TED2010
Mark Roth: Suspended animation is within our grasp
Mark Roth: "暫停生命"即將全然理解與實現
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Mark Roth 研究"暫停生命": 就是暫時關閉生命程序又能恢復再啟動; 這是項研究並非科幻小說. 而是善加利用微量成分毒氣,讓嚴重創傷與心臟疾病患者可獲得生命暫時的拖延直到能得到妥善施救.
Mark Roth - Biochemist, cell biologist
Mark Roth's research has reawakened an unusual notion from the annals of science: reversible metabolic hibernation. Yes, putting living organisms into suspended animation -- and bringing them back safely. Full bio
Mark Roth's research has reawakened an unusual notion from the annals of science: reversible metabolic hibernation. Yes, putting living organisms into suspended animation -- and bringing them back safely. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
I'm going to talk to you today about my work on suspended animation.
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今天我想跟大家談談我在"暫停生命"的研究
00:19
Now, usually when I mention suspended animation,
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通常, 當我提到"暫停生命"時
00:22
people will flash me the Vulcan sign and laugh.
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人們多是像我比出向外星人致敬的手勢並大笑
00:25
But now, I'm not talking about gorking people out
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我並不是要將人類瞬間
00:29
to fly to Mars or even Pandora,
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傳輸到火星或其他地方
00:32
as much fun as that may be.
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即使那會是多麼有趣
00:34
I'm talking about
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而我在說的概念
00:37
the concept of using suspended animation
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是利用暫停生命
00:40
to help people out in trauma.
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幫助人們能脫離傷害
00:43
So what do I mean
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所以到底什麼是我的本意
00:45
when I say "suspended animation"?
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當我說"暫停生命"呢?
00:48
It is the process by which
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那是一種程序能使
00:51
animals de-animate,
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動物暫時不動
00:55
appear dead
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就像死亡
00:57
and then can wake up again without being harmed.
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但又能無害地被救醒
01:00
OK, so here is the sort of big idea:
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好吧!這就是大致上的概念
01:04
If you look out at nature,
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在自然界中
01:07
you find that
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能找到的
01:09
as you tend to see suspended animation,
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關於暫停生命
01:12
you tend to see immortality.
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就似乎是"不死"
01:16
And so, what I'm going to tell you about
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所以 我打的比方就是
01:19
is a way to tell a person who's in trauma --
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在極度創傷中的人們
01:24
find a way to de-animate them a bit
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能暫停一下他們的生命
01:27
so they're a little more immortal
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例如 心臟病發時
01:29
when they have that heart attack.
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他們可以稍稍的"不死"
01:31
An example of an organism or two
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一兩個關於有機生命體
01:34
that happens to be quite immortal
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能有著不死的能力
01:37
would be plant seeds
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就是植物種子
01:39
or bacterial spores.
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或是細菌孢子
01:41
These creatures are
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它們都是些
01:43
some of the most immortal life forms on our planet,
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地球上能"不死"的代表
01:46
and they tend to spend most of their time
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他們絕大部分時間是處於
01:49
in suspended animation.
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暫停生命的狀態
01:52
Bacterial spores are thought now by scientists
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細菌孢子已被科學家認為
01:55
to exist as individual cells
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能以個別細胞單獨存在
01:57
that are alive, but in suspended animation
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它們以假死的狀態活著
02:00
for as long as 250 million years.
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長達2億5千萬年之久
02:03
To suggest that this all, sort of, about little, tiny creatures,
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若質疑這些例子多是小細胞
02:08
I want to bring it close to home.
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我也能帶些更貼近的例子
02:10
In the immortal germ line
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在人類身體"不死"
02:13
of human beings --
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的例子中 就是
02:15
that is, the eggs that sit in the ovaries --
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卵子於卵巢中
02:18
they actually sit there in a state of suspended animation
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會處於一不死的狀態
02:22
for up to 50 years in the life of each woman.
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長達50年之久
02:26
So then there's also my favorite example
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也有我最喜歡
02:29
of suspended animation.
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關於"暫停生命"的例子
02:31
This is Sea-Monkeys.
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就是豐年蝦
02:33
Those of you with children,
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有小孩的
02:35
you know about them.
