TED2019
Danielle N. Lee: How hip-hop helps us understand science
丹妮爾‧恩‧李: 嘻哈如何幫助我們理解科學？
Filmed:
Readability: 4.7
1,875,249 views
九零年代初期，一個醜聞震撼了生物演化學界：科學家發現鳴禽——一度曾經被視為嚴謹的一夫一妻制代表——其實有著現今稱之為「（配）偶外交配」的行為。
在這個令人難忘的、探討著動物外遇現象的生物課，TED 的夥伴丹妮爾‧恩‧李示範她如何利用嘻哈來教導科學，並帶領著觀眾一起改編出最新版本的「天生頑皮」名曲「OPP」。
Danielle N. Lee - Behavioral biologist
Danielle N. Lee examines the ecology and natural history of nuisance rodents, using hip-hop to share science with broader audiences. Full bio
Danielle N. Lee examines the ecology and natural history of nuisance rodents, using hip-hop to share science with broader audiences. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
How y'all doing?
0
1071
1150
你們好嗎？
00:14
Good.
1
2881
1230
太好了。
00:16
I came here to give you a science lesson
2
4135
2785
我今天要為大家上一堂科學課，
00:18
about animal mating systems
3
6944
2062
關於動物交配體系，
00:21
and why defining monogamy
has been a challenge for scientists.
has been a challenge for scientists.
4
9030
4584
跟為什麼定義一夫一妻制
對科學家來說並不容易。
對科學家來說並不容易。
00:25
But you won't need a textbook
or to download an online lecture.
or to download an online lecture.
5
13934
3112
但你不需要教科書，
或從網路下載講義。
或從網路下載講義。
00:29
All you'll simply need to do
is revisit the song "OPP"
is revisit the song "OPP"
6
17839
4444
你只需要重溫「天生頑皮」
名曲「OPP」。
名曲「OPP」。
00:34
by Naughty by Nature.
7
22307
1405
00:35
(Laughter)
8
23736
1190
（笑聲）
00:36
It was released in 1991.
9
24950
2261
這首歌在 1991 年發行。
「OPP」是歌手和聽眾
互動的唱答歌曲。
互動的唱答歌曲。
00:40
Now, "OPP" is a call-and-response song.
10
28808
2685
00:43
So throughout the talk,
I'm going to put lyrics up on the screen,
I'm going to put lyrics up on the screen,
11
31815
3834
這演說的過程中，我會
把歌詞放在螢幕上。
把歌詞放在螢幕上。
00:47
and I'm going to recite some
12
35673
1390
我會讀出一些，
00:49
and I'm going to prompt you
13
37087
1363
輪到你們反應的時候，
我也會提示你們，好嗎？
我也會提示你們，好嗎？
00:50
when it's your turn
to do the response, OK?
to do the response, OK?
14
38474
2170
00:52
(Cheers)
15
40668
1253
（歡呼聲）
00:53
Now, I know some people
in this audience know this song,
in this audience know this song,
16
41945
2635
我想有些觀眾應該知道這首歌。
00:56
so I need you to lead the way
with the tempo and the rhythm,
with the tempo and the rhythm,
17
44604
2825
所以我希望可以請你們負責節奏。
00:59
if that's alright, OK?
18
47453
1404
好嗎？
01:00
Right, y'all ready?
19
48881
1190
你們準備好了嗎？
對 OPP 無法自拔？
01:02
You down with OPP?
20
50974
1347
觀眾：耶～你懂的！
01:04
Audience: Yeah, you know me!
21
52345
1367
丹妮爾：對 OPP 無法自拔？
01:05
DNL: You down with OPP?
22
53736
1383
01:07
Audience: Yeah, you know me!
23
55143
1355
觀眾：耶～你懂的！
丹：對 OPP 無法自拔？
01:08
DNL: You down with OPP?
24
56522
1255
01:09
Audience: Yeah, you know me!
25
57791
1342
觀眾：耶～你懂的！
01:11
DNL: That was perfect.
26
59157
1198
丹：太棒了！
01:12
Thank you.
27
60379
1150
謝謝你們。
「我該怎麼解釋 OPP 呢？
01:14
"OPP, how can I explain it?
28
62768
1682
01:16
I'll take it frame by frame it.
29
64474
1508
讓我逐字拆解，
直到你們全跟著又唱又跳。
01:18
To have y'all jumping shout and singing it
30
66006
2039
O 是「其他」，P 是「人們」。
要反覆思索。
要反覆思索。
01:20
O is for other, P is for people.
scratch your temple.
scratch your temple.
