TEDGlobal 2009
Nick Veasey: Exposing the invisible
Nick Veasey 展示你曾所未見的世界
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Nick Veasey 向人們展示超大X光照片，揭露我們常見物體的內部結構。他的拍攝主題包括從一朵野花的幾何圖樣到波音747飛機的內部結構。拍攝這些圖片的過程充滿了危險和艱辛，但得到的回報也是物超所值的：它讓我們看到了肉眼所看不到的景象。
Nick Veasey - X-ray visionary
Logging countless hours behind an X-ray machine, Nick Veasey illuminates the labyrinthine secrets hidden beneath the exteriors of everyday objects. Full bio
Logging countless hours behind an X-ray machine, Nick Veasey illuminates the labyrinthine secrets hidden beneath the exteriors of everyday objects. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
So, 120 years ago,
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在120年前
00:19
Dr. Röntgen X-rayed his wife's hand.
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倫琴醫生給他妻子的手拍攝了X光照片。
00:21
Quite why he had to pin her fingers to the floor
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只是，為什麼他要用胸針把他妻子的手指釘在地上
00:24
with her brooch, I'm not sure. It seems a bit extreme to me.
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對此我很不解。這對我來說有點不可思議。
00:27
That image was the start of the X-ray technology.
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但這張照片確實是X射線技術的開端。
00:30
And I'm still fundamentally using the same principles today.
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並且我基本上依然在使用與當年相同的原理。
00:33
I'm interpreting it in a more contemporary manner.
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但是我用的是一種比較現代的表達方式。
00:37
The first shot I ever did
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我拍攝的第一張照片
00:41
was of a soda can, which was to promote a brand that we all know,
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是一個汽水罐，用來為大家都熟悉的一個牌子做廣告，
00:44
so I'm not going to do them any favors by showing you it.
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所以我不打算給你們展示那張照片，免得為他們做廣告。
00:46
But the second shot I did was my shoes I was wearing on the day.
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我拍攝的第二張照片是我曾穿過的一雙鞋子。
00:49
And I do really like this shot, because
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我非常喜歡這張照片，因為
00:51
it shows all the detritus that's sort of embedded
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從照片上能看到所有
00:53
in the sole of the sneakers.
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嵌在鞋底上的碎石。
00:55
It was just one of those pot-luck things where you
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這只是那些有意思的事情之一，你
00:57
get it right first time.
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才剛剛開始瞭解到。
00:59
Moving on to something a bit larger,
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讓我們繼續來看看大一些的東西，
01:01
this is an X-ray of a bus.
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這是一張公交汽車的X光照片。
01:03
And the bus is full of people.
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這輛車上載滿了人。
01:05
It's actually the same person. It's just one skeleton.
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實際上他們都是同一個人，都是一具骨架。
01:07
And back in the '60s,
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讓我們把目光倒回上世紀60年代
01:09
they used to teach student radiographers
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人們以前培訓X光照相師
01:11
to take X-rays, thankfully not on you and I,
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拍攝X光照片，但幸好不是給我們拍，
01:13
but on dead people.
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而是拍攝死人。
01:15
So, I've still got access to one of these dead people
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現在，我們仍然能夠拍攝到當年的那些死人之一
01:17
called Frieda; she's falling apart, I'm afraid,
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她的名字叫Frieda。我擔心她一直在腐化，
01:20
because she's very old and fragile.
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因為她已經非常老了，而且還很脆弱。
01:22
But everyone on that bus is Frieda.
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但那輛公車上的每個人都是Frieda
01:24
And the bus is taken with a cargo-scanning X-ray,
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這張公車的照片是由X光貨物掃描器器拍攝的，
01:27
which is the sort of machine you have on borders,
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就是我們在邊境關口看到的那種機器，
01:29
which checks for contraband and drugs and bombs and things.
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用來檢查走私品，毒品和爆炸物之類的東西。
01:33
Fairly obvious what that is.
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很明顯能看出來這是什麼。
01:36
So, using large-scale objects
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拍攝大尺度的物體
01:38
does sort of create drama
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確實是相當有戲劇性的
01:40
because you just don't see X-rays of big things that often.
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因為你很少見到大型物體的X光照片。
01:43
Technology is moving ahead,
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科技在不斷進步
01:45
and these large cargo scanner X-rays
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這些大的X光貨物掃描器器
01:48
that work with the digital system are getting better and better and better.
