TEDIndia 2009
Anil Gupta: India's hidden hotbeds of invention
阿尼爾古普塔 : 印度 - 發明的隱藏溫床
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阿尼爾古普塔正在搜尋在發展中世界未被發掘的發明家 - 當地被貧窮隱藏的企業家的才智，可以改變許多人的生命。他展示了如何用 Honey Bee Network 幫助建立他們需要的聯繫，並獲得應有的承認。
Anil Gupta - Innovation advocate
Anil Gupta created the Honey Bee Network to support grassroots innovators who are rich in knowledge, but not in resources. Full bio
Anil Gupta created the Honey Bee Network to support grassroots innovators who are rich in knowledge, but not in resources. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
I bring to you
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我為你們帶來
00:19
a message from
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一個信息，它來自
00:22
tens of thousands of people --
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數以萬計生活在，
00:25
in the villages, in the slums,
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一個國家的內陸
00:27
in the hinterland of the country --
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的村落和貧民窟的人們，
00:29
who have solved problems
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他們已經
00:31
through their own genius,
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利用他們的天才解決了問題，
00:33
without any
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沒有依靠任何
00:35
outside help.
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外來的幫助。
00:37
When our home minister announces
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當我們的內政部長
00:40
a few weeks ago
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在幾個星期之前宣布
00:43
a war on
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一場在
00:45
one third of India,
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三分之一印度的戰爭，
00:47
about 200 districts that he mentioned
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在他提到的大約 200 個地區，
00:50
were ungovernable,
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是無法管治的，
00:52
he missed the point.
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他忽略了一點
00:55
The point that we have been stressing
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而一個恰恰是我們堅持了
00:57
for the last 21 years,
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21 年的理念
00:59
the point that
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這就是
01:01
people may be economically poor,
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人們可能是經濟上很貧乏，
01:03
but they're not poor in the mind.
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但他們並不缺乏想法
01:06
In other words,
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換言之
01:08
the minds on the margin
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在邊綠的想法
01:10
are not the marginal minds.
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並不是不足的想法。
01:13
That is the message,
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我們31年前就開始
01:15
which we started 31 years ago.
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傳播這個信息
01:17
And what did it start?
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那是怎么開始的呢 ?
01:19
Let me just tell you, briefly, my personal journey,
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讓我簡單的告訢你，我個人的經歷，
01:21
which led me to come to this point.
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怎樣引領我到這裡。
01:24
In '85, '86, I was in Bangladesh
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85 年至 86 年，我在孟加拉
01:26
advising the government and the research council there
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為政府及研究理事會提供意見
01:28
how to help scientists work on the lands,
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怎樣
01:30
on the fields of the poor people,
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在貧窮的人艮的土地上去幫助科學研究
01:33
and how to develop research technologies,
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與及如何發展
01:35
which are based on the knowledge of the people.
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基於當地人們的智識的研究技術。
01:39
I came back in '86.
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我在 86 年回來。
01:42
I had been tremendously invigorated
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我非常的振奮
01:44
by the knowledge and creativity that I found in that country,
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因為我看到了那個
01:46
which had 60 percent landlessness
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有 60% 人沒有土地的國家中的百姓的智識及創意。
01:48
but amazing creativity.
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那是非常驚人的創意。
01:51
I started looking at my own work:
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我開始審視我自己的工作
01:53
The work that I had done
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那些我在
01:55
for the previous 10 years,
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過去之前10 年的工作，
01:57
almost every time,
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幾乎每一次，
01:59
had instances of knowledge
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也有部份的智識是
02:01
that people had shared.
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由別人分享的。
02:03
Now, I was paid in dollars as a consultant,
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現在我作為一個收費的顧問，
02:06
and I looked at my income tax return
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當我看到我的報稅表
02:08
and tried to ask myself: "Is there a line in my return,
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我嘗試問我自己，在我的報稅表裡，"當中是否有一行
02:11
which shows how much of this income has gone
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顥示有多少的收入給了
02:13
to the people whose knowledge
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那些擁有
02:15
has made it possible?
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令這一切發生的知識的人們 ?"
02:17
Was it because I'm brilliant
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是否因為我是非常的傑出
02:19
that I'm getting this reward, or because of the revolution?
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所以我可以得到這些回報，或是?
02:22
Is it that I write very well?
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是否因為我寫得非常的棒?
02:24
Is it that I articulate very well?
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是否因為我表達得非常的棒?
02:26
Is it that I analyze the data very well?
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是否因為我分析數據做得非常的棒?
02:28
Is it because I'm a professor, and, therefore,
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是否因為我是教授，所以，
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I must be entitled to this reward from society?"
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我一定有資格在社會上得到這些回報 ?
02:33
I tried to convince myself that, "No, no,
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我嘗試說服自已，"不是，不是，
02:35
I have worked for the policy changes.
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我會投票改革政策。
02:37
You know, the public policy will become
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要知道，公共政策會變得
02:39
more responsive to the needs of the poor,
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更能回應貧困的人的需要，
02:41
and, therefore I think it's okay."
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因此，我想這是沒有問題的。"
02:43
But it appeared to me
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但是，對我而言
02:46
that all these years that I'd been working on exploitation --
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這些年來，我一直致力於研究剝削行為，
02:49
exploitation by landlords,
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地主的剝削
02:51
by moneylenders, by traders --
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貸款者，以及商人的剝削
02:54
gave me an insight that
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這給我一個深刻的理解
02:56
probably I was also an exploiter,
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可能我也是一個剝削者，
02:58
because there was no line in my income tax return
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因為在我的報稅表中沒有一行
03:00
which showed this income accrued
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顯示該收入
03:02
because of the brilliance of the people --
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是因為人們卓越的才智而產生，
03:04
those people who have shared their knowledge and good faith and trust with me --
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那些人們曾經分享他們的知識，給予我真誠及信任，
03:06
and nothing ever went back to them.
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同時間，並沒有任何東西回到他們那裡。
03:08
So much so, that much of my work till that time
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另外，直至當時，我大部份的工作都是
03:10
was in the English language.
