TED2006
Saul Griffith: Everyday inventions
索爾.葛瑞芬 談日常發明
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作為發明家和麥克阿瑟天才獎的得獎者，索爾葛瑞芬分享他實驗室的一些創新想法 -- 從" 聰明繩索" 到屋子一般大小的載貨風筝。
Saul Griffith - Inventor
Inventor Saul Griffith looks for elegant ways to make real things, from low-cost eyeglasses to a kite that tows boats. His latest projects include open-source inventions and elegant new ways to generate power. Full bio
Inventor Saul Griffith looks for elegant ways to make real things, from low-cost eyeglasses to a kite that tows boats. His latest projects include open-source inventions and elegant new ways to generate power. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:24
So anyway, who am I?
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好，我是誰。
00:25
I usually say to people, when they say, "What do you do?"
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當他們問我「你是做什麼的?」，我通常會這樣回應
00:28
I say, "I do hardware,"
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我說:「我是做硬體的。」
00:30
because it sort of conveniently encompasses everything I do.
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因為這樣很方便地涵括了我做的每一個東西。
00:32
And I recently said that to a venture capitalist casually at some
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而且，我最近在一個矽谷會議上就是這樣隨意地跟一個風險資本家說的。
00:36
Valley event, to which he replied, "How quaint."
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他則回答:「好奇怪。」
00:39
(Laughter)
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笑聲
00:41
And I sort of really was dumbstruck.
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我當時真的有些傻住了。
00:44
And I really should have said something smart.
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我當時真該說點聰明的。
00:46
And now I've had a little bit of time to think about it,
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現在我有一些時間去想想
00:51
I would have said, "Well, you know,
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我應該這麼說:
00:53
if we look at the next 100 years
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如果我們看未來的一百年，
00:55
and we've seen all these problems in the last few days,
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而我們在過去那幾天看到了這些問題，
00:57
most of the big issues -- clean water, clean energy --
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大部分這些重大議題，例如: 潔淨的飲水，潔淨的能源，
01:00
and they're interchangeable in some respects --
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這兩者在某種程度上是可以相互替換的，
01:02
and cleaner, more functional materials --
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且是更乾淨，更有功能的材料，
01:04
they all look to me to be hardware problems.
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他們對我來說都是硬體的問題。
01:07
This doesn't mean we should ignore software,
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這不代表我們應該忽視軟體，
01:09
or information, or computation."
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或資訊或計算。
01:11
And that's in fact probably what I'm going to try and tell you about.
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這事實上就是我接著要講的。
01:14
So, this talk is going to be about how do we make things
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所以，這演講是關於我們如何做東西，
01:17
and what are the new ways that we're going to make things in the future.
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以及我們將來有那些製造東西的新方法。
01:22
Now, TED sends you a lot of spam if you're a speaker
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現在，如果你是演講者，TED會寄給你一堆郵件
01:27
about "do this, do that" and you fill out all these forms,
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要你去做這個做那個，要你填一大堆表格
01:29
and you don't actually know how they're going to describe you,
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而事實上你並不知道他們將如何描述你
01:32
and it flashed across my desk that they were going to introduce me as a futurist.
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我剛剛才想到他們將把我描述成未來學家。
01:35
And I've always been nervous about the term "futurist,"
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談到未來學家這個詞我總是感到緊張
01:37
because you seem doomed to failure because you can't really predict it.
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由於未來是不可預測的，所以你似乎註定失敗。
01:40
And I was laughing about this with the very smart colleagues I have,
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關於這個我和我聰明的同事們都一起笑了，
01:43
and said, "You know, well, if I have to talk about the future, what is it?"
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接著說:「如果我必須談論未來，那未來是什麼?」
01:47
And George Homsey, a great guy, said, "Oh, the future is amazing.
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我的同事George Homsey，一個很聰明的傢伙，他說:「未來很美好的
01:52
It is so much stranger than you think.
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比你想像的還要更美好。
01:54
We're going to reprogram the bacteria in your gut,
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我們將給在你腸子內的細菌重新排列
01:56
and we're going to make your poo smell like peppermint."
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我們將讓你的大便聞起來像薄荷。」
02:01
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
02:03
So, you may think that's sort of really crazy,
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你們可能覺得那真的非常瘋狂
02:06
but there are some pretty amazing things that are happening
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但是有一些神奇的新發明
02:08
that make this possible.