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你們一定知道這東西
02:37
You go to the pet store or the toy store,
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到寵物或是玩具痁
02:39
and you can buy these things.
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可以買到這些
02:41
You just open the bag, and you just dump them
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打開包裝帶 將它們倒入
02:43
into the plastic aquarium,
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壓克力水族缸
02:45
and in about a week or so, you'll have little shrimps swimming around.
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大約一週後 就會看到小蝦子四處游動
02:48
Well, I wasn't so interested in the swimming.
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我對游泳並不關心
02:51
I was interested in what was going on in the bag,
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我只對袋子的狀態有興趣
02:54
the bag on the toy store shelf
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一直待在販售架上的包裝袋
02:56
where those shrimp sat
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卻是讓蝦子
02:58
in suspended animation indefinitely.
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處於無限期的暫停生命狀態
03:01
So these ideas of suspended animation
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所以 有關"暫停生命"
03:06
are not just about cells and weird, little organisms.
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並不只僅限於細胞 或是小型有機生命體
03:09
Occasionally, human beings
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甚至 包含人類自己
03:11
are briefly de-animated,
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都有可能短暫的暫停生命
03:13
and the stories of people who are briefly de-animated
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在那些許多有關人類能短暫停止生命的故事中
03:16
that interest me the most
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我最感興趣的是那些
03:18
are those having to do with the cold.
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與低環境溫度有關的
03:20
Ten years ago, there was a skier in Norway
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例如 10年前 挪威的滑雪者
03:23
that was trapped in an icy waterfall,
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被困在結冰的瀑布中
03:26
and she was there for two hours before they extracted her.
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她待在其中兩個小時 才被救出
03:29
She was extremely cold,
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她是完全的冰封
03:31
and she had no heartbeat --
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沒有心跳脈搏
03:33
for all intents and purposes she was dead, frozen.
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就當時情況而言 她確實死了，被冰凍著
03:35
Seven hours later,
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七個小時後
03:38
still without a heartbeat,
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仍然 沒有心跳
03:40
they brought her back to life, and she went on to be
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最後他們還是將她救回 而且她後來成為
03:42
the head radiologist
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輻射治療之專家
03:44
in the hospital that treated her.
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就服務於那所救她的醫院
03:46
A couple of years later --
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就在意外發生的幾年後 --
03:48
so I get really excited about these things --
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我一直對這些事感到興奮
03:50
about a couple of years later,
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隔了幾年
03:52
there was a 13-month-old, she was from Canada.
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一個13個月大的加拿大女嬰
03:55
Her father had gone out in the wintertime; he was working night shift,
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她的父親需要於冬季值夜班出門
03:57
and she followed him outside in nothing but a diaper.
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她卻跟著他 只穿了尿片
04:00
And they found her hours later,
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數小時後 他們找到她
04:02
frozen, lifeless,
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結凍的無生命跡象
04:04
and they brought her back to life.
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她最後被救回
04:06
There was a 65-year-old woman
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另外 一個65歲的老婦人
04:08
in Duluth, Minnesota last year
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去年於明尼蘇達州
04:10
that was found frozen and without a pulse
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冬季的一個早晨在她的院子
04:12
in her front yard one morning in the winter,
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被發現受凍且無心跳
04:15
and they brought her back to life.
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醫院也把她救活回來
04:17
The next day, she was doing so well, they wanted to run tests on her.
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第二天 她的狀況出奇的好 醫院想多做些測試
04:19
She got cranky and just went home.
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她十分不耐煩 就直接回家去了
04:21
(Laughter)
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(觀眾笑)
04:23
So, these are miracles, right?
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所以是有奇蹟的 對吧!
04:25
These are truly miraculous things that happen.
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這些都是無法置信的奇蹟發生
04:28
Doctors have a saying
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醫生有這樣的說法
04:30
that, in fact, "You're not dead until you're warm and dead."
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唯有當你是死時有體溫, 才是確實死去
04:33
And it's true. It's true.
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這真的是這樣 真的
04:36
In the New England Journal of Medicine,
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在新英格蘭醫學期刊上
04:38
there was a study published that showed
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有研究顯示
04:40
that with appropriate rewarming,
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經過適當的回溫
04:42
people who had suffered without a heartbeat for three hours
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即使經過三小時的無心跳
04:45
could be brought back to life without any neurologic problems.