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用英語的。
03:12
The majority of the people from whom I learned didn't know English.
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而大部份我學習的人都不認識英語。
03:15
So what kind of a contributor was I?
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那到底我算是一個怎樣的貢獻者呢 ?
03:17
I was talking about social justice,
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我曾一直在講社會公義
03:19
and here I was, a professional
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同時在這裡我亦是一個専業人士
03:21
who was pursuing the most unjust act --
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一個從事最不公義的行為，
03:23
of taking knowledge from the people, making them anonymous,
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從人們身上奪取知識，令他們匿名，
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getting rent from that knowledge
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用這些知識去得到身份地位
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by sharing it and doing consultancy, writing papers and
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分享這些知識，去做顧問，撰寫報告，
03:30
publishing them in the papers,
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發表這些知識到學術報告，
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getting invited to the conferences,
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接受會議的邀請，
03:34
getting consultancies and whatever have you.
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得到顧問及其他一切的工作。
03:37
So then, a dilemma rose in the mind that,
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然後，一個兩難的問題在我的腦海出現，
03:39
if I'm also an exploiter, then this is not right;
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假如我也是一個剝削者，這是不對的;
03:42
life cannot go on like that.
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生命不可以就這樣下去。
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And this was a moment of great pain and trauma
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這是一個非常痛苦和創傷的時刻，
03:48
because I couldn't live with it any longer.
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因為我不可以再這樣生活下去。
03:52
So I did a review of
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因此，我做了一次審查，
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ethical dilemma and value conflicts and management research,
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我思考 [不清楚地] 研究，
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wrote, read about 100 papers.
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撰寫，閱讀大約 100 份報告，
03:59
And I came to the conclusion that
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然後，我得到結論，
04:01
while dilemma is unique,
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當難題是獨一無二，
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dilemma is not unique; the solution had to be unique.
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難題並不是獨一無二，只是解決方法是獨一無二。
04:06
And one day -- I don't know what happened --
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有一日，我不知道發生甚麼事，
04:08
while coming back from the office towards home,
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當由辦公室回到家中，
04:11
maybe I saw a honey bee
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或者我看到一隻蜜蜂，
04:13
or it occurred to my mind that if I only could be like the honey bee,
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或者看上來，假如我可以像蜜蜂一樣，
04:16
life would be wonderful.
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生活就可以得美滿。
04:18
What the honey bee does: it pollinates,
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蜜蜂到底做些甚麼，它傳播花粉，
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takes nectar from the flower,
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從花中採蜜，
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pollinates another flower, cross-pollinates.
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為另外一朶花授粉，交叉授粉，
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And when it takes the nectar,
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當牠採蜜時，
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the flowers don't feel shortchanged.
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花並沒有感覺到被尅扣。
04:30
In fact, they invite the honey bees
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事實上，她們
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through their colors,
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用顏色吸引蜜蜂。
04:35
and the bees don't keep all the honey for themselves.
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同時蜜蜂不會將所有花蜜留給自己。
04:38
These are the three guiding principles of the Honey Bee Network:
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在蜜蜂網絡中，有這三個原則 -
04:42
that whenever we learn something from people
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每當我們從其他人學習
04:44
it must be shared with them in their language.
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就必須用他們自己的語言去分享。
04:47
They must not remain anonymous.
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他們不能保持匿名，
04:49
And I must tell you that after 20 years,
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我必須要告訢你，在 20 年後，
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I have not made one percent of change
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我沒有
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in the professional practice of this art.
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令這行為改變百分之一。
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That is a great tragedy -- which I'm carrying still with me
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這是一個我一直背負着的重大悲劇，
04:59
and I hope that all of you will carry this with you --
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而我亦希望你們所有人會同時背負着這個，
05:01
that the profession still legitimizes publication
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一班專業者仍然用匿名的方法去發表其他人的知識
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of knowledge of people without attributing them
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而沒有歸功於他們，
05:07
by making them anonymous.
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並將之合法化。
05:09
The research guidelines of U.S. National Academy of Sciences
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美國國家科學院
05:11
or Research Councils of the U.K.
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或英國研究理事會
05:13
or of Indian Councils of Science Research
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或印度科學研究會議
05:15
do not require
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的研究指引中都沒有要求，
05:17
that whatever you learn from people, you must share back with them.
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無論你從其他人身上學到甚麼，你都一定要回饋他們。
05:20
We are talking about an accountable society,
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我們在討論一個負責任的社會，
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a society that is fair and just,
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一個公平，公正的社會。
05:24
and we don't even do justice in the knowledge market.
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同時我們連知識市場都不求公義。
05:26
And India wants to be a knowledge society.
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同時印度想要成為一個有知識的社會。
05:28
How will it be a knowledge society?
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這怎麼會成為一個有知識的社會 ?
05:30
So, obviously, you cannot have two principles of justice,
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因此，明顯地，你不可以有兩個公義的準則，
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one for yourself and one for others.
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一個自己的，一個他人的。
05:34
It must be the same.
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這必須要一致的。
05:36
You cannot discriminate.
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你不可以有差別地對待。
05:38
You cannot be in favor of your own values,
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你不可以偏坦自己的價值，
05:40
which are at a distance from
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而遠離
05:42
the values that you espouse.
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你擁護的價值。
05:45
So, fairness to one and to the other
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因此，公平對於一個人，以致對其他人
05:47
is not divisible.
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是不可分割的。
05:49
Look at this picture.
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看看這幅圖。
05:51
Can you tell me where has it been taken from,
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你可否告訢我這是從那裡拍到的，
05:53
and what is it meant for? Anybody?
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與及，它當中的意思嗎 ? 有沒有人 ?
05:56
I'm a professor; I must quiz you. (Laughter)
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我是一個教授，我必須考考你。
06:00
Anybody? Any guess at all?
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有沒有人? 有沒有任何推測 ?
06:03
Pardon? (Audience Member: Rajasthan.)
