Noah Feldman: Hamilton vs. Madison and the birth of American partisanship
نوح فيلدمان: هاميلتون مقابل ماديسون ونشوء الأحزاب السياسية الأمريكية
Noah Feldman studies the intersection of religion, politics and law. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
أو نحو ذلك،
for the last year or so,
like the following three propositions:
يشبه الافتراضات الثلاثة التالية:
has never been so bad before;
بهذا السوء أبدًا من قبل،
it's geographically spatialized --
which want to look outwards,
التي ترغبُ في النظر نحو الخارج،
which wants to look inwards;
نحو الداخل،
that all three of these propositions,
الافتراضات الثلاثة،
طوال الطريق
in almost eerily the same way
بنفس الطريقة المخيفة تقريبًا
throughout US history.
an extraordinary mechanism
factional disagreement and partisanship.
مع الخلافات التعصبية والحزبية.
supplely designed entity
ومرن
factional disagreement
for overcoming that disagreement
to a pivotal moment in US history,
في تاريخ أمريكا،
and partisanship was born.
والحزبية.
when partisanship snapped into place.
في مكانها.
of that story is James Madison.
(جيمس ماديسون).
of not only the US Constitution,
لوضعه الدستور الأمريكي،
more globally,
designed, passed and gotten ratified
وحصل على التصديق
some sense of the enormity
couldn't have known it at the time,
that he invented is still in use
الذي ابتكره إلى هذا اليوم
of contexts all over the world,
في كل أنحاء العالم،
to manage governance.
لإدارة الحكومات.
having solved this problem,
the results of factions
ووجود الفصائل المختلفة
he had designed a constitution
of his constitutional project
من مشروعه الدستوري
called Alexander Hamilton.
يدعى (ألكسندر هاميلتون).
Madison was not.
في كل شيء.
where Madison was restrained.
على نفسه.
to a woman expect for once
إلا في مرة واحدة
and lived happily ever after for 40 years.
بعد ذلك لمدة 40 عاماً.
a hip-hop musical --
a hip-hop musical.
the Federalist Papers,
and wildly successful.
والبنية التحتية،
and infrastructure
for constitutions.
of infrastructure.
بالنسبة إلى البنية التحتية.
the United States a national bank,
بنكًا قوميًا،
"immortal," his phrase --
هذه عبارته --
that would enable trade and manufacturing
والتصنيع
wealth had historically been.
that his old friend Hamilton was wrong
(هاميلتون) كان خاطئًا
were unconstitutional --
of the Constitution
the way you would expect.
التي تتوقعونها.
his "personal and political enemy" --
سيكون "عدوه الشخصي والسياسي" --
such close friends and such close allies
كانا صديقين قريبين، وحليفين قريبين،
old-fashioned way.
the Democratic Republican Party --
اسم "الحزب الجمهوري الديمقراطي" --
called the Federalist Party.
اسم "الحزب الفيدرالي".
positions on national politics
السياسة القومية
some manufacturing and some trade
to put in charge of the country.
في تولي زمام حكم البلاد.
Madison came to believe.
was to look inwards
of Republican virtue,
جوهر فضيلة الجمهوريين
that had made American great,
جعلت أمريكا عظيمة
by saying that Madison was naïve,
أنّ (ماديسون) كان ساذجًا،
to turn the United States
on the global scale.
على المستوى العالمي.
to each of their claims,
كلٍ منهما،
the views of the other
في وجهات نظر الآخر
came entirely through the lens
من خلال وجهات نظر
or the Federalist party.
the Constitution did its work.
had not fully anticipated.
when he thought about anything --
عندما كان يفكر في شيء ما --
that the press was so pro-Federalist
للحزب الفدرالي
were all Federalists,
who got their capital from Britain,
ويحصلون على رأسمالهم من بريطانيا،
على علاقة سرية معهم.
criticism of the government --
تجّرم انتقاد الحكومة --
the freedom of speech,
على حرية التعبير،
into the Bill of Rights,
وعلى الصعيد القومي،
Democratic-Republican Societies --
"مجتمعات جمهورية ديمقراطية" --
against Federalist-dominated hegemony.
الهيمنة الفيدرالية.
to win a national election --
في الانتخابات الوطنية--
became president,
completely out of business.
خارج اللعبة السياسية.
of the Constitution
that actually managed faction
مع التحزب والفصائل
in the first place.
في المقام الأول.
that the government was terrible.
أن الحكومة كانت فظيعة.
private groups, individuals,
about fundamental change.
لجلب وتحقيق التغيير الأساسي.
was the separation of powers --
of the Constitution.
in the United States
في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية
unless you bring on board the center.
ما لم يجلب المركز له.
that come incredibly fast
بسرعة رهيبة
the president, in fact, does not rule
تجعل الرئيس لا يسيطر،
which other people have to agree with --
التي يتعينُ على الآخرين الموافقة عليها --
to drive presidents
will reveal to you
completely in operation.
حتى يومنا هذا.
follows the rules of the Constitution,
as indeed has sometimes occurred,
في بعض الأحيان،
but in the past, in US history.
في التاريخ الأمريكي.
they need to win election
بحاجة للفوز في الانتخابات
in order to pass laws.
من أجل تمرير القوانين.
then, is the following:
هي التالي:
is greater than partisanship.
والأحزاب السياسية.
when that's possible,
عندما يكون ذلك ممكنًا،
to overcome partisan division
على الانقسام الحزبي
is a technology that worked
of the Civil War,
that you care about,
that matter to you,
and knowledge and confidence
can do the job that it is designed to do.
التي صُممت من أجلها.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Noah Feldman - Constitutional law scholarNoah Feldman studies the intersection of religion, politics and law.
Why you should listen
Noah Feldman is a professor and writer who tries to figure out how to make the government follow the rules; what the rules are that the government has to follow; and what to do if the rules are being broken. In his work, he asks questions like: How can a 225-year-old constitutional blueprint still work? Can you design a new and better constitution from scratch in places like Iraq and Tunisia? What rights do we have, really?
Feldman is the Felix Frankfurter Professor of Law at Harvard Law School and a contributing writer for Bloomberg View. He served as senior constitutional advisor to the Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq, and advised members of the Iraqi Governing Council on the drafting of the Transitional Administrative Law or interim constitution. He is writing a biography on James Madison, principal author of the Constitution and fourth president of the US; it's forthcoming in 2017.
Feldman is the author of six other books: Cool War: The Future of Global Competition (Random House, 2013); Scorpions: The Battles and Triumphs of FDR’s Great Supreme Court Justices (Twelve Publishing, 2010); The Fall and Rise of the Islamic State (Princeton University Press, 2008); Divided By God: America's Church-State Problem and What We Should Do About It (Farrar, Straus & Giroux 2005); What We Owe Iraq: War and the Ethics of Nation-building (Princeton University Press 2004) and After Jihad: America and the Struggle for Islamic Democracy (Farrar, Straus & Giroux 2003. He most recently co-authored two textbooks: Constitutional Law, Eighteenth Edition (Foundation Press, 2013) and First Amendment Law, Fifth Edition (Foundation Press, 2013).
Noah Feldman | Speaker | TED.com