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是可能被救復活 也無神經功能上的損傷
04:48
That's over 50 percent.
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有超過50%的成功率
04:50
So what I was trying to do is think of a way
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所以 我想做的事
04:53
that we could study
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是能研究
04:55
suspended animation
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暫時停止生命
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to think about a way
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設計一套程序
04:59
to reproduce, maybe,
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或是重新呈現
05:01
what happened to the skier.
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在那位滑雪者身上發生的事
05:03
Well, I have to tell you something very odd,
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恩，我得告訴你們一些奇怪的事情
05:05
and that is that being exposed to low oxygen
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就是 處於缺氧環境下
05:08
does not always kill.
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也不一定致命死亡
05:11
So, in this room, there's 20 percent oxygen or so,
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在這個屋內 氧氣含量約為20%
05:14
and if we reduce the oxygen concentration,
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如果我們降低氧氣含量
05:16
we will all be dead.
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我們會缺氧而死
05:18
And, in fact, the animals we were working with in the lab --
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事實上 實驗室中的動物實驗
05:21
these little garden worms, nematodes --
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如這些庭園中的蚯蚓 線蟲
05:23
they were also dead when we exposed them to low oxygen.
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當我們將它放在低氧狀態，它們一樣死亡
05:26
And here's the thing that should freak you out.
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然後接下來是會嚇到你的事
05:28
And that is that, when we lower the oxygen concentration further
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就是，當我們再繼續降低氧氣比例
05:31
by 100 times, to 10 parts per million,
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100倍以下 也就是 10ppm時
05:35
they were not dead,
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它們不會死
05:37
they were in suspended animation,
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反而是處於一暫時停止生命的狀態
05:39
and we could bring them back to life without any harm.
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我們能回復它們的生命 而無任何傷害
05:43
And this precise oxygen concentration,
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而這奇特地含氧濃度
05:45
10 parts per million,
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10ppm
05:47
that caused suspended animation,
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能促使它們暫停生命
05:49
is conserved.
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是 屢試不爽的
05:51
We can see it in a variety of different organisms.
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我們也見到多種生物有如此特性
05:53
One of the creatures we see it in
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其中一種就是
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is a fish.
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魚類
05:57
And we can turn its heartbeat on and off by going in and out
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我們能啟動或停止它的心跳
06:00
of suspended animation like you would a light switch.
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就像是利用電源開關式地進進出出"暫停生命"的狀態
06:03
So this was pretty shocking to me,
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這就是非常令我感到震驚的
06:08
that we could do this.
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我們居然能夠做到如此程度
06:10
And so I was wondering, when we were trying
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因此我在想，我們何時可以
06:12
to reproduce the work with the skier,
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複製那滑雪者的情況
06:14
that we noticed that, of course,
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我們留意到
06:17
she had no oxygen consumption,
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她確實是處於缺氧狀態
06:19
and so maybe she was in a similar state of suspended animation.
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所以她也就暫時 處於一類似暫停生命的狀態
06:22
But, of course, she was also extremely cold.
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同時 她也處於極低溫狀態
06:24
So we wondered what would happen
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也就聯想到
06:26
if we took our suspended animals and exposed them to the cold.
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將我們的實驗動物 也置於低溫
06:28
And so, what we found out
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所以 我們發現
06:30
was that, if you take animals
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若我們將動物
06:32
that are animated like you and I,
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或就是你我一般的動物
06:34
and you make them cold -- that is, these were the garden worms --
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直接處於低溫狀態 就像 庭園蚯蚓
06:37
now they're dead.
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它們會死去
06:39
But if you have them in suspended animation,
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但程序若是 將他們先處於 暫停生命狀態
06:41
and move them into the cold, they're all alive.
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再移動到低溫狀態 它們全都能活下來
06:44
And there's the very important thing there:
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這是重要的一點:
06:46
If you want to survive the cold,
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若想要存活於低溫狀態
06:48
you ought to be suspended. Right?
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一定要先處於暫停生命狀態
06:50
It's a really good thing.