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以及其中的數位系統正在變得越來越好。
01:50
Again though, to make it come alive
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然而，要把它變得更真實些
01:52
you need, somehow, to add the human element.
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你需要加入一些人的因素。
01:54
And I think the reason this image works, again, is because
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我認為這張圖片成功的原因在於
01:56
Frieda is driving the bulldozer.
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Frieda在駕駛這台推土機。
01:58
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
01:59
Quite a difficult brief,
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這是個相當困難的事，
02:01
make a pair of men's pants look beautiful.
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讓一條男士褲子看起來漂亮。
02:03
But I think the process, in itself, shows how exquisite they are.
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但我認為這個過程本身就體現了它有多麼精細。
02:08
Fashion -- now, I'm sort of anti-fashion because I
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時尚，我現在是個反時尚者，因為我
02:10
don't show the surface, I show what's within.
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不展現事物的表面，而是事物的內部。
02:12
So, the fashionistas don't really like me
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所以，時尚人士一定不喜歡我
02:14
because it doesn't matter if Kate Moss is wearing it or if I'm wearing it,
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因為不論是Kate Moss或是我穿著時裝，
02:16
it looks the same.
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看起來都是一樣的。
02:18
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
02:20
We all look the same inside, believe me.
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我們的內部看起來都是一樣的，相信我。
02:22
The creases in the material and the sort of nuances.
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面料上的褶皺和這些細微之處。
02:26
And I show things for really what they are, what they're made of.
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而我展示食物最真實的一面，他們是由什麼構成的。
02:28
I peel back the layers and expose it.
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我透視它
02:31
And if it's well made I show it, if it's badly made I show it.
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并如實的展現出來。
02:33
And I'm sure Ross can associate that with design.
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我能肯定Ross將會把它同設計聯繫起來。
02:36
The design comes from within.
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但設計源自事物的內在。
02:38
It's not just Topshop,
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而不是表面的樣子。
02:40
I get some strange looks when I go out getting my props.
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在我尋找我的拍攝道具時，我得到一些奇怪的圖像。
02:42
Here I was fumbling around in the ladies' underwear department
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這個是我在百貨商店的女士內衣部搜尋時找到的
02:44
of a department store, almost got escorted from the premises.
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幾乎要被商家趕出來。
02:48
I live opposite a farm. And this was the runt of the litter, a piglet that died.
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我住在一家農場的對面，這就是那家農場的牲口，一隻死掉的小豬。
02:51
And what's really interesting is,
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真正有趣的是，
02:53
if you look at the legs, you'll notice that the bones haven't fused.
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當你看著它的腿時，你會發現那些骨頭都沒有癒合。
02:56
And should that pig have grown,
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這只小豬還沒有生長成熟，
02:58
unfortunately it was dead, it would have certainly been dead
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不幸的是它死了，並且在我用X射線照射他之後
03:00
after I X-rayed it, with the amount of radiation I used anyway.
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應該肯定它已經死了，介於我所用的輻射劑量。
03:02
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
03:03
But once the bones had fused together
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但是一旦那些骨頭癒合之後
03:06
it would have been healthy.
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它應該能夠很健康的。
03:08
So, that's an empty parka jacket.
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那麼，現在這就是一件皮夾克。
03:11
But I quite love the way it's posed.
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但是我很喜歡它的這個造型。
03:13
Nature is my greatest inspiration.
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自然是我最大的靈感。
03:15
And to carry on with a theme that we've already touched with
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下面繼續我們已經接觸到的一個話題
03:18
is how nature is related to architecture.
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那就是自然如何與建築相聯繫。
03:21
If you look at the roof of the Eden Project,
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如果你看到“伊甸園計畫”（一個人造的大型溫室），
03:24
or the British library, it's all this honeycomb structure.
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或者不列顛圖書館的屋頂，你會發現他們都是蜂巢結構的。
03:26
And I'm sure those architects are inspired,
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我敢肯定，這些建築師的靈感，
03:28
as I am, by what surrounds us, by nature.
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同我的一樣，都來自我們的周圍，來自大自然。
03:31
This, in fact, is a Victoria water lily leaf
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事實上，這是一片維多利亞睡蓮的葉子
03:34
that floats on the top of a pond.
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漂浮在池塘上的。
03:36
An amaryllis flower looking really three-dimensional.
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喇叭花看上去很有立體感。
03:40
Seaweed, ebbing in the tide.