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使得那樣的事可能成真。
02:09
So, this isn't my work, but it's work of good friends of mine at MIT.
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這不是我的作品，是我在MIT的好朋友的作品。
02:13
This is called the registry of standard biological parts.
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這叫標準生物零件組。
02:15
This is headed by Drew Endy and Tom Knight
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這是由Drew Endy和Tom Knight主導的，
02:17
and a few other very, very bright individuals.
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還有一些其他非常非常優秀的人也參加。
02:20
Basically, what they're doing is looking at biology as a programmable system.
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基本上，他們所做的是把生物學看做是一個可程式化的系統。
02:23
Literally, think of proteins as subroutines
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把蛋白質想成是個副程式
02:27
that you can string together to execute a program.
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你可以把一些副程式組合成一個可執行的程式。
02:30
Now, this is actually becoming such an interesting idea.
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現在，這變成一個相當有趣的想法。
02:35
This is a state diagram. That's an extremely simple computer.
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這是一個狀態圖。它是一部很簡單的電腦。
02:38
This one is a two-bit counter.
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這是個雙位元的計算器。
02:40
So that's essentially the computational equivalent of two light switches.
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或從計算的角度來說，相當是兩個燈的開關。
02:46
And this is being built by a group of students at Zurich
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這是在一個生物設計競賽中
02:49
for a design competition in biology.
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由一群瑞士的學生製成的。
02:51
And from the results of the same competition last year,
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在去年相同比賽的結果中
02:54
a University of Texas team of students programmed bacteria
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德州大學的學生給細菌寫入程式
02:58
so that they can detect light and switch on and off.
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使得細菌可以感應燈光並且可以開燈和關燈。
03:01
So this is interesting in the sense that you can now
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這在某程度上相當有趣
03:03
do "if-then-for" statements in materials, in structure.
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將if then for的陳述句導入材料中、結構中
03:08
This is a pretty interesting trend,
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將會是一個很有趣的趨勢。
03:10
because we used to live in a world where everyone's said glibly,
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因為我們以前所生活的世界是一個模糊的世界，
03:12
"Form follows function," but I think I've sort of grown up in a world
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先有功能後有形態，但我相信我成長在一個
03:16
-- you listened to Neil Gershenfeld yesterday;
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像你昨天聽到Neil Gershenfeld描述的世界。
03:19
I was in a lab associated with his -- where it's really a world
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我在一個和他有關的實驗室，在那裡
03:23
where information defines form and function.
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是一個用資訊來定義形態和功能的世界。
03:26
I spent six years thinking about that,
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我花了六年的時間來想
03:30
but to show you the power of art over science --
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但要現在給你們看藝術的力量如何發揮在科學上。
03:32
this is actually one of the cartoons I write. These are called "HowToons."
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這是我畫的一部漫畫。它們叫做"好圖"
03:35
I work with a fabulous illustrator called Nick Dragotta.
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我和一個叫做Nick Dragotta的優秀漫畫家工作。
03:37
Took me six years at MIT,
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我在MIT待了六年，
03:39
and about that many pages to describe what I was doing,
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必須用很多篇幅來描述我那時做的事
03:43
and it took him one page. And so this is our muse Tucker.
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但他只用一頁漫畫就夠了。Tucker是我們的靈感來源。
03:48
He's an interesting little kid -- and his sister, Celine --
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他是一個很有趣的小孩，還有他姊姊Celine
03:50
and what he's doing here
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他在這裡做的事，
03:52
is observing the self-assembly of his Cheerios in his cereal bowl.
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是去觀察在他碗裡的燕麥圈自行組合的過程。
03:56
And in fact you can program the self-assembly of things,
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事實上你可以透過寫程式來控制物品自行組合的過程
03:59
so he starts chocolate-dipping edges,
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於是他從沾巧克力的燕麥圈開始做
04:01
changing the hydrophobicity and the hydrophylicity.
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改變其耐水性及抗水性。
04:03
In theory, if you program those sufficiently,
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理論上，只要你的程式夠完整
04:05
you should be able to do something pretty interesting
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你可以做出很有趣的東西
04:07
and make a very complex structure.
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還有很複雜的結構。
04:09
In this case, he's done self-replication of a complex 3D structure.