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這是非常好的一點
06:53
And so, we were thinking about that,
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所以 我們就想像
06:55
about this relationship between these things,
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連結所有可能因素
06:57
and thinking about whether or not that's what happened to the skier.
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猜想 那滑雪者所有與眾不同的情境
07:00
And so we wondered: Might there be some agent
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所以我們猜測 可能有一機制
07:03
that is in us, something that we make ourselves,
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能夠自然地讓我們
07:05
that we might be able to regulate our own metabolic flexibility
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有改變生命狀態的彈性
07:08
in such a way as to be able to survive
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讓我們能遇到低溫狀態還能存活下來的方式
07:10
when we got extremely cold, and might otherwise pass away?
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不然只有死亡一途
07:14
I thought it might be interesting to sort of hunt for such things.
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我對搜尋如此的機制感到興趣
07:17
You know?
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你知道嗎?
07:19
I should mention briefly here
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我該在此簡短聲明
07:22
that physiology textbooks that you can read about
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生理學教科書
07:25
will tell you that this is a kind of heretical thing to suggest.
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只會稱這樣的企圖是邪教
07:28
We have, from the time we are slapped on the butt
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我們從出生被打屁股時
07:31
until we take our last dying breath --
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直到死前的最後一口呼吸
07:33
that's when we're newborn to when we're dead --
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那就是 從生到死
07:35
we cannot reduce our metabolic rate
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我們都不能改變我們的代謝速率
07:37
below what's called a standard,
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低於所謂的標準值
07:39
or basal metabolic rate.
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或稱為基本的代謝速率
07:42
But I knew that there were examples
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但我同時知道一些
07:44
of creatures, also mammals,
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生物實例 也是哺乳動物
07:46
that do reduce their metabolic rate
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能降低代謝速率
07:48
such as ground squirrels and bears,
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如松鼠 熊
07:50
they reduce their metabolic rate
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他們能降低代謝速率
07:52
in the wintertime when they hibernate.
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於冬天休眠狀態
07:54
So I wondered: Might we be able to find some agent or trigger
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所以 我希望能找到一些機制或觸發
07:57
that might induce such a state in us?
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能引起我們自然地進入此狀態
08:00
And so, we went looking for such things.
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於是我們四處找這樣的東西
08:03
And this was a period of time when we failed tremendously.
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那時就是我們遭遇極度失敗的階段
08:06
Ken Robinson is here. He talked about the glories of failure.
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Ken Robinson 在這裡談到輝煌的失敗
08:08
Well, we had a lot of them.
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我們也有過好多的輝煌失敗
08:10
We tried many different chemicals and agents,
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我們試過很多的化學元素與機制
08:12
and we failed over and over again.
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而一直是失敗接著失敗
08:15
So, one time, I was at home
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直到有一天 我在家
08:17
watching television on the couch
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看電視
08:19
while my wife was putting our child to bed,
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而我太太正哄著孩子入睡
08:23
and I was watching a television show.
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我看著一個電視節目
08:25
It was a television show --
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是個電視節目
08:27
it was a NOVA show on PBS --
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NOVA製作的PBS節目
08:30
about caves in New Mexico.
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有關於新墨西哥州的洞穴
08:32
And this particular cave was Lechuguilla,
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那次特別介紹 Lechuguilla 洞穴
08:34
and this cave is incredibly toxic to humans.
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這個洞穴對人類而言是有致命毒性
08:37
The researchers had to suit up just to enter it.
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研究人員需要穿著特殊裝備才能進入
08:39
It's filled with this toxic gas,
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它充滿著致命毒氣
08:41
hydrogen sulfide.
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硫化氫
08:43
Now, hydrogen sulfide is curiously present in us.
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但是 硫化氫又能奇妙的存於我們的體內
08:47
We make it ourselves.
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我們會自然而然地製造硫化氫
08:49
The highest concentration is in our brains.
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最濃的地方是在我們的腦部
08:52
Yet, it was used
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硫化氫被用來做
08:54
as a chemical warfare agent in World War I.
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第一次世界大戰的化學武器
08:59
It's an extraordinarily toxic thing.