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請重覆。(觀眾: 拉賈斯坦)
06:05
Anil Gupta: But what has it been used for? What has it been used for?
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阿尼爾古普塔: 但它有何用途? 它曾用作甚麼 ?
06:07
(Murmuring)
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(絲絲細語)
06:09
Pardon?
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請重覆。
06:11
You know, you're so right. We must give him a hand,
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你知道，你是正確的，我們一定要為他拍掌。
06:14
because this man knows how insensitive our government is.
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因為這個人知道我們的政府是怎樣的感覺遲鈍。
06:17
Look at this. This is the site of the government of India.
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看看這裡。這是印度政府的地點。
06:19
It invites tourists
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它邀請遊客
06:21
to see the shame of our country.
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去看我們國家的恥辱。
06:23
I'm so sorry to say that.
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我很抱歉地說。
06:25
Is this a beautiful picture
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這是一個很美麗的圖片 -
06:27
or is it a terrible picture?
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或是一個很可佈的圖片 ?
06:29
It depends upon how you look at the life of the people.
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這決定於你怎樣看待人們的生活。
06:32
If this woman has to carry water on her head
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假如這女人要用頭去担水
06:34
for miles and miles and miles,
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很遠，很遠，很遠，
06:36
you cannot be celebrating that.
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你不能為此慶祝。
06:39
We should be doing something about it.
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我們應該做點事情。
06:41
And let me tell you, with all the science and technology at our command,
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待我告訢你，用我們可以動用的所有科學及技術，
06:44
millions of women still carry water on their heads.
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數以百萬計的女人仍然要用她們的頭去担水。
06:47
And we do not ask this question.
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同時我們沒有發問這個問題。
06:49
You must have taken tea in the morning.
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你一定在早上有喝過菜。
06:52
Think for a minute.
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用一分鐘想想。
06:54
The leaves of the tea, plucked from the bushes;
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茶的葉子，從灌木叢中採摘。
06:57
you know what the action is? The action is:
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你知道那是怎樣的動作嗎? 那動作是:
06:59
The lady picks up a few leaves, puts them in the basket on the backside.
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那女士採摘幾塊葉子，放到她們背後的籃子中。
07:02
Just do it 10 times;
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只要重覆十次，
07:04
you will realize the pain in this shoulder.
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你會發現肩膀的痛苦。
07:06
And she does it a few thousand times
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她每天做了
07:08
every day.
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幾萬次。
07:11
The rice that you ate in the lunch, and you will eat today,
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你們午餐吃的米飯，今天你們會吃的，
07:14
is transplanted by women
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是由一班女人彎曲成一個非常尷尬的姿勢
07:16
bending in a very awkward posture,
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移植的，
07:18
millions of them,
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幾百萬人，
07:20
every season, in the paddy season,
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每個季節，在稻田的季節，
07:22
when they transplant paddy
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當她們用雙腳站在水中
07:25
with their feet in the water.
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移植稻田。
07:27
And feet in the water will develop fungus,
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腳浸在水中會生長真菌，
07:29
infections,
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感染。
07:31
and that infection pains
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這感染是痛苦的
07:33
because then other insects bite that point.
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因為其他昆蟲會咬那點。
07:36
And every year,
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每一年，
07:38
99.9 percent of the paddy is transplanted manually.
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99.9 % 的稻田是人工移植的。
07:41
No machines have been developed.
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沒有機器開發過。
07:43
So the silence of scientists,
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科學家，
07:45
of technologists, of public policy makers,
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技術人員，公共政黨制定者，
07:48
of the change agent, drew our attention that this is not on, this is not on;
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變革者的沈默，令我們留意到，這不是，這不是，
07:51
this is not the way society will work.
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這不是社會會成功的方法。
07:53
This is not what our parliament would do. You know,
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這不是我們的議會會做的，你知道。
07:56
we have a program for employment:
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我們有一個就業計劃。
07:58
One hundred, 250 million people
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一億，二億五千萬的人
08:00
have to be given jobs for 100 days by this great country.
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會由這個偉大的國家在 100 天內提供工作。
08:03
Doing what? Breaking stones, digging earth.
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做甚麼? 爆石，掘地。
08:06
So we asked a question to the parliament:
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所以我們問議會一個問題，
08:09
Do poor have heads?
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那些貧困的人有頭腦嗎?
08:12
Do poor have legs, mouth and hands, but no head?
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貧困的人有腳、口和手，但他們沒有頭腦嗎?
08:15
So Honey Bee Network builds upon the resource in which poor people are rich.
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所以 Honey Bee Network 建基於貧困的人們富有的資源。
08:18
And what has happened?
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之後，發生甚麼事?
08:20
An anonymous, faceless, nameless person
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匿名的，無面孔的，無名的人
08:23
gets in contact with the network,
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與網絡取得聯繫，
08:25
and then gets an identity.
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然後得到一個身份。
08:27
This is what Honey Bee Network is about.
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這是 Honey Bee Network （小蜜蜂网絡）所做的事。
08:29
And this network grew voluntarily,
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然而這個網絡自願地成長，
08:31
continues to be voluntary,
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繼續保持自願，
08:33
and has tried to map the minds
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並嘗試為幾百萬我們國家，
08:35
of millions of people
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以及世界其他地方的有創意的人的思維
08:37
of our country and other parts of the world who are creative.
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繪成地圖。
08:41
They could be creative in terms of education,
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他們可以是在教育方面有創意;
08:43
they may be creative in terms of culture,
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他們可以是在文化方面有創意;
08:45
they may be creative in terms of institutions;
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他們可以是在機構方面有創意;
08:47
but a lot of our work is in the field of technological creativity,
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但大部份我們的工作是在科技上的有創意的，
08:49
the innovations,
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這些發明，
08:51
either in terms of contemporary innovations,
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不論在當代創新方面，
08:53
or in terms of traditional knowledge.
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或在傳統知識方面。
08:56
And it all begins with curiosity.
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這都在好奇心開始。
08:58
It all begins with curiosity.