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在這裡，他做出可自行複製複雜的三維結構。
04:14
And that's what I thought about for a long time,
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我思考很久的正是這個，
04:17
because this is how we currently make things.
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因為這是我們目前做東西的方法。
04:19
This is a silicon wafer, and essentially
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這是一個矽晶片，而本質上，
04:21
that's just a whole bunch of layers of two-dimensional stuff, sort of layered up.
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是數層二維的東西堆積起來。
04:25
The feature side is -- you know, people will say,
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大部分的人認爲重要的特徵為
04:27
[unclear] down around about 65 nanometers now.
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厚度是65奈米。
04:29
On the right, that's a radiolara.
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右邊是一個放射蟲
04:31
That's a unicellular organism ubiquitous in the oceans.
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它是一種在海洋中大量存在的單細胞生物。
04:34
And that has feature sizes down to about 20 nanometers,
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而它的直徑為20奈米，
04:38
and it's a complex 3D structure.
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是個複雜的三維結構。
04:40
We could do a lot more with computers and things generally
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如果我們知道如何以這種方式製造
04:44
if we knew how to build things this way.
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我們還可以用電腦製造很多其他的東西。
04:47
The secret to biology is, it builds computation
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生物的奧秘在於，製造的時候有精細的計算。
04:50
into the way it makes things. So this little thing here, polymerase,
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這邊這個小東西是聚合酶，
04:53
is essentially a supercomputer designed for replicating DNA.
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本質上是一部專門複製DNA的超級電腦。
04:58
And the ribosome here is another little computer
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而核醣體是另一部小型電腦
05:01
that helps in the translation of the proteins.
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可幫助蛋白質的合成。
05:03
I thought about this
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我常常在想
05:04
in the sense that it's great to build in biological materials,
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在某方面來說用生物材料來建造是很棒的，
05:07
but can we do similar things?
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但我們能夠做類似的事情嗎?
05:09
Can we get self-replicating-type behavior?
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我們可以有自我複製的行為嗎?
05:11
Can we get complex 3D structure automatically assembling
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我們可以有複雜三維結構的自我合成嗎?
05:15
in inorganic systems?
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而且是在非生物的系統裡?
05:17
Because there are some advantages to inorganic systems,
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因為在非生物系統裡有很好的優勢
05:19
like higher speed semiconductors, etc.
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例如，更高速的半導體等等。
05:21
So, this is some of my work
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所以這就是我的工作，
05:23
on how do you do an autonomously self-replicating system.
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研究如何去建立一個可以自行複製的系統。
05:29
And this is sort of Babbage's revenge.
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這有點像是巴貝奇最初設計的計算機
05:31
These are little mechanical computers.
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這些是小型的機械電腦，
05:32
These are five-state state machines.
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這是五狀態的狀態機，
05:35
So, that's about three light switches lined up.
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有三個並排的電燈開關，
05:38
In a neutral state, they won't bind at all.
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在中性狀態下，他們不會自然接合。
05:40
Now, if I make a string of these, a bit string,
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但假如我做了一串這樣的東西，一個位元字串
05:44
they will be able to replicate.
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他們就能自行複製。
05:46
So we start with white, blue, blue, white.
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我們以白、藍、藍、白開始，
05:47
That encodes; that will now copy. From one comes two,
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他們經過編碼，之後就可以自行複製。從一到二，
05:53
and then from two comes three.
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再從二到三，
05:55
And so you've got this sort of replicating system.
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所以就得到了這樣的複製系統。
05:59
It was work actually by Lionel Penrose,
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這最初是由Lionel Penrose發現的，
06:01
father of Roger Penrose, the tiles guy.
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也就是Roger Penrose的父親。
06:04
He did a lot of this work in the '60s,
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他在六零年代做了很多這樣的東西，
06:06
and so a lot of this logic theory lay fallow
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但他很多關於邏輯的理論並沒有被重視
06:08
as we went down the digital computer revolution, but it's now coming back.
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現在因為有了數位計算機革命，這理論又有可能發光發熱。
06:11
So now I'm going to show you the hands-free, autonomous self-replication.
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現在我要給大家看的是不經過人工干預且全自動的自行複製過程。
06:15
So we've tracked in the video the input string,
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輸入的開始狀態是
06:17
which was green, green, yellow, yellow, green.