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是個對人類毒性極高的氣體
09:01
In fact, in chemical accidents,
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在化學意外事故中
09:03
hydrogen sulfide is known to --
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硫化氫被用來做一直被認為
09:07
if you breathe too much of it, you collapse to the ground,
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若吸入過多 會倒地不起
09:11
you appear dead,
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呈現死亡狀態
09:13
but if you were brought out into room air, you can be reanimated without harm,
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但實際上若能再帶回正常空氣 是能夠復活而無任何傷害
09:16
if they do that quickly.
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一切都要快速進行
09:18
So, I thought, "Wow, I have to get some of this."
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所以 哇! 我想弄些那氣體
09:22
(Laughter)
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(觀眾笑)
09:24
Now, it's post-9/11 America,
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那時是 911恐怖攻擊之後的美國
09:30
and when you go into the research institute,
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所以 當你走進一研究單位
09:33
and you say, "Hi.
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說: "嗨!
09:35
I'd like to buy some concentrated,
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我想買些高濃度的
09:37
compressed gas cylinders
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壓縮氣體鋼瓶
09:39
of a lethal gas
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而且是致命氣體
09:41
because I have these ideas, see,
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就只因為我有這些想法
09:43
about wanting to suspend people.
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想要暫停人們的生命
09:45
It's really going to be OK."
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而且 一定會成功的"
09:47
So that's kind of a tough day,
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可想而知 那時是相當難進行的
09:49
but I said, "There really is
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但我強調 有著強烈
09:52
some basis for thinking why you might want to do this."
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的基本動機促使我們要做這樣研究
09:56
As I said, this agent is in us,
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因為 那樣的機制(毒物)是存在體內的
09:58
and, in fact, here's a curious thing,
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更奇怪的是
10:00
it binds to the very place inside of your cells
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硫化氫被用來做 在我們的細胞內
10:03
where oxygen binds, and where you burn it,
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與氧氣 是同樣的鍵結方式
10:05
and that you do this burning to live.
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這樣的鍵結氧化燃燒 使細胞存活
10:07
And so we thought, like in a game of musical chairs,
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所以 我們聯想到 "搶椅子遊戲"
10:10
might we be able to give a person
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我們是否可以給人
10:15
some hydrogen sulfide,
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一些 硫化氫
10:17
and might it be able to occupy that place
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它 能取代 鍵結
10:19
like in a game of musical chairs where oxygen might bind?
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就像搶椅子遊戲般 取代氧氣鍵結
10:22
And because you can't bind the oxygen,
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因為細胞 不能連結氧氣
10:24
maybe you wouldn't consume it,
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所以 不用氧化燃燒
10:26
and then maybe it would reduce your demand for oxygen.
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也就降同時降低對氧氣的需求
10:29
I mean, who knows?
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我猜想的
10:31
So -- (Laughter)
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所以 (笑)
10:34
So, there's the bit about the dopamine
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有些像多巴胺
10:37
and being a little bit, what do you call it, delusional,
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或有些像是妄想
10:40
and you might suggest that was it.
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都是可被質疑的
10:42
And so, we wanted to find out
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所以，我們要證實
10:44
might we be able to use
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或許利用
10:47
hydrogen sulfide in the presence of cold,
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硫化氫再加上低溫環境
10:50
and we wanted to see whether we could
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是不是能夠
10:52
reproduce this skier in a mammal.
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於哺乳動物身上 再複製那滑雪者的情況
10:55
Now, mammals are warm-blooded creatures,
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哺乳動物是溫血動物
10:59
and when we get cold, we shake and we shiver, right?
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遇到低溫 我們會發抖打顫
11:02
We try to keep our core temperature at 37 degrees
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會儘量保持體內溫度於37度C
11:05
by actually burning more oxygen.
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卻是藉由燃燒更多的 氧氣
11:10
So, it was interesting for us
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對我們有趣的是
11:12
when we applied hydrogen sulfide
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當我們使用硫化氫
11:15
to a mouse when it was also cold
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在一低溫的老鼠身上
11:19
because what happened is the core temperature
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老鼠體溫下降
11:21
of the mouse got cold.
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如環境溫度
11:23
It stopped moving.
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它不再活動
11:25
It appeared dead.