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這都在好奇心開始。
09:00
This person, whom we met -- and you will see it on the website,
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這個我們遇到的人，你將會在網站上看到的，
09:02
www.sristi.org -- this tribal person,
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Soshidoto Arjii 這部落的人，
09:05
he had a wish.
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他有一個希望。
09:07
And he said, "If my wish gets fulfilled" --
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他說，"假如我的希望可以逹到" ...
09:10
somebody was sick and he had to monitor --
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有個他要照顧的人生病了...
09:13
"God, please cure him.
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"神，請治癒他。
09:15
And if you cure him, I will get my wall painted."
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假如你治癒他，我會在我的牆畫畫。＂
09:18
And this is what he got painted.
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而這就是他所畫的。
09:20
Somebody was talking yesterday about Maslowian hierarchy.
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有人昨天討論馬斯洛的需求層次理論。
09:22
There could be nothing more wrong than
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沒有比馬斯洛的需求層次理論
09:24
the Maslowian model of hierarchy of needs
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更錯誤的，
09:26
because the poorest people in this country can get enlightenment.
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因為在這國家裡貧困的人可以得到啟蒙。
09:29
Kabir, Rahim, all the great Sufi saints,
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Kalwi ，拉希姆，所有偉大的蘇非聖人，
09:32
they were all poor people,
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他們都是很貧困的人，
09:34
and they had a great reason. (Applause)
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同時他們都有一個很偉大的原因。
09:36
Please do not ever think that
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請不要以為
09:38
only after meeting your physiological needs and other needs
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只有滿足到的生理上及其他的需要
09:40
can you be thinking about your spiritual needs or your enlightenment.
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你才可以去想有關精神上開示的需要。
09:43
Any person anywhere is capable
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任何人在任何地方都可以
09:45
of rising to that highest point of attainment,
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去提升到最高的成就，
09:48
only by the resolve that they have in their mind that they must achieve something.
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只要立志，在他們腦海中有一定要達到的一些東西。
09:51
Look at this.
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看這個。
09:53
We saw it in Shodh Yatra. Every six months we walk
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我們看見 [不清楚] 每六個月我們行過
09:55
in different parts of the country.
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這國家的不同部份。
09:57
I've walked about 4,000 kilometers in the last 12 years.
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在過去 12 年我行了大約 4000 公里。
09:59
So on the wayside
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在路邊，
10:01
we found these dung cakes,
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我們發現那些糞餅，
10:03
which are used as a fuel.
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用作燃料的糞餅。
10:05
Now, this lady, on the wall of the dung cake heap,
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你知道，這女士，在糞餅堆的牆上
10:08
has made a painting.
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畫了一幅畫。
10:10
That's the only space she could express her creativity.
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這是她唯一可以發揮創意的空間。
10:12
And she's so marvelous.
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而她是如此的了不起。
10:14
Look at this lady, Ram Timari Devi,
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看看這女士拉姆蒂馬里黛維，
10:16
on a grain bin. In Champaran, we had a Shodh Yatra
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在堅巴蘭的穀倉上，我們有一個 [不清楚]
10:18
and we were walking
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當我們走到在普魯利亞班古拉
10:20
in the land where Gandhiji went
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甘地去過的地方
10:22
to hear about the tragedy, pain
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去聆聽有關靛青種植者哈比馬哈托
10:24
of indigo growers.
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的悲劇、
10:26
Bhabi Mahato in Purulia and Bankura.
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痛苦。
10:28
Look at what she has done.
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看看她做過甚麼。
10:30
The whole wall is her canvas. She's sitting there with a broom.
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整幅牆是她的畫布。她與掃帚正在那裡。
10:33
Is she an artisan or an artist?
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她是一個工匠或是一個藝術家?
10:35
Obviously she's an artist; she's a creative person.
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很明顯的，她是一個藝術家; 她是一個有創意的人。
10:37
If we can create markets for these artists,
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假如我們可以為這些藝術家創造市場，
10:40
we will not have to employ them for digging earth and breaking stones.
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我們不須要去雇用他們去掘地及爆石。
10:43
They will be paid for what they are good at, not what they're bad at.
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他們可以利用擅長的去謀生，而不是他們不擅長的。
10:46
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
10:51
Look at what Rojadeen has done.
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看看 Rojadeen 在做了甚麼。
10:53
In Motihari in Champaran,
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在查姆帕蘭的莫提哈里，
10:55
there are a lot of people who sell tea on the shack
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這裡有很多的人在木屋出售茶葉，
10:57
and, obviously, there's a limited market for tea.
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同時地，很明顯的，那裡是一個很局限的市場，
11:00
Every morning you have tea, as well as coffee.
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每天早上，你會喝茶以及咖啡。
11:02
So he thought, why don't I convert
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所以他想，何不我將
11:04
a pressure cooker into a coffee machine?
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一個壓力煲變成一個咖啡機。
11:06
So this is a coffee machine. Just takes a few hundred rupees.
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這就是一個只需數百盧比的咖啡機。
11:08
People bring their own cooker,
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人們帶來他們的壓力煲，
11:10
he attaches a valve and a steam pipe,
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他為此加上價值以及一個蒸汽管，
11:13
and now he gives you espresso coffee. (Laughter)
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就這樣，他給你特濃咖啡。
11:15
Now, this is a real, affordable
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現在，這是真實的，可負擔的
11:18
coffee percolator that works on gas.
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利用氣體的咖啡過濾器。
11:20
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
11:22
Look at what Sheikh Jahangir has done.
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看看謝赫賈漢吉爾做了甚麼。
11:25
A lot of poor people do not have
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很多貧困的人不會擁有
11:27
enough grains to get ground.
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足夠的穀物去獲得土地。
11:29
So this fellow is bringing
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所以這傢伙帶來
11:31
a flour-grinding machine on a two-wheeler.
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一部放在雙輪車上，磨麵粉的機器。
11:33
If you have 500 grams, 1000, one kilogram,
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假如你有 500 克， 1000 克， 1 公斤，
11:36
he will grind it for it for you; the flourmill will not grind such a small quantity.