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綠色，接著是綠、黃、黃、綠。
06:19
We set them off on this air hockey table.
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我們把它放在桌上的冰球遊戲上。
06:23
You know, high science uses air hockey tables --
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很多科學家都愛玩這遊戲。
06:25
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
06:26
-- and if you watch this thing long enough you get dizzy,
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如果你看太久你會感到頭昏，
06:28
but what you're actually seeing is copies of that original string
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但你實際上看到的是原來字串的複製，
06:31
emerging from the parts bin that you have here.
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這都是以零件集裏面出來的。
06:34
So we've got autonomous replication of bit strings.
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到此，我們看到了位元字串的自行複製。
06:39
So, why would you want to replicate bit strings?
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所以，為何你會想要複製位元字串?
06:42
Well, it turns out biology has this other very interesting meme,
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因為生物有個模仿特性，
06:45
that you can take a linear string, which is a convenient thing to copy,
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你拿一個很容易自行複製的線性字串，
06:48
and you can fold that into an arbitrarily complex 3D structure.
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就可以將它折疊成複雜的三維結構。
06:52
So I was trying to, you know, take the engineer's version:
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所以我想，用工程師的想法:
06:55
Can we build a mechanical system in inorganic materials
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我們能夠用非生物的材料來建造一個機械系統
06:58
that will do the same thing?
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而且能執行同樣的過程嗎?
06:59
So what I'm showing you here is that we can make a 2D shape --
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我現在要給你們看的是我們能夠做一個二維形狀
07:04
the B -- assemble from a string of components
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圖上的B--它是由一串的零件
07:08
that follow extremely simple rules.
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依照極簡單的規則組合起來的。
07:10
And the whole point of going with the extremely simple rules here,
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而我們之所以要用極簡單的規則
07:13
and the incredibly simple state machines in the previous design,
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和前一代極簡單的狀態機，
07:16
was that you don't need digital logic to do computation.
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是因為我們不需用數位邏輯來計算。
07:19
And that way you can scale things much smaller than microchips.
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而借此我們可以建構規模比微型晶片更小的東西。
07:23
So you can literally use these as the tiny components in the assembly process.
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所以你可以用這些微小零件來組合。
07:27
So, Neil Gershenfeld showed you this video on Wednesday, I believe,
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Neil Gershenfeld 在星期三展示這影片給你們看過了，
07:32
but I'll show you again.
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但我要讓你們再看一遍。
07:34
This is literally the colored sequence of those tiles.
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這是有色的瓷磚的序列。
07:37
Each different color has a different magnetic polarity,
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每一種不同的顏色有不同的磁極，
07:40
and the sequence is uniquely specifying the structure that is coming out.
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這序列獨特地說明了接下來要出現的結構。
07:45
Now, hopefully, those of you who know anything about graph theory
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假如你們懂一點圖形理論的話，
07:48
can look at that, and that will satisfy you
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可以看看這裡，你會感到很舒服，
07:50
that that can also do arbitrary 3D structure,
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因為它還能演化為任意的三維結構，
07:53
and in fact, you know, I can now take a dog, carve it up
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事實上我可以拿一條狗來，切開來
07:58
and then reassemble it so it's a linear string
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然後將它重組成一個線性的長串，
08:00
that will fold from a sequence. And now
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然後它會從序列折疊。
08:02
I can actually define that three-dimensional object as a sequence of bits.
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我還能將三維的物體定義成一串字元。
08:09
So, you know, it's a pretty interesting world
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當你用不同的角度去看這世界，
08:12
when you start looking at the world a little bit differently.
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這些事很會變得很有趣。
08:14
And the universe is now a compiler.
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宇宙是一台編輯器。
08:17
And so I'm thinking about, you know, what are the programs
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於是我在想，那些給實體宇宙執行的
08:19
for programming the physical universe?
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程式是什麼?
08:22
And how do we think about materials and structure,
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我們如何能將材料與結構的問題
08:25
sort of as an information and computation problem?
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變成資訊和計算的問題?
08:28
Not just where you attach a micro-controller to the end point,
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不只是把微小的控制器連接到終端，
08:31
but that the structure and the mechanisms are the logic, are the computers.