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退潮時的海藻。
03:42
Now, how do I do this, and where do I do this, and all of that sort of thing.
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現在我要向大家展示我如何拍攝這些，我在哪拍攝這些，以及之類的問題。
03:45
This is my new, purpose-built, X-ray shed.
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這是我新建的X射線專用攝影棚。
03:47
And the door to my X-ray room
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這是通往X射線室的門
03:51
is made of lead and steel.
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用鉛和鋼材做成。
03:53
It weighs 1,250 kilograms and the only exercise I get is opening and closing it.
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它有1250公斤重，我唯一的鍛煉就是打開和關上這個門。
03:57
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
04:00
The walls are 700 millimeters thick of solid dense concrete.
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牆壁都是用700毫米厚的高密度混凝土製成的。
04:03
So, I'm using quite a lot of radiation.
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我使用很大的輻射量。
04:05
A lot more than you'd get in a hospital or a vet's.
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比醫院或者獸醫那所用的量都要大。
04:08
And there I am. This is a quite high-powered X-ray machine.
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我就在那。這是一台相當高功率的X射線儀器。
04:11
What's interesting really about X-ray really
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關於X射線真正有趣的事情是，
04:14
is, if you think about it, is that that technology
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是，如果你考慮到的話，是這項技術
04:16
is used for looking for cancer or looking for drugs,
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是用來檢查癌症和搜查毒品的，
04:18
or looking for contraband or whatever.
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或者是走私物品之類的東西。
04:20
And I use that sort of technology
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而我用這種技術
04:22
to create things that are quite beautiful.
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製造美麗的畫面。
04:25
So, still working with film, I'm afraid.
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我恐怕還要是用膠片。
04:27
Technology in X-ray where it's life-size processed,
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X射線技術在實物大小的處理中，
04:30
apart from these large cargo-scanning machines,
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撇開那些大型的掃描機器不談，
04:32
hasn't moved on enough for the quality of the image
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在圖像品質上並沒有很大的改進
04:35
and the resolution to be good enough for what I want to do with it,
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解析度足夠我進行這些展示
04:37
which is show my pictures big.
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把我的圖片放大展示出來。
04:39
So, I have to use a 1980s drum scanner,
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我是用過一個20世紀80年代的鼓形掃描器，
04:43
which was designed in the days when everyone shot photographs on film.
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它被設計出來的時候，人們都還在用膠片拍照。
04:46
They scan each individual X-ray.
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它掃描單獨的X射線照片。
04:48
And this shows how I do my process of same-size X-rays.
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這個展示了我如何處理小尺寸的X光照片。
04:51
So, this is, again, my daughter's dress.
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這又是我女兒的裙子。
04:53
Still has the tag in it from me buying it,
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還帶著我買它時候的標籤，
04:55
so I can take it back to the shop if she didn't like it.
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如果她不喜歡我還能到商店退貨。
04:57
But there are four X-ray plates.
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這裏有4個X光底盤。
04:59
You can see them overlapping.
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你能看到他們重疊在一起。
05:01
So, when you move forward from something fairly small,
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如果你的注意力從那些相當小尺寸的東西，
05:04
a dress which is this size,
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比如一條這樣大小的裙子，
05:06
onto something like that which is done in exactly the same process,
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轉移到這樣的物體上，它們照片處理的過程完全是一樣的，
05:09
you can see that that is a lot of work.
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你可以看到這需要很大的工作量。
05:11
In fact, that is three months solid X-raying.
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事實上，這是三個月固定X光掃描的成果。
05:13
There is over 500 separate components.
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這由500個單獨的部分組成。
05:16
Boeing sent me a 747 in containers.
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波音公司給我送來一架747飛機放在機庫裏。
05:18
And I sent them back an X-ray.
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而我還給他們的是一張X光照片。
05:20
(Laughter) I kid you not.
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（笑聲）我可沒跟你們開玩笑。
05:22
Okay, so Frieda is my dead skeleton.
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好的，Frieda 是一具死去的骷髏。
05:24
This, unfortunately, is basically two pictures.
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這個，不幸的，本質上是兩張圖片。
05:27
One on the extreme right is a photograph of an American footballer.
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在最右邊的時一張美式足球運動員的照片。
05:30
The one on the left is an x-ray.
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最左邊的是一張X光照片。
05:32
But this time I had to use a real body.