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他會為你磨碎，磨麵粉的人不會磨這麼少的份量。
11:39
Please understand the problem of poor people.
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請了解窮人的問題。
11:41
They have needs which
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他們的需要
11:43
have to be met efficiently
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要處理得有效率地
11:45
in terms of energy, in terms of cost, in terms of quality.
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從能源，成本及質量各方面看。
11:48
They don't want second-standard, second-quality outputs.
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他們不想要次一等的標準，次一等的質量的成品。
11:51
But to be able to give them high-quality output
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但要能夠給予他們高質量的成品
11:53
you need to adapt technology to their needs.
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你需要令科技遷就他們的需要。
11:55
And that is what Sheikh Jahangir did.
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這是謝赫賈漢吉爾曾經做過的。
11:57
But that's not enough, what he did. Look at what he did here.
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但他做的並這不足夠。看看他在這裡做的。
12:02
If you have clothes, and you don't have enough time to wash them,
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假如你有衣服，而你沒有足夠的時間去洗，
12:05
he brought a washing machine
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他會帶來一部洗衣機
12:07
to your doorstep, mounted on a two-wheeler.
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放到一部雙輪車上面，去到你家門前。
12:09
So here's a model where
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這是一個模式
12:11
a two-wheeler washing machine ...
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當一部雙輪車洗衣機 ....
12:13
He is washing your clothes and drying them at your doorstep.
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他正在洗你的衣服，並在你家門前弄乾。
12:15
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
12:17
You bring your water, you bring your soap,
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你帶來你的水，你的肥皂。
12:20
I wash the clothes for you. Charge 50 paisa, one rupee
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我為你洗衣服，每一份
12:23
for you per lot,
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換取 50 佩薩 1 盧比
12:25
and a new business model can emerge.
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這是新出現的商業模式。
12:27
Now, what we need is, we need
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現在我們需要的是，我們需要
12:29
people who will be able to scale them up.
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人們i能夠擴展他們。
12:31
Look at this.
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看看這裡。
12:33
It looks like a beautiful photograph.
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這看似很美麗的照片。
12:35
But you know what it is? Can anybody guess what it is?
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但你知道這是甚麼嗎? 有沒有人猜一下這是甚麼?
12:37
Somebody from India would know, of course.
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在印度有人會知道，當然。
12:39
It's a tawa.
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這是 tawa 。
12:42
It's a hot plate made of clay.
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這是一個用陶泥做的熱盆。
12:46
Now, what is the beauty in it?
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現在，它當中有甚麼是美麗的?
12:49
When you have a non-stick pan,
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當你有一個不粘鍋，
12:51
it costs about,
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它只需，
12:53
maybe, 250 rupees,
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可能，250 盧比，
12:55
five dollars, six dollars.
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5 元，6元。
12:57
This is less than a dollar
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這是少於1元。
12:59
and this is non-stick;
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這個是不粘的。
13:01
it is coated with one of these
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這個塗層用了其中一種
13:03
food-grade materials.
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食品級材料。
13:05
And the best part is that,
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而當中最好的部份是，
13:07
while you use a costly non-stick pan,
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每當你用一個昂貴的不粘鍋，
13:09
you eat the so-called Teflon
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你會連特氟隆
13:11
or Teflon-like material
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或類似特氟隆的物料一同進食。
13:13
because after some time the stuff disappears. Where has it gone?
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因為在一段時間之後，有些東西消失了，它去了那裡?
13:15
It has gone in your stomach. It was not meant for that. (Laughter)
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它去了你的胃。它不應該這樣子的。
13:18
You know? But here
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你知道，但這裡，
13:20
in this clay hot plate,
335
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在這個陶泥熱盆，
13:23
it will never go into your stomach.
336
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它永不會去到你的胃，
13:25
So it is better, it is safer;
337
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因此它是較好的，它是較安全的;
13:27
it is affordable, it is energy-efficient.
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它是負擔得起的，它是有能源效益的。
13:30
In other words, solutions by the poor people need not be cheaper,
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換句話說，貧困的人的解決方案需要的不一定是低俗的，
13:33
need not be, so-called, jugaad, need not be some kind of makeshift arrangement.
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不需要是，所謂的 [不清楚] 不必有一些臨時的安排。
13:36
They have to be better, they have to be more efficient,
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它們要更好的，它們要有效率的，
13:38
they have to be affordable.
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它們是要負擔得起的。
13:40
And that is what Mansukh Bhai Prajapati has done.
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這是 Mansukh Bhai Prajapati 曾經做過的。
13:42
He has designed this plate with a handle.
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他設計了這個刀片和手柄。
13:45
And now with one dollar,
345
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現在只需要 1 元，
13:47
you can afford a better alternative
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你可以買得起更好的選擇
13:49
than the people market is offering you.
347
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比起 [不清楚] 市場提供給你的。
13:51
This lady, she developed
348
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這女士，她開發了
13:53
a herbal pesticide formulation.
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硬件的農藥製劑。
13:55
We filed the patent for her,
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得到一個 .... 我們為她申請了專利，
13:57
the National Innovation Foundation.
351
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國家創新基金
13:59
And who knows? Somebody will license this technology
352
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又有誰知道，有人將授權這種技術
14:02
and develop marketable products,
353
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和開發可銷售的產品，
14:05
and she would get revenue.
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她將獲得收入。
14:07
Now, let me mention one thing:
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現在，讓我提一點。
14:09
I think we need a polycentric model of development,
356
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我認為我們需要一個多中心的發展模式，
14:11
where a large number of initiatives in different parts of the country,
357
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當國家不同的地區的很多的提議，
14:14
in different parts of the world,
358
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在世界不同地區，
14:16
would solve the needs of locality
359
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解決當地的需要
14:18
in a very efficient and adaptive manner.
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用一個非常高效率和適應性的方式。
14:20
Higher the local fit,
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地方越合適，
14:22
greater is the chance of scaling up.