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而是把結構和機制當成是運算的邏輯，是一部電腦。
08:36
Having totally absorbed this philosophy,
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完全了解這哲學後，
08:41
I started looking at a lot of problems a little differently.
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我開始以不同的角度去看待很多問題。
08:44
With the universe as a computer,
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將宇宙視為一個電腦，
08:45
you can look at this droplet of water
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你可以把一滴水
08:47
as having performed the computations.
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看成為執行計算的結果。
08:49
You set a couple of boundary conditions, like gravity,
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你設定一些臨界條件，像重力，
08:51
the surface tension, density, etc., and then you press "execute,"
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表面張力，濃密度等而你按壓執行鍵，
08:55
and magically, the universe produces you a perfect ball lens.
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很神奇地，宇宙就幫你製造一個完美的球鏡。
09:00
So, this actually applied to the problem
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所以，這個可以應用到一些問題，
09:02
of -- so there's a half a billion to a billion people in the world
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例如，在這世界有五到十億的人，
09:05
don't have access to cheap eyeglasses.
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無法取得便宜的眼鏡。
09:07
So can you make a machine
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你可以製造一個機器
09:09
that could make any prescription lens very quickly on site?
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以極快的速度且在任何地點做出人們需要的鏡片嗎?
09:13
This is a machine where you literally define a boundary condition.
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在這一台機器上你要去設定它的臨界條件，
09:17
If it's circular, you make a spherical lens.
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如果它是圓的，你可以做成球形鏡片
09:20
If it's elliptical, you can make an astigmatic lens.
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如果它是橢圓的，你可以做出一個散光鏡片。
09:23
You then put a membrane on that and you apply pressure --
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之後把薄膜放在上面，你還可以施加壓力，
09:26
so that's part of the extra program.
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這一部分就需要另外的程式。
09:28
And literally with only those two inputs --
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事實上只要有兩個輸入：
09:31
so, the shape of your boundary condition and the pressure --
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臨界條件的形狀和壓力，
09:33
you can define an infinite number of lenses
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就可以定義出無限種可能的鏡片，
09:35
that cover the range of human refractive error,
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可涵蓋人類全部的反射缺限，
09:37
from minus 12 to plus eight diopters, up to four diopters of cylinder.
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從負十二和正八的屈光度，
09:42
And then literally, you now pour on a monomer.
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而後將其澆灌到一個單體上。
09:45
You know, I'll do a Julia Childs here.
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我現在來學Julia Childs (著名法國菜廚師)
09:48
This is three minutes of UV light.
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這是三分鐘的紫外綫。
09:51
And you reverse the pressure on your membrane
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再換薄膜的另一面受壓，
09:54
once you've cooked it. Pop it out.
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加熱好了後，敲一敲，給他打出來。
09:57
I've seen this video, but I still don't know if it's going to end right.
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我看過這段影片，但我不知道結果會不會成功
10:00
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
10:03
So you reverse this. This is a very old movie,
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你把它翻轉過來，這是一部老片了，
10:05
so with the new prototypes, actually both surfaces are flexible,
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在新的設計裏，事實上兩面表面都是有彈性的，
10:09
but this will show you the point.
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現在重點來了。
10:11
Now you've finished the lens, you literally pop it out.
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這鏡片作好了，把它拿出來，
10:13
That's next year's Yves Klein, you know, eyeglasses shape.
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這會是明年的Yves Klein，鏡片型的作品，
10:20
And you can see that that has a mild prescription of about minus two diopters.
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你可以看到它有一個很小的負二屈光度。
10:23
And as I rotate it against this side shot, you'll see that that has cylinder,
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當我以側面旋轉的時倏，你會看到有一個圓柱形
10:27
and that was programmed in --
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這也是預先程式設計就有考慮到的，
10:28
literally into the physics of the system.
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可以將系統的物理特性設計好。
10:32
So, this sort of thinking about structure as computation
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這種將結構視為計算、
10:35
and structure as information leads to other things, like this.
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還有將結構視為資訊的想法可帶出其他的東西，像這個。
10:40
This is something that my people at SQUID Labs
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這是我在SQUID的朋友做的，
10:43
are working on at the moment, called "electronic rope."
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叫電子繩。
10:45
So literally, you think about a rope. It has very complex structure in the weave.