31
68069
2754
01:22
The last P, well, that's not that simple."
32
70847
2508
最後一個 P，可沒那麼單純。」
01:25
Now, in the song, the MC hints
that it's a five-letter word,
that it's a five-letter word,
33
73379
3690
在這首歌裡饒舌者暗示
這是有五個字母的單詞。
這是有五個字母的單詞。
01:29
but to keep it rated PG,
34
77093
1611
因為涉及成人議題，
01:30
he simply refers to it as "property."
35
78728
2825
因此他稱之為「資產」。
01:33
(Laughter)
36
81983
1150
（笑聲）
01:35
The song is about cheating
on your significant other.
on your significant other.
37
83157
3309
這首歌是關於背著另一半出軌。
01:38
Now, around the time that this song
was in heavy rotation,
was in heavy rotation,
38
86879
3754
這首歌流行的時候，
01:42
biologists were in deep discussion
about whether bird species,
about whether bird species,
39
90657
5317
生物學家正深入地探討：
鳥類尤其像是鳴禽和水禽，
01:47
notably songbirds and waterfowl
were actually monogamous or not.
were actually monogamous or not.
40
95998
5248
到底是否確實是一夫一妻制？
01:53
See, for decades,
generations of science students
generations of science students
41
101831
3286
幾十年來，好幾代的科學生
01:57
were taught that well over 90 percent
of the bird species were monogamous.
of the bird species were monogamous.
42
105141
3990
學到的觀念是：超過
90% 種鳥類是一夫一妻制。
90% 種鳥類是一夫一妻制。
02:01
A male and female
mating faithfully for life.
mating faithfully for life.
43
109657
3066
一公一母終身彼此忠誠。
02:05
That was until the late 1980s,
44
113419
2253
直到 1980 年代末，
02:07
when a new laboratory technique
came on the scene,
came on the scene,
45
115696
2794
一種新的實驗室技術問世了。
02:10
which could copy DNA
from a small tissue or fluid sample
from a small tissue or fluid sample
46
118514
4008
可以從少量的組織
或液體樣本複製 DNA
或液體樣本複製 DNA
02:14
and decode the genetics of individuals.
47
122546
2095
並解碼個體的遺傳基因。
02:17
Now, before that technique,
48
125046
2063
在這項技術之前，
我們從來沒有辦法百分之百確定，
02:19
we were never ever certain about,
49
127133
2245
02:21
100 percent, who the parents
of baby birds were.
of baby birds were.
50
129402
2843
幼鳥的父母是誰。
我們有的僅是田野紀錄的筆記。
02:24
All we had were our field notes.
51
132744
1738
02:26
And we would know
which adults lived in a nest
which adults lived in a nest
52
134792
2372
知道哪些成鳥住在巢裡，
02:29
and which ones fed the baby birds.
53
137188
2135
哪些會餵養牠們的幼鳥。
02:32
Well, come to find out,
study after study kept coming in
study after study kept coming in
54
140085
5619
慢慢地，一個接著一個研究發現，
02:37
and we found so much
evidence of infidelity --
evidence of infidelity --
55
145728
3558
我們找到許多不忠誠的證據。
（笑聲）
02:41
(Laughter)
56
149310
1348
02:42
among bird species,
57
150682
1366
在鳥類之中，
02:44
particularly these songbirds
58
152072
1391
特別是鳴禽，
人類以為牠們是自然界
一夫一妻制的典範。
一夫一妻制的典範。
02:45
that we thought
were the pinnacle of monogamy.
were the pinnacle of monogamy.
59
153487
2588
這發現吸睛的程度，會讓主持
親子鑑定節目的莫瑞·波維奇忌妒。
親子鑑定節目的莫瑞·波維奇忌妒。
02:48
It would have made Maury Povich
jealous for the ratings.
jealous for the ratings.
60
156445
3338
02:51
(Laughter)
61
159807
2373
（笑聲）
02:54
It rocked biology and ornithology so hard,
62
162538
3293
震撼了生物與鳥類學界，
02:57
we had to modify and expand
the entire definition of monogamy.
the entire definition of monogamy.
63
165855
4198
我們不得不修改和擴展
一夫一妻制的定義。
一夫一妻制的定義。
03:02
Now, it was so bad
that this was the headline
that this was the headline
64
170974
3683
討論越演愈烈，
甚至成為《紐約時報》
科學版的頭條。
科學版的頭條。
03:06
of the "New York Times" science section,
65
174681
2491
1990 年的 8 月刊出：
03:09
August, 1990.