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不過這次我用的是一個真實的身體。
05:34
Because I needed all the skin tissue to make it look real,
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因為我需要所有的皮膚組織，讓它看起來是真的，
05:36
to make it look like it was a real athlete.
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看起來是一個真的運動員。
05:38
So, here I had to use a recently deceased body.
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於是，這次我用了一具最近死亡的屍體。
05:40
And getting a hold of that was extremely difficult and laborious.
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然而把他們固定住相當困難和麻煩。
05:45
But people do donate their bodies to art and science.
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但是人們願意捐獻他們的遺體給藝術和科學事業。
05:47
And when they do, I'm in the queue.
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他們一旦捐贈，我就排隊領取。
05:49
So, I like to use them.
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說實話，我很願意是用他們。
05:51
(Laughter)
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笑聲
05:52
The coloring, so coloring adds another level to the X-rays.
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下面談談顏色，著色給X光照片則更加了難度。
05:57
It makes it more organic, more natural.
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它會讓照片更加生動，更自然。
05:59
It's whatever takes my fancy, really.
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這真的很需要想像力。
06:01
It's not accurately colored to how it is in real life.
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這並不是真實世界裏的顏色。
06:04
That flower doesn't come in bright orange, I don't think.
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這朵花並不是亮橘黃色的。
06:06
But I just like it in bright orange.
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但是我比較喜歡它是亮橘黃色的樣子。
06:08
And also with something technical, like these are DJ decks,
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同樣，一些具有技術性的東西，比如這架DJ台，
06:10
it sort of adds another level.
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這增加了新的維度。
06:12
It makes a two dimensional image look more three dimensional.
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這讓二維的圖片看起來更加立體。
06:16
The most difficult things to X-ray,
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對於X光照片來說最難的事情，
06:18
the most technically challenging things to X-ray
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最具有技術性挑戰的事情
06:20
are the lightest things, the most delicate things.
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是那些最輕的物體，最脆弱的物體。
06:22
To get the detail in a feather,
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為了得到羽毛當中的細節圖像，
06:24
believe me, if there is anyone out here who knows anything about X-rays,
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相信我，如果這裏有人懂得X光技術，
06:26
that's quite a challenge.
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是相當大的挑戰。
06:28
I'm now going to show you a short film, I'll step to the side.
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我將向你們展示一段影片，我會站到一邊。
06:33
Video: (Music)
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錄影：（音樂）
06:52
The thing in there is very dangerous.
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那裏的東西非常危險。
06:54
If you touch that, you could possibly die
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如果你接觸了他們，你很可能會死
06:56
through radiation poisoning.
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於輻射中毒。
06:58
In my career I've had two exposures to radiation,
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在我的職業生涯中，我有兩次暴露在輻射之下，
07:00
which is two too many, because it stays with you for life.
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兩次已經很多了，因為輻射會一生留在你的體內。
07:02
It's cumulative.
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它是會累積的。
07:04
(Music)
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（音樂）
07:13
It has human connotations.
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它挺有人情味的。
07:14
The fact that it's a child's toy that we all recognize,
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事實上這是一個小孩的玩具，我們都能認出來，
07:17
but also it looks like it's a robot,
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但是看上去也像一個機器人，
07:20
and it comes from a sci-fi genus.
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這來自一種科幻小說。
07:25
It's a surprise that it has humanity,
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令人驚訝的是它擁有人性，
07:28
but also man-made, future, alien associations.
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但同時也是人造的，未來的，與外星人相聯繫的。
07:36
And it's just a bit spooky.
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看上去有點詭異。
07:38
(Music)
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（音樂）
08:13
The bus was done with a cargo-scanning X-ray machine,
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這張公車的照片是由大型X光掃描器完成的，
08:16
which is used on the borders
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用在邊境線上
08:18
between countries, looking for contraband and illegal immigrants.
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檢查走私和非法移民。
08:21
The lorry goes in front of it. And it takes slices
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卡車從前面進入，然後進行切面的
08:24
of X-rays through the lorry.
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X光照片貫穿整車。
08:26
And that's how this was done. It's actually slice, slice.
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這就是如何完成的，事實上就是切面拍照。
08:28
It's a bit like a CT scanner in a hospital. Slices.
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這有點像醫院的CT掃描器。切片。
08:30
And then if you look carefully, there is all little things.