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擴大的機會越大。
14:24
In the scaling up,
363
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當擴大中
14:26
there's an inherent inadequacy
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有一個內在的不足之處
14:28
to match the needs of the local people,
365
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以逐點配合當地人民的需要
14:31
point by point, with the supply that you're making.
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與供應。
14:33
So why are people willing to adjust with that mismatch?
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那人們為何願意為這些不協調去調整呢?
14:36
Things can scale up, and they have scaled up.
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事情可以擴大規模，他們已經擴大了。
14:39
For example, cell phones: We have 400 million cellphones in this country.
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例如，手提電話: 我們在這個國家有 4 億部手提電話。
14:42
Now, it is possible that I use only two buttons on the cellphone,
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現在，它有可能，我只用了在手機上的兩個按鈕，
14:45
only three options on the cellphone.
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只用了在手機上的 3 個選擇。
14:47
It has 300 options, I'm paying for 300; I'm using only three
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它有 300 ;我付了 300 ;我只用 3，
14:50
but I'm willing to live with it, therefore it is scaling up.
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但我願意去配合，因此它是可擴展性。
14:53
But if I had to get a match to match,
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但如果我必須得到一個匹配對應一個匹配，
14:55
obviously, I would need a different design of a cellphone.
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顯然，我需要一個不同設計的手機。
14:58
So what we're saying is that scalability
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那麼，我們要說的是，可擴展性
15:00
should not become an enemy of sustainability.
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不應該成為可持續性的敵人。
15:02
There must be a place in the world
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世界必須有一個地方
15:04
for solutions that are only relevant for a locality,
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給予只與當地相關的解決方案，
15:07
and yet, one can be able to fund them.
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然而，人們能夠同時提供資金。
15:11
One of the greatest studies that we've been finding is
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我們已經發現的其中一個最偉大的研究是
15:13
that many times investors would ask this question --
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很多時候投資者會問這樣的問題 -
15:15
"What is a scalable model?" --
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“什麼是可擴展的模式？” -
15:17
as if the need of a community, which is only
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如果一個社會的需要，只有
15:19
located in a space and time
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存在在一個空間和時間
15:21
and has those needs only located in those places,
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而那些需求，只存在那些地方，
15:24
has no legitimate right to get them for free
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沒有合法權利免費取得，
15:26
because it's not part of a larger scale.
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因為他們不屬於一個更大的規模。
15:28
So either you sub-optimize your needs to a larger scale
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因此，若不你次優化你的需要去到一個較大的規模
15:30
or else you remain out.
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若不你繼續到外面去。
15:32
Now, the eminent model, the long-tail model
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現在，著名的長尾模型，
15:35
tells you that small sales
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告訴你，小型銷售
15:37
of a large number of books, for example,
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大量的書籍，例如，
15:39
having only a few copies sold
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只有數份拷貝出售，
15:41
can still be a viable model.
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依然是一個可行的模式。
15:43
And we must find a mechanism where
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同時，我們必須找到一種機制，使
15:45
people will pool in the portfolio, will invest in the portfolio,
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人們可以將集中在組合中，我們將投資在這組合中，
15:48
where different innovations will go to
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當不同的新發明會去到
15:50
a small number of people in their localities,
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當地的一少撮人，
15:52
and yet, the overall platform of the model will become viable.
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不單止這樣，[不清楚] 在這個模式會變得可行的。
15:54
Look at what he is doing.
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看看他正在做甚麼。
15:56
Saidullah Sahib is an amazing man.
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Saidullahsahib 是一個了不起的人。®
15:59
At the age of 70,
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在 70 歲時，
16:01
he is linking up something very creative.
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他正連接很有創意的東西。
16:04
(Music)
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(音樂)
16:10
Saidullah Sahib: I couldn't wait for the boat.
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Saidullahsahib:我等不及船。
16:17
I had to meet my love.
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我要見我的愛人。
16:27
My desperation made me an innovator.
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我的絕望令我成為了一個革新者。
16:38
Even love needs help from technology.
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即使愛情，亦需要技術的幫助。
16:47
Innovation is the light of my wife, Noor.
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創新是我妻子努爾的權利。
16:51
New inventions are the passion of my life.
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新的發明是我生命的激情。
16:57
My technology.
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我的科技。
17:00
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
17:06
AG: Saidulluh Sahib is
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阿尼爾古普塔: Saidulluhsahib 是
17:08
in Motihari, again in Champaran.
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在莫提哈里堅巴蘭 。
17:10
Wonderful human being,
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很完美的人，
17:13
but he stills sells, at this age,
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但他仍然銷售，在這個年紀，
17:16
honey on a cycle to earn his livelihood,
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2000
在單車上的蜂蜜，以賺取自己的生活
17:18
because we haven't been able to convince the water park people,
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因為我們沒有能夠說服人的水上公園，
17:21
the lake people, in [unclear] operations.
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在湖邊的人，在 [不清楚] 公司。
17:24
And we have not been able to convince the fire brigade people
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此外，我們還未能說服消防隊的人
17:26
in Mumbai -- where there was a flood a few years ago
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在孟買，那裡幾年前有一個洪水，
17:28
and people had to walk 20 kilometers, wading in the water --
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人們不得不步行20公里，在水中涉水，
17:31
that, look, you should have this cycle in your fire brigade office
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你們看，你們應該有這種單車，在你們消防隊的辦公室，
17:33
because you can then go to those lanes
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因為你可以去那些小巷
17:35
where your buses will not go, where your transport will not go.
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在你的巴士不能去，在你的運輸工具不會去的地方。
17:38
So we have not yet cracked the problem
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因此，我們還沒有更正那問題
17:40
of making it available as a rescue device,
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使它可以作為救援設備，
17:43
as a vending device during the floods in eastern India,
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作為一個在印度東部洪水時的售貨設備，
17:45
when you have to deliver things to people
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當你要給人們提供東西
17:47
in different islands
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當他們被困
17:49
where they're marooned.
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在不同的島嶼時。
17:51
But the idea has a merit. The idea has a merit.