66
177196
1762
「從一而終？
對鳥類和蜜蜂可不適用。」
對鳥類和蜜蜂可不適用。」
03:11
"Mating for Life?
It's not for the Birds or the Bees."
It's not for the Birds or the Bees."
67
179427
2954
03:14
(Laughter)
68
182405
1832
（笑聲）
03:16
We had to come up with new definitions.
69
184261
2912
我們得提出新的定義。
03:19
The situation where an individual
would change partners,
would change partners,
70
187538
3666
個體會更換伴侶，
03:23
either between breeding seasons
71
191228
1829
不論是在交配的季節，
03:25
or just simply because
they didn't like their partner anymore?
they didn't like their partner anymore?
72
193081
3313
或僅僅是因為牠們
不再喜歡其伴侶的這種情況，
不再喜歡其伴侶的這種情況，
我們現在稱之為
「連續的一夫一妻制」。
「連續的一夫一妻制」。
03:28
We now call this "serial monogamy."
73
196418
2200
03:30
(Laughter)
74
198941
4850
（笑聲）
我不知道你們會覺得這麼有趣。
03:35
I didn't know it was
going to be this funny.
going to be this funny.
75
203815
2079
03:37
(Laughter)
76
205918
1947
（笑聲）
03:40
The situation where we know
the male and female pair together
the male and female pair together
77
208283
4500
有些狀況是一公一母會結合，
而所有的幼鳥都屬於這對伴侶。
03:44
and all the babies
belong to both partners?
belong to both partners?
78
212807
2548
我們稱之為
「基因上的一夫一妻制」。
「基因上的一夫一妻制」。
03:47
We call that "genetic monogamy."
79
215379
1967
03:49
And we now recognize
that it only holds true
that it only holds true
80
217370
2445
現在我們知道，這只佔了
鳴禽的 14% 而已，
鳴禽的 14% 而已，
03:51
for about 14 percent
of the songbird species,
of the songbird species,
81
219839
4127
我們曾經非常篤定這是
嚴格的一夫一妻制的物種。
嚴格的一夫一妻制的物種。
03:55
which we were very certain
were truly monogamous.
were truly monogamous.
82
223990
3080
03:59
And with this reclassification,
83
227831
1738
透過這次重新分類，
04:01
we realized that in a lot
of those field observations
of those field observations
84
229593
2750
我們發現在很多田野調查中
04:04
where we saw a male and female
sharing a nest,
sharing a nest,
85
232367
3114
看到一公一母共同築巢、
04:07
comaintaining a territory,
even provisioning offspring together,
even provisioning offspring together,
86
235505
4516
共同保衛領土，甚至一起養育幼鳥，
04:12
often included a few baby birds
that did not belong to the male partner.
that did not belong to the male partner.
87
240045
4515
這些幼鳥其實
常常不屬於同一隻公鳥。
常常不屬於同一隻公鳥。
我們稱之為
「社會性的一夫一妻制」。
「社會性的一夫一妻制」。
04:17
We call this "social monogamy."
88
245925
2363
04:20
(Laughter)
89
248312
2420
（笑聲）
04:22
And the mechanism responsible?
90
250756
2310
其演化機制呢？
04:25
Extra-pair copulation.
91
253090
2467
我們稱之為「（配）偶外交配」。
（歌詞）「OPP 就是
讓人知道你在幹什麼，
讓人知道你在幹什麼，
04:29
"It's OPP, time for other people's
what you get it
what you get it
92
257660
2710
沒有空間發展穩定戀愛關係，
只有機會發展……
只有機會發展……
04:32
there's no room for relationship,
there's just room to ..."
there's just room to ..."
93
260394
2812
04:35
Audience: "Hit it!"
94
263230
1151
觀眾：性關係」
04:36
"How many brothers out there
know just what I'm getting at?
know just what I'm getting at?
95
264405
2829
「有多少兄弟了解我在說什麼？
誰覺得我劈腿又偷吃就是不對。
04:39
Who thinks it's wrong because I was
splitting and cohitting that.
splitting and cohitting that.
96
267258
3146
04:42
Well if you do, that's OPP"
97
270754
3031
如果你這樣做，就是 OPP！」
其實，這是 EPC，
04:46
Actually, that's EPC
98
274238
1539
04:48
Which is the abbreviation
for extra-pair copulation.
for extra-pair copulation.
99
276770
3802
正是「偶外交配」的縮寫。
04:52
(Laughter)
100
280596
2292
（笑聲）
04:54
Now, we define extra-pair copulation
as the mating outside of a pair bond.
as the mating outside of a pair bond.