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如果你仔細觀察，這裏還有些細微的事情。
08:33
He's got headphones on, reading the newspaper,
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他帶著耳機，讀著報紙，
08:35
got a hat on, glasses, got a bag.
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帶著帽子，眼睛，和一個包。
08:38
So, these little details
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這些細節
08:41
help to make it work, make it real.
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讓照片看起來更真實。
08:44
(Music)
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（音樂）
08:51
The problem with using living people is that
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如果使用活人，那麻煩的是
08:53
to take an X-ray, if I X-ray you, you get exposed to radiation.
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照射X光，如果我用X光照射你，你將暴露在輻射中。
08:56
So, to avoid that --
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所以，為了避免這樣的事，
08:58
I have to avoid it somehow --
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我必須採取一點措施，
09:00
is I use dead people.
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那便是用死人。
09:02
Now, that's a variety of things, from recently deceased bodies,
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現在，這涵蓋了很多種類，從最近剛剛死去的屍體，
09:06
to a skeleton that was used by student radiographers
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到那些給學生的骨架
09:11
to train in taking X-rays of the human body,
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用來訓練他們拍攝人體X光照片，
09:14
at different densities.
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對於不同的密度。
09:16
(Music)
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（音樂）
09:21
I have very high-tech equipment of gloves, scissors and a bucket.
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我有一些非常高科技的裝備，手套，剪刀和一個桶子。
09:24
(Music)
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（音樂）
09:31
I will show how the capillary action works, how it feeds,
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我將展示一些微小的作用原理，它是怎樣獲得營養的，
09:34
I'll be able to get all the cells inside that stem.
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我將能得到這條莖裏面的所有細胞。
09:36
Because it transfers food from its roots to its leaves.
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因為它將養料從根傳送到葉。
09:40
Look at this monster.
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看看這個怪物。
09:42
(Music)
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（音樂）
09:54
It's so basic. It just grows wild.
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它是如此的原始，它只在野外生長。
09:57
That's what I really like about it,
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這就是我最喜歡它的地方，
09:59
the fact that I haven't got to go and buy it,
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事實上我不用去把它買來，
10:01
and it hasn't been genetically modified at all.
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它沒有被作任何修飾。
10:03
It's just happening.
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它就這麼發生了。
10:05
And the X-ray shows how beautiful nature can be.
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X射線照片展現了大自然有多美。
10:08
Not that that is particularly beautiful
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不是那個，它有很獨特的美
10:10
when you look at it with the human eye,
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當你用肉眼看它，
10:13
the way the leaves form. They're curling back on each other.
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樹葉生長的方式。它們相互卷在一起。
10:17
So the X-ray will show the overlaps in these little corners.
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X射線將展示在這些小角落的重疊。
10:31
The thicker the object, the more radiation it needs,
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物體越厚，所需要的輻射就越多，
10:33
and the more time it needs.
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也需要更多時間。
10:35
The lighter the object, the less radiation.
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物體越薄，需要的輻射也就越少。
10:38
Sometimes you keep the time up, because the time gives you detail.
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有時你需要掌握時間，因為時間能給你很多細節。
10:41
The longer the exposure goes on for,
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曝光時間越長
10:43
the more detail you get.
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你得到的細節就越多。
10:46
(Music)
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（音樂）
11:00
If you look at this, just the tube,
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如果你看這裏，這枝幹，
11:02
it is quite bright.
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它非常明亮。
11:04
But I could get a bit darker in the tube, but everything else would suffer.
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如果把枝幹弄得深色一點，其他的部分就麻煩了。
11:07
So, these leaves at the edge would start to disappear.
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於是，這些在邊緣的葉子就開始消失了。
11:11
What I like is how hard the edges are,
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我喜歡的是邊緣有多明顯，
11:13
how sharp.
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有多銳利。
11:15
Yeah, I'm quite pleased with it.
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是的，我很喜歡它。
11:17
(Music)
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（音樂）
11:19
I travel beyond the surface and show
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我在表面之下探尋並展示
11:21
something for what it's worth,
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那些有價值的東西，
11:24
for what it's really made of, how it really works.
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它是如何構成的，如何運作的。
11:26
But also I find that
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同時我也發現
11:29
I've got the benefit of taking away all the surface,
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拋開表面，我能得到很多，
11:33
which is things that people are used to seeing.
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那些人們經常見到的。
11:37
And that's the sort of thing I've been doing.