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3000
但想法有其優點，想法有一個優點。
17:54
What has Appachan done? Appachan, unfortunately, is no more,
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1059000
3000
Appachan做了什麼？ Appachan 是，不幸地，沒有更多的，
17:57
but he has left behind a message.
435
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2000
但他留下了一個訊息，
17:59
A very powerful message
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2000
一個非常強而有力的信息
18:04
Appachan: I watch the world wake up every day.
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3000
Appachan：我每天起床看這世界。
18:07
(Music)
438
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3000
(音樂)
18:22
It's not that a coconut fell on my head,
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2000
這不是一個椰子落在我頭上
18:24
and I came upon this idea.
440
1089000
2000
令我得到這個想法。
18:31
With no money to fund my studies,
441
1096000
3000
由於沒有錢資助我的學業，
18:34
I scaled new heights.
442
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3000
我勇攀高峰。
18:38
Now, they call me the local Spiderman.
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現在，他們叫我本地蜘蛛。
18:50
My technology.
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2000
我的技術。
18:52
(Applause)
445
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3000
(掌聲)
18:55
AG: Many of you
446
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2000
阿尼爾古普塔: 你們當中很多人
18:57
might not realize and believe
447
1122000
3000
可能沒有體會和相信
19:00
that we have sold this product internationally --
448
1125000
2000
我們在國際上已售出這個產品 -
19:02
what I call a G2G model,
449
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2000
我所說的 G2G 的模式，
19:04
grassroots to global.
450
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2000
基層到全球。
19:06
And a professor in the University of Massachusetts,
451
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2000
而馬薩諸塞大學生態系的
19:08
in the zoology department,
452
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2000
一個教授，
19:10
bought this climber because she wanted
453
1135000
3000
買了這個登山工具，因為她想
19:13
to study the insect diversity
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2000
去研究在樹冠頂部的昆蟲
19:15
of the top of the tree canopy.
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3000
的多樣。
19:18
And this device makes it possible
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2000
而這個裝置使
19:20
for her to take samples from a larger number of palms,
457
1145000
2000
她可以得到更大量的棕櫚樹樣本
19:22
rather than only a few,
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2000
而不是只有少數，
19:24
because otherwise she had to make a big platform
459
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2000
否則，她必須做出一個 [不明]
19:26
and then climb her [unclear] would climb on that.
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2000
後 [不清楚] 爬了。
19:28
So, you know, we are advancing the frontiers of science.
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所以，你知道，我們是立刻站在科學的前沿。
19:30
Remya Jose has developed ...
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2000
Remya Jose 曾經開發 --
19:32
you can go to the YouTube and find India Innovates
463
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2000
你可以到 Youtube 尋找印度的創新，
19:34
and then you will find these videos.
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2000
然後你會發現這些影片。
19:36
Innovation by her when she was in class 10th:
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2000
創新的她，當她在第10類：
19:38
a washing machine-cum-exercising machine.
466
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2000
洗衣機兼行使機。
19:40
Mr. Kharai who is a physically challenged person,
467
1165000
3000
克賴先生是一位殘障人士，
19:43
one and a half foot height, only.
468
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2000
只有一個半英尺的高度。
19:45
But he has modified a two-wheeler so that he can get autonomy
469
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3000
但他曾修改一兩三輪車，讓他能得到自主權
19:48
and freedom and flexibility.
470
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3000
與自由和靈活性。
19:51
This innovation is from the slums of Rio.
471
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3000
這一創新是從里奧的貧民窟裡。
19:54
And this person, Mr. Ubirajara.
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2000
而這個人，烏比拉雅拉先生，
19:56
We were talking about, my friends in Brazil,
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2000
我們在談論，我在巴西的朋友，
19:58
how we scale up this model in China and Brazil.
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2000
如何才能在中國和巴西擴大這一模式。
20:00
And we have a very vibrant network in China, particularly,
475
1185000
3000
尤其是我們在中國有一個非常活躍的網絡，
20:03
but also emerging in Brazil and other parts of the world.
476
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3000
但也在巴西和世界其他地區湧現。
20:06
This stand on the front wheel, you will not find on any cycle.
477
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3000
這個站在前輪，你不會找到任何單車。
20:09
India and China have the largest number of cycles.
478
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2000
印度和中國擁有最大數量的單車。
20:11
But this innovation emerged in Brazil.
479
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3000
但這種創新出現在巴西。
20:14
The point is, none of us should be parochial,
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3000
問題是，我們都不應該狹隘，
20:17
none of us should be so nationalistic to believe
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2000
我們當中不應該相信這樣的民族主義
20:19
that all good ideas will come only from our country.
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所有好的構想都來至我們的國家。
20:21
No, we have to have the humility to learn
483
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3000
不，我們必須有謙卑地學習
20:24
from knowledge of economically poor people, wherever they are.
484
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3000
來至經濟落後的人們的知識，無論他們在哪裡。
20:27
And look at this whole range of cycle-based innovations:
485
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看看整個以單車為基礎的創新系列:
20:30
cycle that's a sprayer, cycle that
486
1215000
2000
單車噴霧器，
20:32
generates energy from the shocks on the road.
487
1217000
2000
從路上的衝擊產生能量的單車。
20:34
I can't change the condition of the road,
488
1219000
1000
我不能改變道路的狀況;
20:35
but I can make the cycle run faster.
489
1220000
2000
我可以令單車走得更快。
20:37
That is what Kanak Das has done.
490
1222000
2000
這是 [不清楚] 曾經完成的。
20:39
And in South Africa,
491
1224000
2000
而在南非，
20:41
we had taken our innovators,
492
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2000
我們採取了我們的創新者，
20:43
and many of us had gone there share with the colleagues in South Africa
493
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3000
和我們很多人去了那裡與南非的同事分享
20:46
as to how innovation can become
494
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如何創新才能成為
20:48
a means of liberation
495
1233000
2000
解放
20:50
from the drudgery that people have.
496
1235000
2000
人們辛苦的手段。
20:52
And this is a donkey cart which they modified.