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談到繩子你會想到很複雜的纖維結構
10:49
And under no load, it's one structure.
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當不受到外力的時候它是一種結構。
10:51
Under a different load, it's a different structure. And you can actually exploit that
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在不同的外力下會有不同的結構。你可以利用這個特性，
10:54
by putting in a very small number of
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加上一小量的
10:56
conducting fibers to actually make it a sensor.
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導電纖維使它變成一個感應器。
10:58
So this is now a rope that knows the load on the rope
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所以這是一個能感應外力的繩子
11:01
at any particular point in the rope.
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在繩子的各個點上都能感應。
11:03
Just by thinking about the physics of the world,
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想想這世界的物理特性，
11:06
materials as the computer,
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把材料當成電腦，
11:08
you can start to do things like this.
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你可以開始做類似這樣的東西。
11:11
I'm going to segue a little here.
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現在我將轉換到這個圖。
11:14
I guess I'm just going to casually tell you the types of things
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我將要概略地介紹幾種
11:16
that I think about with this.
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我正在思考的這類東西。
11:17
One thing I'm really interested about this right now is, how,
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我現在很感興趣的一點是
11:21
if you're really taking this view of the universe as a computer,
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利用這種將宇宙視為電腦的觀點，
11:25
how do we make things in a very general sense,
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我們如何製造一般的東西，
11:27
and how might we share the way we make things in a general sense
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還有我們如何分享我們製造東西的方法和過程，
11:31
the same way you share open source hardware?
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能否像分享開放性硬體一樣簡單?
11:34
And a lot of talks here have espoused the benefits
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這裏很多的演講支持
11:37
of having lots of people look at problems,
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讓很多人一起看問題、
11:39
share the information and work on those things together.
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分享資訊和一同工作所帶來的好處。
11:42
So, a convenient thing about being a human is you move in linear time,
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作為一個人我們都是在線性的時間裡移動的，
11:45
and unless Lisa Randall changes that,
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除非Lisa Randall 能改變這個事實
11:47
we'll continue to move in linear time.
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不然我們會一直以線性的時間移動。
11:50
So that means anything you do, or anything you make,
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這意味著，做任何事、任何東西，
11:52
you produce a sequence of steps --
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你都會產生一連串的步驟，
11:54
and I think Lego in the '70s nailed this,
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Lego 在1970年代看到了這一點，
11:57
and they did it most elegantly.
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並以最優雅的方式展現這一點。
11:58
But they can show you how to build things in sequence.
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他們能展示如何以序列的方式製造東西。
12:02
So, I'm thinking about, how can we generalize
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我想我們如何能概化
12:05
the way we make all sorts of things,
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做所有東西的方式，
12:07
so you end up with this sort of guy, right?
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你最後就會變成這樣的傢伙（Linux系統），是不是?
12:09
And I think this applies across a very broad -- sort of, a lot of concepts.
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我想這個可以應用在很多概念。
12:14
You know, Cameron Sinclair yesterday said,
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Cameron Sinclair 昨天說，
12:16
"How do I get everyone to collaborate on design
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“我如何能讓每個人一起合作設計
12:18
globally to do housing for humanity?"
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為全球的人們提供住宅?”
12:21
And if you've seen Amy Smith,
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如果你看過Amy Smith的演講，
12:23
she talks about how you get students at MIT
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她談到如何讓MIT的學生
12:27
to work with communities in Haiti.
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去幫助海地居民重建社區。
12:29
And I think we have to sort of redefine and rethink
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我想我們須重新定義和思考，
12:31
how we define structure and materials and assembly things,
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我們如何定義結構和材料和組合東西，
12:35
so that we can really share the information
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我們可以因此分享這些資訊
12:37
on how you do those things in a more profound way
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如何以更深層的方式去做這些東西
12:39
and build on each other's source code for structure.
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利用其他人的已有基礎來製造。
12:42
I don't know exactly how to do this yet,
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該如何做，很多的細節我不是很清楚，
12:43
but, you know, it's something being actively thought about.
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但現在很多人積極地在思考這件事。
12:48
So, you know, that leads to questions
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所以這會帶來更多的問題，
12:50
like, is this a compiler? Is this a sub-routine?
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像，這是編輯器還是副程式?
12:54
Interesting things like that.