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呈現死亡
11:27
Its oxygen consumption rate
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而氧氣的消耗量
11:29
fell by tenfold.
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也降低十倍
11:31
And here's the really important point.
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重要的事是這個
11:34
I told you hydrogen sulfide is in us.
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剛剛提到硫化氫是存在人體內
11:37
It's rapidly metabolized,
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快速的代謝
11:39
and all you have to do after six hours of being
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而處於暫停生命狀態六小時後
11:41
in this state of de-animation
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所要做的
11:43
is simply put the thing out in room air,
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僅只是恢復到正常室內空氣
11:45
and it warms up, and it's none the worse for wear.
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它會恢復體內溫度
11:48
Now, this was cosmic.
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這是件大事
11:51
Really. Because we had found a way
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因為我們已找到
11:55
to de-animate a mammal,
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如何暫停哺乳動物的生命
11:58
and it didn't hurt it.
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也不至於 傷害它
12:01
Now, we'd found a way to reduce
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我們已經找到降低
12:04
its oxygen consumption
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氧化消耗的速率
12:06
to rock-bottom levels, and it was fine.
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到其最低限度 也OK
12:09
Now, in this state of de-animation,
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在這 暫停生命狀態
12:12
it could not go out dancing,
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雖不能再活動
12:14
but it was not dead,
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但它並未死去
12:16
and it was not harmed.
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一點都無其他傷害
12:18
So we started to think: Is this the agent
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所以我們開始思考:是不是這樣的機制
12:21
that might have been present in the skier,
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也就是使滑雪者存活的原因
12:23
and might have she had more of it than someone else,
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還是她有著較常人還多的濃度
12:26
and might that have been able to reduce
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也就使她能降低
12:29
her demand for oxygen
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對氧的需求量
12:31
before she got so cold that
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一切都得在她失溫之前達成
12:33
she otherwise would have died,
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不然必死無疑
12:35
as we found out with our worm experiments?
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是根據我們的蟲蟲實驗?
12:39
So, we wondered:
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我們在想:
12:42
Can we do anything useful
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我們是否能
12:44
with this capacity to
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利用這些已知
12:46
control metabolic flexibility?
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來控制代謝的彈性呢?
12:48
And one of the things we wondered --
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其中一件我們想解決的事 ---
12:51
I'm sure some of you out there are economists,
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我相信 你們當中一定有些是經濟學家
12:53
and you know all about supply and demand.
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都明瞭 供給與需求
12:55
And when supply is equal to demand,
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當供給等於需求時
12:57
everything's fine,
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皆大歡喜
12:59
but when supply falls,
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但當供給短缺 ---
13:01
in this case of oxygen,
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在這裡就是 缺氧 ---
13:03
and demand stays high, you're dead.
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而需求依舊 那就死定了
13:06
So, what I just told you
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剛剛在說明的重點
13:08
is we can now reduce demand.
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就是我們能降低對氧氣的需求
13:10
We ought to be able to lower supply
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我們必須降低供給
13:12
to unprecedented low levels without killing the animal.
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達到前所未有的程度 又不致死
13:15
And with money we got from DARPA,
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利用從DARPA所支持的研究經費
13:18
we could show just that.
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我們已能驗證這些
13:20
If you give mice hydrogen sulfide,
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如果我們給老鼠硫化氫
13:23
you can lower their demand for oxygen,
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就能降低牠們對氧的需求
13:25
and you can put them into oxygen concentrations
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放置在氧氣濃度低於
13:28
that are as low as 5,000 feet above the top of Mt. Everest,
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5000英呎以上的Everest高山
13:31
and they can sit there for hours, and there's no problem.
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牠們能停留數小時 沒有任何問題
13:34
Well this was really cool.
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這真的是非常棒
13:36
We also found out that we could subject animals
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我們也發現對於
13:38
to otherwise lethal blood loss, and we could save them
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嚴重失血的動物 我們也能救回它們
13:41
if we gave them hydrogen sulfide.
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還是利用硫化氫
13:44
So these proof of concept experiments
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所以這些槪念式的實驗證明
13:47
led me to say "I should found a company,
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讓我決定集資成立公司
13:50
and we should take this out to a wider playing field."