101
282912
4808
現在我們將偶外交配定義為：
在原有結合外的交配行為。
在原有結合外的交配行為。
05:00
And just like we were
discovering via science,
discovering via science,
102
288119
2315
正如我們透過科學發現，
05:02
it can lead to babies
that don't belong to the male partner.
that don't belong to the male partner.
103
290458
3627
這會導致幼鳥不是公鳥伴侶生的。
05:06
Alright?
104
294109
1155
對吧？
05:07
Now, I first learned
about EPCs years later,
about EPCs years later,
105
295288
3654
我在多年後第一次知道
「偶外交配」這個概念。
「偶外交配」這個概念。
當時許多科學新知出現，
我還在念研究所。
我還在念研究所。
05:10
after all the science news broke
while I was in graduate school.
while I was in graduate school.
106
298966
3063
05:14
And as we were taking a class,
107
302403
2300
當我們在一堂課上
05:16
talking about current discoveries
and mating systems,
and mating systems,
108
304727
2874
探討到當時對於交配系統的發現．
05:19
this topic comes up.
109
307625
1778
這個主題出現了。
05:21
And as my professor's
going through the definition
going through the definition
110
309855
2604
當我的教授正講述這些定義
05:24
and recounting all
the dramatic turns of events
the dramatic turns of events
111
312483
2809
跟細數那些戲劇性的轉折，
05:27
that lead to these new revelations,
112
315316
2166
導致這一些新發現時，
05:29
I'm sitting in class and a familiar song
starts bopping in my head.
starts bopping in my head.
113
317506
3603
我坐在課堂上，一首熟悉的歌
開始在我腦海中浮現。
開始在我腦海中浮現。
心中唱著：
「對 OPP 無法自拔？
「對 OPP 無法自拔？
05:33
I'm like, "You down with OPP?
114
321133
1635
05:34
Yeah, you know me!"
115
322792
1531
耶～你懂的！」
05:36
(Laughter)
116
324347
1619
（笑聲）
05:37
I mean, that's exactly
what that song was about:
what that song was about:
117
325990
3809
我想這正是此首歌要表達的：
05:41
EPCs.
118
329823
1150
偶外交配。
05:43
And what I recognized
119
331355
1827
而我發現，
05:45
is that this gives us an opportunity
to revisit this song.
to revisit this song.
120
333206
3641
這給我們機會以不同的
眼光去看待這首歌。
眼光去看待這首歌。
05:48
Let's switch the lyrics up.
121
336871
1800
讓我們更換一下歌詞。
05:51
So say EPC.
122
339815
1754
丹：說「EPC。」
05:53
Audience: EPC.
123
341593
1158
觀眾：EPC。
丹：說 EPC！
05:54
DNL: Say it, EPC!
124
342775
1514
觀眾：EPC！
05:56
Audience: EPC!
125
344313
1151
（歌詞）「我自豪地說。
05:57
"I like to say it with pride
126
345488
1367
05:58
now, when you do it, do it well,
and make sure that it counts.
and make sure that it counts.
127
346879
2976
要做就好好做，確保一切值得。
盡情享受吧！」
06:01
You're not down with a discount."
128
349879
1619
丹：對 EPC 無法自拔？
06:03
You down with EPC?
129
351522
1198
觀眾：耶～你懂的！
06:04
Audience: Yeah, you know me!
130
352744
3282
丹：對 EPC 無法自拔？
觀眾：耶～你懂的！
在我上科學課的時候，
06:08
Now, I had always been
playing songs in my head
playing songs in my head
131
356050
3484
腦海裡一直播放著這歌曲，
06:11
while I was in science class,
132
359558
1976
像是透過流行文化與嘻哈歌曲的
索引，讓我更快地學習。
索引，讓我更快地學習。
06:13
kind of tapping into this index
of pop culture and hip-hop songs.
of pop culture and hip-hop songs.
133
361558
3578
06:17
But when I would share my analogies
with my science professors,
with my science professors,
134
365585
3286
但當我跟科學教授分享我的體會時，
06:20
all of whom were older white men,
135
368895
1928
他們都是較年長的白人，
06:22
I often got blank and confused
stares as responses.
stares as responses.
136
370847
4738
我彷彿在對牛彈琴或是說外星話。
06:27
(Laughter)
137
375609
2183
（笑聲）
06:29
But when I would share this
with people from communities like mine,
with people from communities like mine,
138
377816
3896
當我把這樣的連結
分享給跟我一樣背景的人，
分享給跟我一樣背景的人，
06:33
or other colleagues --
so, diverse communities --
so, diverse communities --
139
381736
3214
或是其他同事──多元的社群，
像這樣的嘻哈文化
與科學的混搭，便廣受歡迎。
與科學的混搭，便廣受歡迎。
06:36
this hip-hop science remix was a hit.