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等等這類有趣的事。
12:55
Maybe I'm getting a little too abstract, but you know,
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也許我講得太抽象了，
12:58
this is the sort of -- returning to our comic characters --
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但讓我們回到剛才那幅漫畫
13:01
this is sort of the universe, or a different universe view,
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這樣一種不同的宇宙觀
13:03
that I think is going to be very prevalent in the future --
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我想未來會相當盛行
13:05
from biotech to materials assembly. It was great to hear Bill Joy.
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在生物科技或材料組合上。聽到Bill Joy的演講是很棒的。
13:08
They're starting to invest in materials science,
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他們開始投資材料科學
13:11
but these are the new things in materials science.
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但這些在材料科學中是新的。
13:13
How do we put real information and real structure into new ideas,
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我們如何將真實資訊和結構變成新觀念
13:17
and see the world in a different way? And it's not going to be binary code
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並以不同的角度看這世界?
13:20
that defines the computers of the universe --
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那將不會是定義宇宙的電腦的二元程式碼
13:22
it's sort of an analog computer.
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而是一種類比電腦。
13:24
But it's definitely an interesting new worldview.
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這絕對是一種有趣的新世界觀。
13:29
I've gone too far. So that sounds like it's it.
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我講得有些離題了。但聽起來就像是這樣。
13:32
I've probably got a couple of minutes of questions,
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我還有幾分鐘可供提問，
13:34
or I can show -- I think they also said that I do extreme stuff
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介紹我的時候，他們說我在做一些極端的東西
13:38
in the introduction, so I may have to explain that.
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這一點我必須解釋一下。
13:42
So maybe I'll do that with this short video.
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也許我該用這短片來解釋一下。
13:45
So this is actually a 3,000-square-foot kite,
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這是一個三千平方英尺的風箏
13:51
which also happens to be a minimal energy surface.
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也是一個可以吸取能量的最小表面。
13:53
So returning to the droplet, again,
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還是回到剛才講的
13:55
thinking about the universe in a new way.
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以新的方式來看宇宙。
13:57
This is a kite designed by a guy called Dave Kulp.
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這是由Dave Kulp設計的風箏。
13:59
And why do you want a 3,000-square-foot kite?
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為何你要一個這麼大的風箏?
14:01
So that's a kite the size of your house.
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簡直跟你家的面積一樣大。
14:03
And so you want that to tow boats very fast.
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只有這樣你才能很快地拉動一條船。
14:07
So I've been working on this a little, also,
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我也在研究這個
14:10
with a couple of other guys.
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跟一些朋友在做。
14:12
But, you know, this is another way to look at the --
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這是另外一種
14:14
if you abstract again,
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如果我用更抽象的語言來說的話
14:16
this is a structure that is defined by the physics of the universe.
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這是一種用宇宙物理來定義的結構。
14:20
You could just hang it as a bed sheet,
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你可以把它掛起來，像被單一樣
14:21
but again, the computation of all the physics
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但經過這些物理特性的計算
14:23
gives you the aerodynamic shape.
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你得到空氣動力的結構。
14:25
And so you can actually sort of almost double your boat speed
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你幾乎可以加倍你船的速度
14:28
with systems like that. So that's sort of another interesting aspect of the future.
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用像這樣的系統。這是未來一個很有趣的方向。
14:35
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Saul Griffith - InventorInventor Saul Griffith looks for elegant ways to make real things, from low-cost eyeglasses to a kite that tows boats. His latest projects include open-source inventions and elegant new ways to generate power.
Why you should listen
Innovator and inventor Saul Griffith has a uniquely open approach to problem solving. Whether he's devising a way to slash the cost of prescription eyeglasses or teaching science through cartoons, Griffith makes things and then shares his ideas with the world.
A proponent of open-source information, he established Instructables , an open website showing how to make an array of incredible objects. He is the co-founder of numerous companies including Squid Labs, Low Cost Eyeglasses, Potenco and Makani Power, where he is President and Chief Scientist. His companies have invented a myriad of new devices and materials, such as a "smart" rope that senses its load, or a machine for making low-cost eyeglass lenses through a process inspired by a water droplet. He is a columnist at Make magazine and co-writes How Toons! He's fascinated with materials that assemble themselves, and with taking advantage of those properties to make things quickly and cheaply.
Saul Griffith | Speaker | TED.com