497
1237000
2000
這是他們修改了的驢車。
20:54
There's an axle here, of 30, 40 kg,
498
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2000
這裡有一個 30，40公斤 的軸，
20:56
serving no purpose.
499
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2000
沒有任何作用。
20:58
Remove it, the cart needs one donkey less.
500
1243000
3000
除去它，驢車需要少一隻驢。
21:01
This is in China. This girl needed a breathing apparatus.
501
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3000
這是在中國。這個女孩需要一個呼吸器具。
21:04
These three people in the village
502
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2000
這 3人在村裡
21:06
sat down and decided to think,
503
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2000
坐下來決定說，
21:08
"How do we elongate the life of this girl of our village?"
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2000
“我們如何延長這個我們村那女孩的生命？”
21:10
They were not related to her, but they tried to find out,
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1255000
2000
他們與她非親非故，但他們試圖找出答案，
21:12
"How can we use ... "
506
1257000
3000
我們如何才能使用洗衣機的管道，
21:15
They used a cycle, they put together a breathing apparatus.
507
1260000
3000
他們用一個單車，他們組成了一個呼吸器具。
21:18
And this breathing apparatus now saved the life,
508
1263000
2000
這呼吸器現在拯救了生命，
21:20
and she's very welcome.
509
1265000
2000
而她是 [不清楚]
21:22
There's a whole range of innovations that we have.
510
1267000
2000
我們已經有了整個系列的創新。
21:24
A car, which runs on compressed air
511
1269000
3000
一輛汽車，它用了壓縮空氣運行
21:27
with six paisa per kilometer.
512
1272000
2000
用六 [不清楚] 每公里。
21:29
Assam, Kanak Gogoi.
513
1274000
2000
阿薩姆，卡納克戈戈伊。
21:31
And you would not find this car in U.S. or Europe,
514
1276000
2000
而你不會在美國或歐洲找到這車，
21:33
but this is available in India.
515
1278000
2000
但它在印度出現。
21:35
Now, this lady, she used to do the winding of the yarn
516
1280000
3000
現在，這位女士，她用做捲繞紗線
21:38
for Pochampally Saree.
517
1283000
2000
來 [不清楚]。
21:40
In one day, 18,000 times,
518
1285000
2000
在一天，18000 次，
21:42
she had to do this winding
519
1287000
2000
她不得不這樣捲繞
21:44
to generate two sarees.
520
1289000
2000
去生成兩個紗麗。
21:46
This is what her son has done after seven years of struggle.
521
1291000
3000
這是她的兒子經過 7年鬥爭後做到的。
21:49
She said, "Change your profession."
522
1294000
2000
她說，“改變你的職業。”
21:51
He said, "I can't. This is the only thing I know, but I'll invent a machine,
523
1296000
2000
他說，“我不能。這是我唯一知道，但我會發明一種機器，
21:53
which will solve your problem."
524
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2000
這將解決您的問題。“
21:55
And this is what he did, a sewing machine in Uttar Pradesh.
525
1300000
2000
這是他做過的，[不清楚] 在 Uttar Pradesh。
21:57
So, this is what SRISTI is saying:
526
1302000
2000
所以，這是 Sristi 說的：
21:59
"Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world."
527
1304000
3000
“給我一個支點，我將移動地球。”
22:02
I will just tell you that we are also doing a competition among children
528
1307000
3000
我只想告訴你，我們也為了孩子們做了一個比賽
22:05
for creativity, a whole range of things.
529
1310000
3000
有關創意的，整個糸到的事情。
22:08
We have sold things all over the world,
530
1313000
2000
我們已在世界各地出售物品，
22:10
from Ethiopia to Turkey to U.S. to wherever.
531
1315000
3000
從埃塞俄比亞到土耳其到美國到任何地方。
22:13
Products have gone to the market, a few.
532
1318000
2000
產品到達了市場，一部份。
22:15
These are the people whose knowledge made
533
1320000
2000
這些人的知識
22:17
this Herbavate cream for eczema possible.
534
1322000
2000
令從濕疹做了這個 Herbavate 變得有可能 。
22:19
And here, a company which licensed this herbal pesticide
535
1324000
2000
在這裡，一個公司授權這 [不清楚] 農藥
22:21
put a photograph of the innovator on the packing
536
1326000
2000
把創新者的照片放在包裝上，
22:23
so that every time a user uses it,
537
1328000
2000
這樣，每次用戶使用它，
22:25
it asks the user, "You can also be an innovator.
538
1330000
2000
它請要用戶，“你也可以成為創新者。
22:27
If you have an idea, send it back to us."
539
1332000
3000
如果你有一個想法，發送回給我們。“
22:30
So, creativity counts, knowledge matters,
540
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因此，創意是有意義的，知識是有意思的，
22:33
innovations transform, incentives inspire.
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創新改造，獎勵激勵。
22:36
And incentives: not just material, but also non-material incentives.
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獎勵，不僅是物質的，而且還有非物質的獎勵。
22:39
Thank you.
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多謝
22:41
(Applause)
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(拍掌)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Anil Gupta - Innovation advocateAnil Gupta created the Honey Bee Network to support grassroots innovators who are rich in knowledge, but not in resources.
Why you should listen
Looking to the poor of India, business professor Anil Gupta saw innovations and talent that were not being supported. In response, he started the Honey Bee Network and began searching the country with colleagues, often on foot, finding a myriad of inventions developed out of necessity. These discoveries are documented and often shared with the global community, just as pollen is gathered by the honeybee to the benefit of both. Since 1988, the network's database of original inventions has grown to over 12,000, and its newsletter is now published in eight languages and distributed to 75 countries.
Gupta also worked with the government of India to establish the National Innovation Foundation, which holds national competitions to encourage new inventors and helps sustain them through the National Micro Venture Innovation Fund. Through his efforts, Gupta has uncovered groundbreakingly useful devices such as a pedal-operated washing machine, a micro-windmill battery charger, a hoe powered by a bicycle, and many more.
Anil Gupta | Speaker | TED.com