140
384974
2467
06:39
That's because I was either talking
to people who looked and sounded like me,
to people who looked and sounded like me,
141
387871
3666
或許因為我正和我的同溫層，
或是與至少和我聽
同樣某些歌的人交流。
同樣某些歌的人交流。
06:43
or at the very least, you know,
listened to some of the same songs.
listened to some of the same songs.
142
391561
3406
06:46
We were sharing a common cultural lexicon.
143
394991
2800
我們擁有共同的文化詞彙。
06:50
And with that lexicon, I was able
to bring new science terms to them,
to bring new science terms to them,
144
398346
4422
透過這些詞彙，我能夠將新的
科學術語，介紹給他們。
科學術語，介紹給他們。
在這樣的文化脈絡下，
我們分享了科學新知。
我們分享了科學新知。
06:54
and together, we were sharing a new
comprehension of science for the culture.
comprehension of science for the culture.
145
402792
5861
07:01
Now, hip-hop song references
146
409649
4096
嘻哈歌曲是絕佳的參照工具，
07:05
are a really good tool for teaching
content to students from hip-hop culture
content to students from hip-hop culture
147
413769
6111
尤其是用來教導熟稔嘻哈文化
或來自都市的學生。
07:11
or urban communities.
148
419904
1429
07:13
And I use it intentionally
to connect to those students,
to connect to those students,
149
421357
3180
我刻意用這種方法來連結那些學生，
07:16
tapping into vocabulary
that they already know
that they already know
150
424561
3262
利用他們已熟知的字彙
07:19
and systems that they already comprehend.
151
427847
2733
和已理解的系統。
07:23
And what it does in that process
is it ratifies them, us, our culture
is it ratifies them, us, our culture
152
431228
6520
這種過程讓我們的文化
07:29
as knowledge purveyors.
153
437772
1785
成為知識來源。
07:32
I use hip-hop to frame
and communicate science
and communicate science
154
440691
3386
我利用嘻哈來建構與傳遞科學，
07:36
because I'm intentionally communicating
science to broader audiences
science to broader audiences
155
444101
4500
因為我有意將科學帶給
更廣的、在科普推廣中
常被忽略的群眾。
常被忽略的群眾。
07:40
that public science outreach
has traditionally overlooked.
has traditionally overlooked.
156
448625
4690
07:46
And in the process,
157
454427
1889
透過這樣的過程，
07:48
I am affirming the genius
158
456340
2968
我可以為到處
天賦正在萌芽茁壯的貧民窟青年人，
打一劑強心針。
打一劑強心針。
07:51
that thrives in the young minds of people
from every hood everywhere.
from every hood everywhere.
159
459332
4015
07:55
So let me ask you one last time,
160
463879
2087
讓我問你們最後一次：
丹：對 EPC 無法自拔？
07:57
you down with EPC?
161
465990
1405
07:59
Audience: Yeah, you know me!
162
467419
1357
觀眾：耶～你懂的！
丹：對 EPC 無法自拔？
08:00
DNL: You down with EPC?
163
468800
1257
08:02
Audience: Yeah, you know me!
164
470081
1339
觀眾：耶～你懂的！
丹：對 EPC 無法自拔？
08:03
DNL: You down with EPC?
165
471444
1202
08:04
Audience: Yeah, you know me!
166
472670
1360
觀眾：耶～你懂的！
丹：誰對 EPC 無法自拔？
08:06
DNL: Who's down with EPC?
167
474054
1208
08:07
Audience: All the homies!
168
475286
2076
觀眾：所有哥兒們！
08:09
Thank you.
169
477698
1166
謝謝。
08:10
(Applause and cheers)
170
478888
4389
（掌聲與歡呼聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Danielle N. Lee - Behavioral biologistDanielle N. Lee examines the ecology and natural history of nuisance rodents, using hip-hop to share science with broader audiences.
Why you should listen
Danielle N. Lee examines the ecology and natural history of nuisance rodents across urban gradients, from the small field mice of North America to the giant pouched rats of Tanzania. A strong advocate for diversity and inclusion in the sciences, she uses hip-hop to share science with broader audiences. She's currently studying the behavioral differences between city mouse and country mouse, with the aim of understanding how and why rodents successfully vex us by living in and near our homes, pantries, farms and silos.
Danielle N. Lee | Speaker | TED.com