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我們應該將此推廣到更大的場域
13:55
I founded a company called Ikaria
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我成立了一家公司叫 Ikaria
13:57
with others' help.
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得到其他人的相助
13:59
And this company, the first thing it did
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這家公司第一件事就是
14:01
was make a liquid formulation of hydrogen sulfide
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製成了液態狀的硫化氫
14:04
an injectable form that we could put in
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能由注射方式地注入體內
14:06
and send it out to physician scientists all over the world
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能安全地送到世界各處
14:09
who work on models of critical care medicine,
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需要急救醫療用藥的醫生手中
14:11
and the results are incredibly positive.
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結果是非常的正面
14:13
In one model of heart attack,
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在一心臟病發的研究
14:15
animals given hydrogen sulfide
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實驗動物被注射了硫化氫
14:17
showed a 70 percent reduction in heart damage
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顯現降低了70%機率的心臟損害
14:19
compared to those who got the standard of care that
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這是與按照一般救護的控制組比較
14:21
you and I would receive if we were to have a heart attack here today.
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這種心臟病發就是我們身邊所見到的那種
14:24
Same is true for organ failure,
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同樣說明也可延伸至其他器官衰竭
14:26
when you have loss of function owing to poor perfusion of kidney, of liver,
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例如腎衰竭, 肝功能衰竭
14:31
acute respiratory distress syndrome
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急性呼吸功能衰竭
14:33
and damage suffered in cardiac-bypass surgery.
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以及由心導管手術造成的損傷
14:38
So, these are the thought leaders in trauma medicine
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我們的療法也經由世界各地之頂尖創傷醫學專家
14:40
all over the world saying this is true,
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驗證真實性
14:42
so it seems that exposure to hydrogen sulfide
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所以 各個研究顯示硫化氫
14:46
decreases damage that you receive
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能降低因氧氣不足
14:48
from being exposed to otherwise lethal-low oxygen.
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所導致的致命性傷害
14:51
And I should say that the concentrations of hydrogen sulfide
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我也必須強調 要達到此種急救效益
14:54
required to get this benefit
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硫化氫的濃度是
14:58
are low, incredibly low.
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非常非常低的
15:00
In fact, so low that physicians will not have to lower or dim
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事實上, 醫生根本不至於
15:03
the metabolism of people much at all
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降低傷患之代謝速率太多
15:05
to see the benefit I just mentioned,
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就能達到前述的急救效益
15:07
which is a wonderful thing, if you're thinking about adopting this.
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這是件好事, 能更加快大家採用這樣的技術
15:09
You don't want to be gorking people out
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你不必要完全暫停生命
15:11
just to save them, it's really confusing.
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就只為了一般性急救醫療，那會是非常惱人的
15:13
(Laughter)
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(笑)
15:15
So, I want to say that we're in human trials.
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所以 我要結論的是 我們已進入人體臨床試驗了
15:19
Now, and so --
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現在 ...
15:21
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
15:27
Thank you. The Phase 1 safety studies are over,
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謝謝大家。安全性驗證已完成
15:30
and we're doing fine, we're now moved on.
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一切順利，進入下一階段
15:32
We have to get to Phase 2 and Phase 3. It's going to take us a few years.
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我們要陸續進到第二階與第三階 那會需要幾年的時間
15:35
This has all moved very quickly,
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一切都是加速進行
15:37
and the mouse experiments
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老鼠實驗中的冬眠試驗
15:39
of hibernating mice happened in 2005;
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是在2005年執行
15:42
the first human studies were done in 2008,
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第一個人體試驗是在2008年進行
15:44
and we should know in a couple of years
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我們應該在一兩年
15:46
whether it works or not.
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便知道可行與否
15:48
And this all happened really quickly
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一切進展都是非常快
15:50
because of a lot of help from a lot of people.
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因為有著來自各方的相助
15:52
I want to mention that, first of all,
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最重要的我想感謝
15:54
my wife, without whom this talk and my work would not be possible,
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我的太太, 沒有她這一切都不會實現的
15:57
so thank you very much.
