
在將這些自動過濾器
在將這些自動過濾器
延伸到整個網際網路上，
它遭受強烈反彈，
它遭受強烈反彈，
07:02
got strong opposition
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07:04
from Wikipedia, Github,
Mozilla, and many others,
Mozilla, and many others,
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抗議者包括維基、GitHub、
Mozilla，及許多其他人，
Mozilla，及許多其他人，
07:09
including the original founders
of the internet and the World Wide Web,
of the internet and the World Wide Web,
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包括網際網路和全球
資訊網的原始創始人，
資訊網的原始創始人，
文頓瑟夫與提姆柏內茲李。
07:15
Vint Cerf and Tim Berners-Lee.
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07:18
But despite this strong opposition,
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但，儘管有強烈的反彈，
07:21
on the last European Parliament vote,
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在最後一次的歐洲國會投票上，
07:23
two thirds of the representatives
supported this law.
supported this law.
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三分之二的代表支持這項法律。
07:29
The final vote will be early 2019.
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最後一次投票會在 2019 年初。
07:32
The result is important,
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其結果極其重要，
07:34
but whatever happens,
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但不論發生什麼事，
07:37
I'm pretty sure it will be followed
by many other similar proposals
by many other similar proposals
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我很確定，全世界會有許多
其它類似的提案跟進。
07:42
around the world.
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07:45
These kinds of regulations
would be very hard to enforce
would be very hard to enforce
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透過分散化的網路，
這些規定會非常難執行，
07:48
through a decentralized web,
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07:49
as there is no hosting companies.
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因為沒有代管公司。
07:53
The websites are served
by the visitors themselves.
by the visitors themselves.
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網站是由訪客自己來服務的。
07:58
I started to build
this network three years ago.
this network three years ago.
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我三年前開始建造這個網路。
08:03
Since then, I've spent thousands,
tens of thousands of hours
tens of thousands of hours
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從那時起，我已經花了數千、
數萬小時在開發上。
08:07
on the development.
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08:09
Why?
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為什麼？
08:11
Why would anyone spend thousands of hours
on something anyone can freely copy,
on something anyone can freely copy,
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為什麼會有人花數千小時
去做任何人都能自由複製、
去做任何人都能自由複製、
08:15
rename, or even sell?
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重新命名，甚至銷售的東西呢？
08:19
Well, in my case,
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嗯，就我來說，
08:21
one of the reasons was
to do something meaningful.
to do something meaningful.
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理由之一是我想要做有意義的事。
08:24
During my daily regular job
as a web developer,
as a web developer,
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我平日的工作是網路開發者，
08:27
I didn't have the feeling
that I'm working on something
that I'm working on something
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我不覺得我的工作產出
08:30
that had a chance to be a bigger than me.
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有機會變得比我更大。
08:35
Simply, I just wanted to make
my short presence in this world
my short presence in this world
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簡單地說，我只想讓
我在這世上的短暫存在
我在這世上的短暫存在
08:38
to be meaningful.
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變得有意義。
08:43
Last year, the Great Firewall of China
started blocking this network I created.
started blocking this network I created.
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去年，中國的防火長城
開始阻擋我創造的網路。
開始阻擋我創造的網路。
08:49
This move officially made me the enemy
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這一舉動正式使我成為
政府支持的互聯網審查的敵人。
08:52
of the government-supported
internet censorship.
internet censorship.
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08:57
Since then, it's been really
a game of cat and mouse.
a game of cat and mouse.
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從那之後，就成了貓捉老鼠的遊戲。
09:00
They make new rules in the firewall
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他們在防火牆上建立新的規則，
09:03
and I try to react to it as fast as I can
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我則是盡快做出對策，
09:06
so the users can keep hosting content
and create websites
and create websites
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讓使用者能夠繼續
代管內容和創建網站，
代管內容和創建網站，
09:10
that otherwise would be censored
by the centralized Chinese internet.
by the centralized Chinese internet.
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要不然，就會被中心化的
中國網際網路給審查。
中國網際網路給審查。
09:17
My other motivation
to create this network was worry.
to create this network was worry.
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我創立這個網路的
另一個動機是擔憂。
另一個動機是擔憂。
09:23
I fear that the future of our internet
is out of our control.
is out of our control.
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我擔心我們網際網路的未來
將不受我們控制。
將不受我們控制。
09:28
The increasing centralization
and the proposed laws
and the proposed laws
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越來越嚴重的中心化
以及被提出的法律
以及被提出的法律
09:31
are threatening our freedom of speech
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都在威脅我們的言論自由，
09:34
and, by that, our democracy.
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進而威脅我們的民主。
09:37
So for me, building a decentralized web
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所以，對我來說，
建造去中心化的網路
建造去中心化的網路
09:40
means creating a safe harbor,
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就意味著創造一個安全港，
09:44
a space where the rules are not written
by big corporations and political parties,
by big corporations and political parties,
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在這個空間中，
規則不由大企業和政黨所寫，
09:50
but by the people.
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而是由人民所寫的。
09:53
Thank you.
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謝謝。
09:55
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Tamas Kocsis - Web developerTamas Kocsis is a self-taught web developer who was always obsessed by new technologies.
Why you should listen
Tamas Kocsis was never motivated by building a career or getting a high-paid job -- instead, he was more interested in exploring new things, doing something meaningful and solving important problems.
In 2013 Kocsis got excited about the decentralization movement started by Bitcoin cryptocurrency. A year later he started to develop a peer-to-peer, people-powered version of the web called ZeroNet to be a useful member of this community.
Kocsis became interested in programming and web design at the age of 13, then got his first paid assignment as a web developer at age 16. Besides programming, he enjoys any kind of activity that has a definite end result; he's designed and built his own tables, lamps and various objects using concrete, recycled wood, felt and paper.
Tamas Kocsis | Speaker | TED.com