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這就是我一直在做的。
11:39
I've got the opportunity now to show you
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現在我得到一個機會
11:41
what I'm going to be doing in the future.
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向你展示我將來會做的事情。
11:43
This is a commercial application of my most recent work.
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這是我最近作品中的一個商業廣告。
11:47
And what's good about this, I think, is that it's like a moment in time,
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它好的地方是，我認為，它像某一時刻，
11:50
like you've turned around, you've got X-ray vision
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像你四處轉轉，你有了X射線視野
11:52
and you've taken a picture with the X-ray camera.
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你用X射線相機拍了一張照片。
11:54
Unfortunately I haven't got X-ray vision.
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不幸的是，我沒有X射線視野。
11:56
I do dream in X-ray. I see my projects in my sleep.
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我做過X射線的夢，在睡夢中我看到我的項目。
11:59
And I know what they're going to look like in X-ray and I'm not far off.
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我知道它們用X射線看起來是什麼樣子，而且我就在不遠處。
12:02
So, what am I doing in the future?
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那麼，在將來我要幹什麼？
12:04
Well, this year is the 50th anniversary
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今年是第50周年紀念
12:06
of Issigonis's Mini, which is one of my favorite cars.
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對於Issigoni的mini車，我最愛的汽車之一。
12:09
So, I've taken it apart, component by component,
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於是我將它分解了，一個一個的零件，
12:12
months and months and months of work.
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一個月又一個月的工作。
12:14
And with this image, I'm going to be displaying
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這些圖片，我將展出
12:17
it in the Victoria and Albert Museum
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在Victoria and Albert博物館中的
12:20
as a light box, which is actually attached to the car.
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就像你一個燈箱，事實上是附在汽車上的。
12:22
So, I've got to saw the car in half, down the middle,
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我從中間將車劈成兩半，
12:25
not an easy task, in itself.
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這本身不是一個容易的工作。
12:27
And then, so you can get in the driver's side, sit down,
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然後你可以進入駕駛室那一邊，然後坐下，
12:29
and up against you is a wall.
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對著你的是一堵牆。
12:31
And if you get out and walk around to the other side of the car,
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如果你出來，走到車的另外一邊，
12:33
you see a life-sized light box of the car showing you how it works.
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你看到一個實物大小汽車形狀的燈箱
12:36
And I'm going to take that idea
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我將採取這個創意
12:38
and apply it to other sort of iconic things from my life.
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把它應用到生活中的其他象徵性的事物。
12:42
Like, my first computer was a big movement in my life.
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比如，我的第一台電腦是我生活中的一個大行動。
12:45
And I had a Mac Classic. And it's a little box.
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我有一台Mac Classic，它是一个小盒子。
12:47
And I think that would look quite neat as an X-ray.
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我認為在X光下它看上去很漂亮。
12:50
I'm also looking to
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我也在探索
12:52
take my work from the two-dimensional form
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把我的作品從二維
12:54
to a more three-dimensional form.
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拓展到三維。
12:56
And this is quite a good way of doing it.
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這是個相當好的方法。
12:59
I'm also working now with X-ray video.
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我現在也在製作X射線錄影。
13:01
So, if you can imagine, some of these flowers,
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如果你能想像，這些花，
13:03
and they're actually moving and growing
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他們事實在移動和生長
13:05
and you can film that in X-ray, should be quite stunning.
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你能用X射線拍攝下這些，那將非常棒。
13:08
But that's it. I'm done. Thank you very much.
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好的，就是這些。非常感謝各位。
13:10
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Nick Veasey - X-ray visionaryLogging countless hours behind an X-ray machine, Nick Veasey illuminates the labyrinthine secrets hidden beneath the exteriors of everyday objects.
Why you should listen
Toiling over 14-inch sheets of X-ray film in a hangar in Kent, photographer Nick Veasey has revealed the shadowy interiors of objects as diverse as vacuum tubes, bulldozers, jet airliners -- even fresh cadavers. By his own estimates, he's photographed thousands of everyday items, often arranging them into tableaux that are at the same time familiar and luminously alien. They reveal surprising details and prove that items have an inner beauty.
His book X-Ray: See Through the World Around You showcases dozens of these photographs. Despite the painstakingly technical nature of the medium (an image of a Boeing 777 required a patchwork of 500 exposures), they radiate from the page with stunning, phantasmagorical delicacy.
Nick Veasey | Speaker | TED.com