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所以非常謝謝大家
15:59
Also, the brilliant scientists who work at my lab
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以及曾在我實驗室努力的聰明科學家
16:02
and also others on staff,
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與其他同事
16:04
the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, Washington --
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在華盛頓州西雅圖市的Fred Hutchinson 癌症研究中心
16:06
wonderful place to work.
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那是個非常棒的工作環境
16:08
And also the wonderful scientists
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以及目前在 Ikaria 公司的科學家
16:10
and businesspeople at Ikaria.
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與商業經營團隊
16:12
One thing those people did out there
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他們不同的經營手法
16:15
was take this technology of hydrogen sulfide,
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讓這耗費巨資新創公司的
16:18
which is this start-up company that's burning venture capital very quickly,
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硫化氫技術
16:21
and they fused it with another company
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能與另一公司技術結合
16:23
that sells another toxic gas
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那家公司供應另一毒性氣體
16:25
that's more toxic than hydrogen sulfide,
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那是比硫化氫還毒的氣體
16:29
and they give it to newborn babies who would otherwise die
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提供給面臨難產或猝死的新生兒
16:32
from a failure to be able to oxygenate their tissues properly.
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以補救無法吸收氧氣的緊急情況
16:36
And this gas that is delivered in over
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這種氣體已經提供給
16:39
a thousand critical care hospitals worldwide,
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超過1000所緊急救護醫院
16:41
now is approved, on label,
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合格驗證地
16:43
and saves thousands of babies a year
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每年救回數以千計的嬰兒
16:45
from certain death.
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免於某些猝死症狀
16:47
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
16:49
So it's really incredible
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這真的是太棒了
16:52
for me to be a part of this.
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讓我與有榮焉
16:54
And I want to say that I think we're on the path
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而我要強調的是 我們正在一個過程
16:56
of understanding metabolic flexibility
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是為了明瞭代謝彈性的
16:58
in a fundamental way,
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最基本機制
17:00
and that in the not too distant future,
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且就在不遠的將來
17:04
an EMT might give an injection of hydrogen sulfide,
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想像一個急救小組注入硫化氫
17:07
or some related compound,
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或其他化合物
17:09
to a person suffering severe injuries,
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到一嚴重創傷的病患
17:12
and that person might de-animate a bit,
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使他輕微地暫停生命
17:14
they might become a little more immortal.
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他反而是不會死
17:18
Their metabolism will fall
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他的代謝會降低
17:20
as though you were dimming a switch on a lamp at home.
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就像我們在家控制燈光明暗似的
17:26
And then, they will have the time, that will buy them the time,
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能為他爭取到些時間
17:29
to be transported to the hospital
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能轉往醫院
17:34
to get the care they need.
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得到較完善的急救
17:38
And then, after they get that care --
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當完成施救後
17:43
like the mouse, like the skier,
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就像是那實驗老鼠，或是那滑雪者
17:45
like the 65-year-old woman --
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或是那 65歲的老婦人
17:47
they'll wake up.
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都會再度醒來
17:49
A miracle?
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只是奇蹟?
17:51
We hope not, or maybe we just hope
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希望不是，我們只希望
17:53
to make miracles a little more common.
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把奇蹟能控制得更頻繁些
17:55
Thank you very much.
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謝謝大家
17:57
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Mark Roth - Biochemist, cell biologistMark Roth's research has reawakened an unusual notion from the annals of science: reversible metabolic hibernation. Yes, putting living organisms into suspended animation -- and bringing them back safely.
Why you should listen
As a cell biologist in cancer research, Mark Roth studies genes, chromosomes and autoimmune disease. But he's best known for his research into suspended animation. Already, Roth has managed a world first: putting a vertebrate -- a zebrafish embryo -- into an oxygen-deprived state for several hours, then restoring it to completely normal development. He's been able to reduce the core temperature of mice to 10 degrees Celsius, and then revive them, harmlessly.
This MacArthur "genius" grant winner may spur the next big leap for lifesaving medical systems with techniques that buy time for critically ill trauma patients -- people in desperate need of organ transplants, for example -- whether in emergency rooms or on battlefields. DARPA is a major supporter of this work. At TED2008, geologist Peter Ward was passionate enough about Mark Roth's work to devote several of his own 18 minutes to talking about it ...
Mark Roth | Speaker | TED.com